Introduction to Business Modeling
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Transcript of Introduction to Business Modeling
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IntroductionTo
BusinessModeling
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Software is not only source code
plus technical architecture …
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It is every artifact that leads to a useable system
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Requirements Artifacts are
therefore part of the software
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All intellectual property that gives
rise to a system should fall within the
definition of “software”
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UX is also a core part of the software
but UX is outside the scope of this
presentation
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However it is worth noting that to a user the interface is the
system
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Successful software
companies value UX above all else
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For now we focus on artifacts
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SpecificallyBusiness Models
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Organizations: BPMN.org. Object Management Group. IEEE.orgBooks: Agile Modeling – Ambler. UML – Podeswa. BPMN 2.0 Handbook – Shapiro et al.
Sources
And there are many, many, more …
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UML (Unified Modeling Language) and BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) are just two examples of modeling languages. There are others. Many others.
UML is possibly the best known and most widely used modeling language.
UML emerged from parallel efforts by Rumbaugh, Jacobson, and Booch.http://www.cs.cofc.edu/~bowring/classes/csci%2520360/presentations/History%2520of%2520UML.ppt
Two trends are evident in current discussions about modeling language standards:
> A move towards further unification – e.g. unify UML and BPMN.
> A move towards further specialization – e.g. Domain Specific Languages (DSL’s). DSL’s may be created as extensions or subsets of existing languages such as UML or XML.
> One possible outcome is unification of general languages such as UML & BPMN on a common standard, and growth of DSL’s which are standard-compliant, so information captured in DSL’s can enrich models at the higher level.
> Requirements Interchange Format (RIF/ReqIF) is an XML extension that may be regarded as a DSL. It is still a work in progress but is supported by the Object Management Group.http://www.omg.org/spec/ReqIF/
Languages
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Meta Language:
> You may hear modeling languages such as UML referred to as ‘meta languages’.
> A meta language is a ‘language about a language’ – an abstracted form of ideas captured in some base language/natural language.
> In theory you could even have a meta-meta-language, i.e. a language about meta languages. The example sometimes mentioned in this regard is Object Constraint Language (OCL) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language.
You should feel free to ignore abstract philosophical discussions about meta languages. If/when these discussions produce useful results, we can have a look at those.
Next we will look at some general ideas about modeling, then drill down to the specifics of Business Modeling, and finally look at how these are being applied here at Campus Management.
Meta Languages
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Models …What we model
What Models can tell us
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Which model of North America is correct?
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SometimesOne modelIs simply
wrong
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More typicallyWe need more than
one model to getA complete picture
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Plan.
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Elevation.
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Result.
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The same applies when modeling
business processes AND Business requirements
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This presentation focuses on two
models
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The Domain ModelAnd
The Requirements Model
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Domain Model
Requirements
Model
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à In agile software development, a domain model describes the application domain responsible for creating a shared language between business and IT. (http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/domain-model.)
à The domain model is one of the central artifacts in the project development approach called Feature Driven Development (FDD). (http://www.reference.com/browse/domain+model.)
http://practicalanalyst.com/a-requirements-model-graphic/
à Requirements Model: the sum of approved artifacts for capturing requirements – e.g. Use Case + Functional Requirements.
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Some uses of theDomain Model
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
The Domain Model is the totality of models such as Feature Model, Functional Model, ERD, BPM. It may also include a State Model (not shown here.) Functional Model is not a widely recognized or standardized artifact but can prove useful. (May also be referred to as a Functional Decomposition.)
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
We will look at each of the models in more detail.
First, the Feature Model.
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
Feature Model
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
Next, the Functional Model.
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
Functional Model
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
Next, the ERD Model.
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
ERD Model
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
Next, the BPM Model.
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
Business Process ModelBPM
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BPM is multi layered class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
Aggregation
‘Configure Campus’ decomposes to activities
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class Artifact Meta Model
Feature Model
Functional Model
Domain Model
ERD Model
BPM Model
Activ ity
Domain
1..*
Aggregation1..*
Association
1..*
Aggregation 1..*
Association
Aggregation
1..*1..*
1..*Association1..*
1..*
Aggregation
AggregationThe individual Activity may serve as a link from the domain mode to the Requirements Model
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An activity from BPM will map to one or more use cases in the Requirements Model
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This can enable navigation from the lowest level artifact all the way to the highest
For example you can start with a change to single requirement and find which business
processes and entities may be impactedFor now we focus on questions that may be
answered within the domain modelThe same principles apply within the
Requirements Model
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We can query EA to find out:à Feature-N depends on Functional Nodes A, B, C.à Functional Node A depends on Architectural Components X, Y, and Z.
This will help us capture everything in-scope to roll out a given feature, and enables automated impact analysis. If the mapping between product, feature set and feature ever needs to change, that can be done in the Feature Model without disturbing the
other models. If we have a future need to carve out subsets of a product or ecosystem as new products in their own right, again the Feature Model makes this
straightforward.
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The Domain Model may be extended … allowing us to answer more questions in an automated fashion … Quantified and repeatable
Feature Model
Functional ModelArchitectural Model
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This is just a foretaste of what may be done using formalized business
modeling languages such as UML and BPMN
Many of the questions that used to rely on gut feel and historical data may be
answered more rigorously using models
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You could eventually reach the point where the models can answer questions such as …
“How many customers would be affected?”“Would this require a change to a business rule?”“Would this require a change to a database table?”“Which Service Level Agreements would be affected?” “What is the level of effort?”
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This concludes the main presentation
There are a couple of Appendices to note …
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Appendix A: Three extensibility Mechanisms for UML.
à Stereotypes.à Tagged Values.à Constraints.à See for example http://umlguide2.uw.hu/ch02lev1sec2.html.
class Feature Model
«#Product»ProductSet
tags#FSD = 1
Stereotype
Tagged Value
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Appendix B: Graphic illustrating Domain Model – Requirements Model linkage.
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Appendix C: Cheat Sheet on Domain Modeling.
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Appendix D: Cheat Sheet on Business Process Modeling using EA.
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End