Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class...
Transcript of Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class...
![Page 1: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
November 14, 2014
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 1 / 32
![Page 2: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Plant diversityPteridophyta
3 Plant diversityHeterospory“Ferny” ferns
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 2 / 32
![Page 3: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Plant diversityPteridophyta
3 Plant diversityHeterospory“Ferny” ferns
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 2 / 32
![Page 4: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outline
1 Questions and answers
2 Plant diversityPteridophyta
3 Plant diversityHeterospory“Ferny” ferns
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 2 / 32
![Page 5: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Questions and answers
Previous final question: the answer
Why are ferns more advanced than mosses?
Growth is not restrictedVascular tissuesEndoderm and root system (not in all ferns)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 3 / 32
![Page 6: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Questions and answers
Previous final question: the answer
Why are ferns more advanced than mosses?
Growth is not restrictedVascular tissuesEndoderm and root system (not in all ferns)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 3 / 32
![Page 7: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Plant diversityPteridophyta
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 4 / 32
![Page 8: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Pteridophyta: ferns and allies
≈ 12,000 species and six classesSporic life cycle with sporophyte predominanceGametophyte is often reduced to prothallium (small hornwort-likeplant), some Pteridophyta have male and female gametophytesHave true roots (only whisk ferns, Psilotopsida are exception)Homoiohydric plants (same as seed plants)Sporophyte always starts development from embryo located ongametophyteHave true xylem and phloem, but do not have secondarythickening (exceptions: fossils and extant Isoëtes and Botrychium)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 5 / 32
![Page 9: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Pteridophyta classes
Subphylum Lycopodiophytina (lycophytes)
Class Lycopodiopsida
Subphylum Pteridophytina (monilophytes)
Class Equisetopsida (horsetails)Class Psilotopsida (whisk ferns)Class Ophioglossopsida (ophioglossalean ferns)Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns)Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 6 / 32
![Page 10: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Lycopodiopsida
Four main genera (Huperzia, Lycopodium, Selaginella andIsoëtes) and ≈ 1000 speciesSeparate, microphyllous* lineage of Pteridophyta (all othergroups are megaphyllous)Sporangia associated with leaves and often form strobilus*.Spermatozoon typically with two flagella (like in mosses).Homosporous genera have achlorophyllous, mycoparasiticunderground gametophyte.In the past, were dominant trees of Carboniferous tropical swampforests (lepidodendrids) and their remains became a coalTwo genera, Selaginella (spike moss) and Isoëtes (quillwort) areheterosporous.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 7 / 32
![Page 11: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Tropical lycophyte, Huperzia linifolia
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 8 / 32
![Page 12: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Phylloglossum drummondii, one of smallest lycophytes
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 9 / 32
![Page 13: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Before: Chicago 300 Million Years Ago(lepidodendrids)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 10 / 32
![Page 14: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
After: aquatic lycophyte Isoëtes sp.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 11 / 32
![Page 15: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Equisetopsida
Small group of one genus, Equisetum with ≈ 30 speciesLeaves are reduced into scales, stems are segmented,photosynthetic. Have specific stele—artrostele with specificcentral, valecular and carinal canals (similar to stele of somegrasses)Sporangia associated with specialized leaves—sporangiophores.Spores have attached elaters. Gametophyte minute, usuallydioecious but plants are homosporous
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 12 / 32
![Page 16: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Strobili and sporangiophores of Equisetum arvense
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 13 / 32
![Page 17: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Equisetum giganteum
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 14 / 32
![Page 18: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Equisetum sp. elaters
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 15 / 32
![Page 19: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Artrostele
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 16 / 32
![Page 20: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Plant diversity Pteridophyta
Horsetail gametophytes
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 17 / 32
![Page 21: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Plant diversity Heterospory
Plant diversityHeterospory
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 18 / 32
![Page 22: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plant diversity Heterospory
Horsetails start it: spores same, gametophytesdifferent
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 19 / 32
![Page 23: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Plant diversity Heterospory
Heterospory
Heterosporous ferns (lycophytes Selaginella and Isoëtes,monilophytes Salvinia, Marsilea, Pilularia, Regnellidium and Azolla)went one step further and made their spores different too. It will allowthe better allocation of resources and will restrict the self-fertilization.
Terms covered:
Male gametophyte, female gametophyteMicrospores and microsporangiumMegaspores and megasporangium
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 20 / 32
![Page 24: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plant diversity Heterospory
Heterosporic cycle: differences
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 21 / 32
![Page 25: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Plant diversity“Ferny” ferns
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 22 / 32
![Page 26: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Psilotopsida
Small tropical group of two genera, Psilotum and Tmesipteris and7 speciesHave protostele (like lycophytes), underground long-livedgametophytes but multiflagellate spermatozoa (like horsetails andall ferns). Sporangia unite into synangia. Leaves may absent(Psilotum) and replaced with enatia.Externally remain fossil rhyniophytes, the oldest extinctPteridophyta
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 23 / 32
![Page 27: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Hawaiian Psilotum complanatum
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 24 / 32
![Page 28: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
New Zealand Tmesipteris tannensis with doublesynangium
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 25 / 32
![Page 29: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Ophioglossopsida
Small group (Ophioglossum, Botrychium, Mankyua andHelminthostachys) and ≈ 75 speciesAlways have underground rhizome and aboveground bisectedleaves: one half is the leaf blade and other half issporangiophore. Gametophytes grow undergroundSome (Botrychium, grape fern) have secondary thickening ofunderground rhizome.Ophioglossum vulgatum, adder’s tongue fern, has 2n = 1360, thelargest chromosome number ever.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 26 / 32
![Page 30: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Ophiloglossum vulgatum, 2n = 1360 hero
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 27 / 32
![Page 31: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Helminthostachys zeylanicum (Ophioglossopsida)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 28 / 32
![Page 32: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Mankyua chejuense (Ophioglossopsida)
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 29 / 32
![Page 33: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Final question (3 points)
Why does heterospory help ferns to be more adapted for the life onland?
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 30 / 32
![Page 34: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Final question (3 points)
Why does heterospory help ferns to be more adapted for the life onland?
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 30 / 32
![Page 35: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
Summary
Heterosporous plants have two kinds of spores: female(megaspores) and male (microspores)Pteridophyta consist of two lineages (subphyla): microphyllouslycophytes and megaphyllous molinophytes
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 31 / 32
![Page 36: Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 · Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns) Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f77163d3893078aa417fb9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Plant diversity “Ferny” ferns
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource].2010—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154
Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy.Plant Biology. 2nd edition.Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.Chapter 23.
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29 November 14, 2014 32 / 32