Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic...
Transcript of Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic...
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Introduction to animal physiology
Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of
Zurich, Switzerland Bio122 2013
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Science of organismal function from the subcellular level to the whole organism. Describes interactions of organism and environment. Quantifies rules for functions, linking them to physical
and (bio)chemical principles.
Physiology
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Cell physiology – molecular biology
Genome
Proteins & Pathways
Cell
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Cell physiology – molecular biology
Genome
Proteins & Pathways
Cell
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Tissue physiology
Tissue
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Tissue physiology
Tissue
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Organ physiology
Organ
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Organ physiology
Organ
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Organismal physiology
Individual
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Organismal physiology
Individual
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Organismal physiology
Individual
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Population physiology - ecology
Population
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Ecophysiology
Ecosystem
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Evolutionary physiology
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Basic function: synapomorphy
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Basic function: parallel evolution
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Basic functions
Cell
Organism
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment
Homeostasis
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment
Homeostasis
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment
Homeostasis
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Homeostasis Gas exchange
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Homeostasis Gas exchange
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
!! Lysosomes
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
!! Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
!! Lysosomes
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
!! Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
!! Lysosomes
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
!! Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
single cells to whole animals
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Basic functions
Cell !! Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
!! Vacuoles
!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
!! Receptors
!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
!! Lysosomes
Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart
!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
!! Musculoskeletal system
!! Sensory organs, nervous system
!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
!! Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
single cells to whole animals
compartmentalization of body into groups of specialized cells control chemistry by building buffers between the uncontrolled environment and the
controlled space within each cell
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Basic functions: fundamental options
‘conform’ no internal set point large variation ‘poikilo’
‘regulate’
internal set point
small variation
‘homeo’
Homeostasic control
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Basic functions: fundamental options
‘conform’ no internal set point large variation ‘poikilo’ stable ‘steno’
poikilotherms are often stenotherms
‘regulate’
internal set point
small variation
‘homeo’
variable ‘eury’
homeotherms are often eurytherms
Homeostasic control
External conditions
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500 kg 30 g
50000 kg 60 kg
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Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’
‘slow’
Life history
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Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high
‘slow’ low
Life history
Metabolism
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Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
‘slow’ low long
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
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Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
many, altricial
‘slow’ low long few, precocial
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young
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Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
many, altricial high
‘slow’ low long few, precocial low
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young Mortality
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Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
many, altricial high
‘slow’ low long few, precocial low
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young Mortality
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‘fast’ high short
many, altricial high
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘slow’ low long few, precocial low
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young Mortality
![Page 49: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘slow’
‘fast’
Life history
![Page 50: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy
![Page 51: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
from Hill et al. (2004)
Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy
![Page 52: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
from Hill et al. (2004)
Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy
![Page 53: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Am. J. Physiol. (1961)
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Am. J. Physiol. (1990)
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Two basic modes of adaptation
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Two basic modes of adaptation
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Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological challenge
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Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity
Ecological challenge
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Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)
Ecological challenge
- addition (cost)
![Page 60: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)
Ecological challenge
- addition (cost)
high efficiency that is
often not able to use high resource availability
competitively
![Page 61: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)
Ecological challenge
- addition (cost)
![Page 62: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Detailed function: convergence/homoplasy
![Page 63: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
from Hill et al. (2004)
Detailed function: convergence/homoplasy
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Am. J. Physiol. (1996)
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Detailed function: different solutions to the same problems
![Page 66: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Characterising basic condition
Marine
Terrestrial
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Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous
Terrestrial thin
Medium
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Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy
Terrestrial thin
gravity
Medium Support
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Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
Medium Support Pressure
![Page 70: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality
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Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D low
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality Conductance
![Page 72: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high high
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D low low
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality Conductance
Thermal stability
![Page 73: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high high low
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D low low
high
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality Conductance
Thermal stability Oxygen
![Page 74: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
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Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
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Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
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Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
![Page 78: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Detailed function: solutions of different efficiency
![Page 79: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
from Hill et al. (2004)
![Page 80: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
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-!describes rules that determine function of biological units of varying complexity
-! is linked to physical and biochemical principles -!describes the link between the environment and the
biological unit -! is linked, by describing different or similar solutions to
the same challenges, to evolutionary history
Physiology
![Page 87: Introduction to animal physiology - UZH · Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102715/5b64873b7f8b9a0e428d8586/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit !
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