Introduction to Accounting

SO 1 Explain what accounting is.

Purpose of accounting is to:

1. identify, record, and communicate the economic events of an

2. organization to

3. interested users.

What is Accounting?

Three Activities

SO 1 Explain what accounting is.

Illustration 1-1Accounting process

The accounting process includes the bookkeeping function.

What is Accounting?

Management

There are two broad groups of users of financial information: internal users and external users.

Human Resources

IRS

Labor Unions

SEC

Marketing

Finance

Investors

Creditors

SO 2 Identify the users and uses of accounting.

Customers

Internal Users

External Users

Who Uses Accounting Data

Common Questions Asked

User

1. Can we afford to give our employees a pay raise?

Human Resources

2. Did the company earn a satisfactory income?

3. Do we need to borrow in the near future?

4. Is cash sufficient to pay dividends to the stockholders?

5. What price for our product will maximize net income?

SO 2

6. Will the company be able to pay its short-term debts?

Investors

Management

Finance

Marketing

Creditors

Who Uses Accounting Data

Forensic Accounting

Uses accounting, auditing, and

investigative skills to conduct

investigations into theft and

fraud.

Government

Careers with the IRS, the FBI,

the SEC, and in public

colleges and universities.

Private Accounting

Careers in industry, working in

cost accounting, budgeting,

accounting information

systems, and taxation.

SO 9 Explain the career opportunities in accounting.

Public Accounting

Careers in auditing, taxation,

and management in

consulting,serving the general

public.

ACCOUNTING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - A set of

rules and practices, having substantial authoritative support, that

the accounting profession recognizes as a general guide for

financial reporting purposes.

Standard-setting bodies determine these guidelines:

► Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

► Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

► International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

SO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.

Accounting standards in Malaysia are based on:

MASB Standards International Accounting Standards MIA Standards

The recording and presentation of accounting information

in the financial statements have to abide by the accounting

Assumptions Principles Constraints

Monetary Unit – include in the accounting records only

transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money.

Economic Entity – requires that activities of the entity be

kept separate and distinct from the activities of its owner and

all other economic entities.

Proprietorship.

Partnership.

Corporation.

SO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption and the economic entity assumption.

Forms of Business Ownership

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Assumptions

Proprietorship Partnership Corporation

Owned by two or more persons.

Often retail and service-type businesses

Generally unlimited personal liability

Partnership agreement

Ownership divided into shares of stock

Separate legal entity organized under state corporation law

Limited liability

Generally owned by one person.

Often small service-type businesses

Owner receives any profits, suffers any losses, and is personally liable for all debts.

SO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption and the economic entity assumption.

Forms of Business Ownership

Going Concern – this assumption believes in continuity of

the business over indefinite period, it is also known as continuity

assumption.

Accounting Period– This assumption permits the

accountant to divide the lifespan of the business enterprise into

different time periods known as 'accounting period' (quarterly,

half-yearly, annually) for the purpose of preparing financial statements

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Assumptions

Question

Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills

would violate the

a. cost principle.

b. economic entity assumption.

c. monetary unit assumption.

d. ethics principle.

SO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption and the economic entity assumption.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Cost Principle – Or historical cost principle, dictates that

companies record assets at their cost.

Fair Value Principle – Indicates that assets and liabilities

should be reported at fair value (the price received to sell an

asset or settle a liability).

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Principles

SO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.

Revenue Recognition Principle – requires companies

to record when revenue is (1) realized or realizable and (2)

earned, not when cash is received. This way of accounting is

called accrual basis accounting.

Matching Principle – Expenses have to be matched with

revenues .

Full Disclosure Principle – Amount and kinds of

information disclosed should be decided based on trade-off analysis as a larger amount of information costs more to prepare and use. Information disclosed should be enough to make a judgment while keeping costs reasonable.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Principles

SO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

SO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.

Objectivity principle: the company financial statements provided by the accountants should be based on objective evidence.

Materiality principle: the significance of an item should be considered when it is reported. An item is considered significant when it would affect the decision of a reasonable individual.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Constraints

SO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.

Consistency principle: It means that the company uses the same accounting principles and methods from year to year.

Conservatism principle: when choosing between two solutions, the one that will be least likely to overstate assets and income should be picked (see convention of conservatism).

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Constraints

SO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.