Applied Cartography and Introduction to GIS GEOG 2017 EL Lecture-6 Chapters 11 and 12.
Introduction to Cartographyrahat.sudburyweb.com/files/IntroductiontoCartography... · 2011. 9....
Transcript of Introduction to Cartographyrahat.sudburyweb.com/files/IntroductiontoCartography... · 2011. 9....
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Introduction to CartographyGEOG 2016 E
Lecture-3Scale, Reference and Coordinate
Systems
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What is Scale
• Ratio between distances on a map and the corresponding distances on the earth’s surface.
• Example:– 1:100,000 means that 1 cm on the map
corresponds to 100,000 cm (or 1 km) on earth.– 1:50,000 means that 1 cm on the map
corresponds to 50,000 cm (or 0.5 km) on earth.
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Scale and Features
• Showing features on a map depends on the scale chosen.
• The larger the scale of the map, the more details it shows.– A map with a scale of 1:10,000 will show a lot
more details than a map with a scale of 1:100,000.– The scale of 1:10,000 is larger than the scale of
1:100,000.
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Scale and Features
• A map with a scale of 1:10,000 can be used to show individual houses or buildings.
• However, a map with a scale of 1:100,000 can show those houses or buildings only as points.
• Choosing the right scale is very important in cartography.
• The choice depends on the area to be covered and the features to be shown.
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Reference Systems• A reference system is needed to locate a point
on earth’s surface.• Latitude and longitude comprise a reference
system.• A coordinate system is needed for referencing.
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Coordinate Systems
• A coordinate system is needed for positioning and navigation.
• For example, global positioning systems use coordinate system for precise location of points in space.
• Different coordinate systems have been constructed and are used in cartography.
• Cartesian, polar and spherical are three most commonly used coordinate systems.
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Cartesian Plane Coordinate System
• A plane or two-dimensional coordinate system can be defined with respect to a single plane.
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Plane Polar Coordinate System• Points on a two-dimensional surface can also
be represented by radius-angle pairs.
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Polar - Cartesian Conversion• Plane polar coordinates can be converted into
plane Cartesian coordinates.
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Exercise
• Convert the following Cartesian coordinates into their polar equivalents:– (1.245, -2.769)– (0.673, 1.999)– (-9.999, 4.531)
• Convert the following polar coordinates into their Cartesian equivalents:– (1.296, 36.7)– (4.555, 0)– (6.782, 173.8)
ݔ = ݎ cosߠݕ = ݎ sinߠ
ݎ = ଶݔ + ଶݕ
ߠ = tanିଵݕݔ
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Answers
• Cartesian to polar:– (1.245, -2.769) (3.04, -65.79) – (0.673, 1.999) (2.109, 71.39)– (-9.999, 4.531) (10.98, 155.6)
• Polar to Cartesian:– (1.296, 36.7) (1.039, 0.774)– (4.555, 0) (4.555, 0)– (6.782, 173.8) (-6.742, 0.732)
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Three-Dimensional Cartesian System
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Longitude, Latitude, Height• Most commonly used global coordinate
system in cartography• Reference planes for latitude and longitude
are defined by prime meridian and equator
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Geodetic Latitude• Angle from the equatorial plane to vertical
direction of a line normal to the reference ellipsoid.
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Geodetic Longitude• Angle between the reference plane and a plane
passing through the point. Both planes must be perpendicular to the equatorial plane.
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Geodetic Height• Distance from the reference ellipsoid to the
point in the direction normal to the ellipsoid.
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Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed X,Y,Z• Generally called ECEF XYZ• Three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system• Centered at the center of mass of reference
ellipsoid
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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
• Recall that Mercator is a cylindrical projection.• UTM coordinates define two-dimensional
positions.• Dimensions are defined by zone numbers and
zone characters.– Zone numbers designate 6-degree longitudinal strips.
Extend from 80 degrees South latitude to 84 degrees North latitude
– Zone characters designate 8-degree zones. Extend North and South from equator.
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UTM
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World Geographic Reference System Index (GEOREF)
• Based on latitude and longitude• Earth’s sphere is divided into:
– 12 bands of latitude– 24 zones of longitude
• Used in aircraft navigation