INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.
-
Upload
madison-rice -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.
![Page 1: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
Thinking Geographically
An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape
![Page 2: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
Geography, as a discipline does claim to be a valid and revealing approach to
contemporary questions of political, economic, social, and ecological concern.
Themes of geography include:
Humans and environmental interactionDistribution of natural phenomena affecting
the human use of the earthThe Cultural patterns of settlement and
exploitation of the physical world
![Page 3: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
To best understand geography is to understand the questions geographers ask.
• What is it?• Where is it?• How did it come to be what and where it is?• Where is it in relation to other physical or
cultural realities that affect it or are affected by it?
• How is it part of a functioning whole? • Who does its location affect peoples lives?
![Page 4: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
THE TRUTH
There is a fundamental truth answered by geography: things are rationally organized on the earth’s surface and that interpreting spatial
patterns is an essential starting point for understanding how humans live on earth.
![Page 5: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HOW DO WE FIND PLACES?
• The location of the place may be described in both absolute and relative terms.
• ABSOLUTE LOCATION: records a precise position on the surface of the globe, usually in terms of a mathematically based reference system.
• RELATIVE LOCATION: Describing the position of a place or thing in relation to other places or things.
• Indicate whether the following are examples of absolute or relative location.• a. terminal of the Erie Canal• b. 221 B Baker Street• c. lower California• d. along the Potomac River• e. 42° 30’N, 90°43’W• f. south of the border• g. Township 2 West, Range 3 North• h. 1600 Pennsylvania Ave
![Page 6: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PHYSCIAL AND CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES
• All places have physical and cultural attributes. In Geography we study the relationship between the two.
• Physical characteristics refer to: climate, soil, water supplies, and resources.
• Everything we do leaves an imprint and this visible imprint is called the Cultural Landscape.
![Page 7: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
HOW DO PLACES INTERACT?
• Spatial interaction—how places interact with each other.• To be able to understand how places interact with each other
we must understand distance. • Distance affects everything humans do. Distance affects
humans on different scales. • Small scale—personal• Large scale—U.S. History-settlement patterns of the U.S.• How has technology helped us reduce distance?• Distance Decay—as everything is related to everything else,
relationships are stronger when things are near one another.• To get a better understanding of distance and technology think
about the history of the delivery of news.
![Page 8: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
REGIONS
• To study larger areas of land geographers are able to divide places into regions. Regions are areas divided because there is a similarity. This could be political, physical, cultural, or because of the climate.
Types of Regions• 1. Formal—essential uniformity in or on
limited geographic features.• 2. Functional—parts are interdependent
w/each other and forms an organized system.
![Page 9: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How Geographers Address Location
• Maps– Early mapmaking– Map scale– Projection– Land Ordinance of 1785
• Contemporary Tools– GIS– Remote sensing– GPS
![Page 10: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
World Political Boundaries (2004)
Fig. 1-1: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape
![Page 11: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Maps of the Marshall Islands
Fig. 1-2: A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.
![Page 12: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Scale Differences: Maps of Florida
Fig. 1-3: The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)
![Page 13: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Township and Range System in the U.S.
Fig. 1-4: Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the area.
![Page 14: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Layers of a GIS
Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.
![Page 15: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Site: Lower Manhattan Island
Fig. 1-6: Site of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.
![Page 16: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Uniqueness of Places and Regions
• Place: Unique location of a feature– Place names– Site– Situation– Mathematical location
• Regions: Areas of unique characteristics– Cultural landscape– Types of regions– Regional integration of culture– Cultural ecology
![Page 17: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Situation: Singapore
Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.
![Page 18: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
World Geographic Grid
Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.
![Page 19: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
World Time Zones
Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.
![Page 20: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Election 2000: Regional Differences
Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional voting patterns.
![Page 21: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Formal and Functional Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.
![Page 22: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Vernacular Regions
Fig. 1-12: A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.
![Page 23: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Spatial Association at Various Scales
Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the U.S., Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.
![Page 24: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
World Climate Regions
Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions.
![Page 25: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
Fig. 1-15: Polders and dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in the Netherlands.
![Page 26: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Environmental Modification in Florida
Fig. 1-16: Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many unintended side effects.
![Page 27: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Similarity of Different Places
• Scale: From local to global– Globalization of economy– Globalization of culture
• Space: Distribution of features– Distribution– Gender and ethnic diversity in space
• Connections between places– Spatial interaction– Diffusion
![Page 28: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Globalization of the Economy
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.
![Page 29: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Density, Concentration, and Pattern
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each vary in an area or landscape.
![Page 30: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.
![Page 31: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.
![Page 32: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Airline Route Networks
Fig. 1-21: Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.
![Page 33: INTRODUCTION Thinking Geographically An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649e695503460f94b665fe/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
AIDS Diffusion in the U.S., 1981–2001
Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.