Introduction

The word “Computer” comes from compute. Compute means calculation. But the definition of computer-

Computer is an electronic device that receives data or set of instructions, process them and then gives the information. These data or instruction are also known as input, whereas information is termed as output.

Computer Architecture and Organization

History of Computer

Near about 2000 years ago Greek mathematician invent ABACUS for quick calculation.

In the year of 1614 Napier invent logarithm. In the year of 1646-1716 Gottfried Leibniz invent Stepped

wheel calculation machine. In the year of 1791-1871 Charles Babbage invent a

calculating machine known as Difference Engine. With help of this machine Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division & root over can possible. How can this machine remember calculation he give an idea about Analytical Engine. And new generation computer based on that theory. So that Charles Babbage known as “FATHER OF COMPUTER”.

History of Computer Hardware

Hardware 1642 Mechanical Adder

Blaise Pascal, Used gears, could add and subtract

1670's - Mechanical Calculator Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Could add,

subtract, multiply and divide 1801 - Jaquard's Loom

Joseph-Marie Jacquard metal punched cards, First "stored program" program device

1822 - Difference Engine Charles Babbage. Designed to

compute polynomials. Used a stored program. Abandoned in 1833. Charles Babage's (1791-1871)

Difference Engine

183? Analytic Engine Charles Babbage. General purpose algebraic

calculator. Used punched card program. Had a "store" to hold Intermediate results and data. Supported by Ada Augusta, the Countace of Lovelace.

1890 - Census Tabulator Herman Hollerith invented modern punched card for

use in machine to help tabulate census. Formed tabulating company that became IBM in 1924.

1942 - First Electronic computer John Atanasoft at Iowa State University 1944 Mark I Howard Aiken (supported by IBM). Electromechanical

computer. First realization of Babbage's Analytic Engine.

1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

J.P. Eckert and J.W. Mauchly at U. of Penn. Used18000 vacuum tubes. Programmed by rewiring circuits. 1000 x faster than Mark I

Augusta Ada Byron, the Countess of Lovelace, the first computer programmer

History of Computer Hardware

1890 - Census Tabulator Herman Hollerith invented modern punched card

for use in machine to help tabulate census. Formed tabulating company that became IBM in 1924.

1942 - First Electronic computer John Atanasoft at Iowa State University 1944 Mark I Howard Aiken (supported by IBM).

Electromechanical computer. First realization of Babbage's Analytic Engine.

1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

J.P. Eckert and J.W. Mauchly at U. of Penn. Used18000 vacuum tubes. Programmed by rewiring circuits. 1000 x faster than Mark I

1951 - UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) Eckert & Mauchly First commercially available general purpose computer

History of Computer Hardware

ENIAC, a general purpose computer, designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly and completed in 1946.

History of Computer in

India first time computer come to India in the year of 1946.

But in the year of 1950 it established in Indian Statistical Institute of Kolkata.

Personal Computer introduce in India in 1985. Super Computer, PARAM is developed by C-

DAC, Puna. Use of Micro-processor different company

made different model of P.C.

Generatio

n of

ComputerMainly it divided in two five part.

First Generation

First generation time (1942-1956) In the 1st generation of computer

Vacuum tube was used. But it release heat and bigger in size. So that it proceed to next generation. Example of first generation-

EDVAC,EDSAC,UNIVAC etc.

Second Generation

Second generation time (1956-1975) In the second generation computer

Transistor replaced Vacuum Tube. It was small size then 1st generation

but it also release heat. So it proceed to next generation. Example-IBM-1401 & LARC,IBM-7090

Third Generation

Third Generation time (1946-1975) In 3rd generation computer Integrate circuit replaced

Transistor. First time software introduce at this time. But it was not satisfy the user. So it was turn towards Third Generation. Example of this generation computer-I.B.M.360.

Fourth Generation.

Fourth Generation time (1975-1985). In this generation LSI (Large scale

integration), VLSI (Very large Scale integrate) replaced Integrate Circuit.

But it need something more. So it turn to last generation.

Fifth Generation

Scientist research on that type of computer which was work with your brain order and mental condition.

We can’t know the shape and work procedure. But we guess that it’s technology based on KIPS (knowledge Information Processing System).

JAPAN & USA work on this project.

Some Information About Modern Computer:- Computer system may be categorised into two part-

Hardware- Hardware means the physical components of computer.

Ex-Monitor, Mouse, CPU etc.

Software- Software includes all program or instruction that are fed into the computer.

Ex- Narton Anti Virus, MS- Office etc. Computer Device are

Input Device- It transform data into a digital form that the computer can process.

Ex-Keyboard. mouse. Trackball etc.

Output Device- it convert the electrical signals representing information within a computer into a form that can exit or be sensed outside the Computer.

Ex- Monitor, Printer, Sound Box etc.

History of the Programming Languages

1940's - Rewire Circuits Early 1950's - Machine Language: zeros and ones

See Fritz Ruehr's simulator 1950's - Assembly Language

Symbolic Version of Machine Language, Not Portable. Translated by Assembler

Late 1950's - FORTRAN, Backus at IBM FORMula TRANSlator First High-Level Programming Language First Compiler

1960's - Simula Elements of Object-Oriented Languages

1970's Pascal, N. Wirth, Teaching Language C

Language for Systems Programming. Small and Fairly Portable. Used to Implement Unix on PDP-11. Thompson and Ritchie at Bell Labs.

Small Talk Fully Object-Oriented Interpreted and Slow Xerox Park

1980's, C++ Stroustrup at Bell Labs Evolved from C Large, Complex but Fairly Portable

Java Programming Language Sun Microsystems 1995 Evolved from C++ and SmallTalk Object-Oriented Completely Portable

History of the Programming Languages