Introduction Safety of High Hazard Occupations Safe 4900 D. Barber Summer 2008.

IntroductionSafety of High Hazard Occupations

Safe 4900 D. Barber Summer 2008

Safety 4900

• Introductions• Background• What is this course?

Introduction• Name• Where you work• Background• Interest

Background

• Safety Aspects of High Risk Activities• What is a belief?• Personality and Safety• Types of High Risk Activities

Course Expectations

• Participate• Treat each other with respect• Class Work on time• Draft work returned with comments• Complete work, don’t copy

Safety 4900

High Risk Jobs

• 80 fatalities per year

Dangerous Jobs…

Nanotechnology

Hype or Hazard?

Source: Synergist Magazine, April 2008

• 2 Papers• In-Class Exercises• Safety Behavior Model (due on 6 July 08)• Final on content.

Papers:• 1 – High Risk Technology, hazards and

analysis. Length: 5-7 pages.• 2 – New Hazards – Regulations: adequate?

inadequate. 5-7 pages

Example Topics

• Nanotechnology• Combustible dust• OSHA and Airlines• Teens and Summer Jobs• New Confined Space requirements

Behavior Model

Behavior Model, Your own design, explain, show application and usage. 5-7 pages

The Obvious?

High Risk Jobs…

• Fatality Rate:– 100 Per year

Behaviors?

Course Textbook:

• Human Safety and • Risk Management 2nd ED.– Dr. Ian Glendon– CRC Press

Safety 4900

Chapters:• Chapter 1, 2, 6, 8, 9

– Please read these chapters

What is Risk?

Risk?

• Public Risk vrs Personal Risk• Actual Risk and residual risk

Behaviors and Risk

• Is there a link?

Psychology’s Role in Safety

• Understanding the behaviors• Modeling the behaviors

Questions?

• Assignments?• Due Dates?• Tests• Class Work

Unit 1, High Risk TechnologiesWhat is high Risk?

Basis For Risk…

• Rousseau: 1755– Lisbon Earthquake

>100,000 deaths

20,000 houses built in knownSeismic location

Risk

• They recognized the risk of building the homes.

Safety 4900 Unit 1

Projects Risks

High Reliability Organization

• Organizations with fewer than normal accidents (organizations with fewer accidents)

• Why does this happen?

• Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents

Characteristics…• Researchers have found that successful

organizations in high-risk industries continually reinvent themselves

• There are 5 characteristics of High Reliability Organizations: – Preoccupation with failure– Reluctance to simplify interpretations– Sensitivity to operations– Commitment to resilience– Deference to expertise

Psychology’s Role• Worker Behavior– Criticism: Overly focused on blame– Model Accuracy– Training Effectiveness

Safe 4900 Unit 1

•Management Behavior?

Management Behavior

Influencing Management

• Safety Culture• Safety Climate

Safety 4900 Unit 1

Human Error

Changing world of Work

• Less Social• Fragmentation of Work• Isolation of Workers• Less worker participation• Reduced Union representatives• Greater Management control

Safety 4900 Unit 1

Effect?

• Greater Stress on Workers• More Accidents/Incidents

Safety 4900 Unit 1

More Regulations

• New standard on Confined Spaces• New Standard on Combustible Gas• New Standard on Electrical Safety• Pressure on Ergo Standard

More Oversight

• Airline Inspections by OSHA

• Sunoco Inc. receives $330,000 in proposed penalties after U.S. Labor Department's OSHA conducts safety inspection Agency finds 27 serious and 3 willful violations during its inspection.

• U.S. Labor Department's OSHA proposes more than $77,000 in fines against Sodexho Inc. for safety and health hazards at Buffalo, N.Y., industrial laundry

• Conklin, N.Y., manufacturer faces additional $75,000 in fines from U.S. Labor Department's OSHA for failing to correct machine guarding hazards

Future?• Candidates:– Press for more OSHA regulation of business

• Ergo Standards• Health Screenings• Ban Asbestos• Car safety Act• Agreements – Canada/Mexico• Teen Driver laws• Nuclear Weapons worker• Chemical Plans controlled by Fed• Consumer products• Mine improvement Act• Transportation Safety• Merchant Marine Acts• Highway Safety changes (commerce)• Rail Security Act

Sen. Clinton

Sen. Obama

Sen. McCain

Technical Issues

• Design work Environments– Engender Safety– Human Factors– Risk Assessments

• More with less• Work Smarter

Resistance to Change…

• Do People resist change?

• Why?

Resistance to Change

Resistance to Change…

D x V x F > R

Three factors must be present for meaningful organizational change to take place. These factors are:D = Dissatisfaction with how things are now;V = Vision of what is possible;F = First, concrete steps that can be taken towards the vision.If the product of these three factors is greater thanR = Resistance, then change is possible. Because of the multiplication of D, V and F, if any one is absent or low, then the product will be low and therefore not capable of overcoming the resistance.

-Gleicher Formula for ChangeOrganizational Development:Strategies and Models

Resistant to Change

• Reasons Why– Fear?– Territory– Pride

•Other Focuses?•Profit•Research

Revisions…

D x V x F > C(e+p)

E = economicsP = psychological

Other Models

ADKAR Model include:Awareness – of why the change is neededDesire – to support and participate in the changeKnowledge – of how to changeAbility – to implement new skills and behaviorsReinforcement – to sustain the change

I trusted him more when he had a whip!

Break!

Belief• Basis?• Reasons?• Traditions?

Belief• Definition: – Belief is the psychological state in which an

individual holds a proposition or premise to be true. n.

Behavior…

Knowledge

• Different from Belief?

Knowledge is defined (Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education

Group Exercise

• Handout – divide into groups of three• Review the document, decide answers and

record them• Choose a representative

Incentives

• To reward Safety Behavior• Basis?• When?• To Whom?

Incentive vrs Recognition

• Same thing?

Recognition

• Plaques• Memos• Pins• Stickers

Incentives

• Based on $ rewards• Can backfire on Safety• Based on Injury/illness stats alone• About the Records

Performance IndicatorsPerformance IndicatorsOutline

• What is a Performance Indicator?– Leading/Lagging Indicators

• What do they Mean? • How are they used?• How often should they be Checked?• Where do I find them?• What PI’s should we use?

What are PI’s?

• Performance Indicators are simply indicators of the quality of management and engineering systems.

• Like a fever, they may indicate a negative condition of a system BUT not the real problem.

Performance MeasuresExamples

• Spills, Leaks, Releases• Training Completed• Personnel Fit-tested• Earplugs issues• RIRs• Procedures not followed

Performance MeasuresBasis:

500

50

1One MajorInjury/Fatality

50 Minor Events

500 Incidents

Performance IndicatorsLeading/Lagging

• Leading Indicator is before event occurs

• Lagging Indicator is after event/incident

PI’sWhat do they Mean?

• System Failures• Precursors to a larger event• Institutional Conditions• Management Systems

PI’sHow are they used?

• Measures of Local Performance• Responsiveness of Authority • Provide Managers with Pre-event

information• Point to Systematic/Institutional Failures

PI Usage

• Establish Upper/Lower Control Limits for each indicator

– 1 Standard Deviation 1 • Use 3 year rolling Average• Evaluate if exceeds• Report on quarterly

PI Usage• PI May Point to root-causes– Failure to use procedure– Failure to follow procedure–

PI’s How Often?

• Decided by ESH Staff• Normally, monthly, quarterly– Spot checks on performance are useful • Why?• Events reported by FR’s• Critiques

PI’sWhere do I find them?

• ORPS• ORBITT• CAIRS• RIRs• FR’s• OIMS

PI’sWhere are they Found?

• Contractor Self-Assessments• FR Walkdowns• ESH Reports

Performance IndicatorsWhy are they Important?

• Measures of Local Performance• Responsiveness of Authority • Provide Managers with Pre-event information• Point to Systematic/Institutional Failures

ASSE Conference Accident Severity Index

The Numbers Say it All!

0.97TRC

Parker Drilling


Same Standard?• Everyone compared to same– Adjusted for work hours– Adjusted for site?– Adjusted for Severity?


2006 Stats

• Fatality rates were lower for industries and government in 2006*

* Safety + Health, National Safety Council, Jan 2008


Top Five Occupations*

• Drivers/sales and truck drivers• Farmers and Ranchers• Agricultural Workers• Aircraft pilots and flight engineers• Roofers

* NSC, Safety+Health, Jan 08


Work Comp Claims

• $55.3 Billion in 2005


Accidents/Incidents• All the same?


The Indicators

• Total Reportable Cases


BLS Data

• Construction (2006)– 218 fatalities

• Heavy Construction– 224 fatalities

• Specialtry Trade– 721


Benchmark

Employee

TRC Rates


Days Away Restricted


Setting Goals…

• All Organizations will reach TRC of 1.0!• All Organizations will reach DART of 0.6!

Self-fulling Prophesy?


Management May Say…• Drive Down the Numbers– What does that mean?– What’s contributing to numbers?


Reducing All Incidents to ZeroSafety is our highest priority. Our workforce Days Away From Work Rate fell by 25 percent from 2005, our fifth consecutive year of improvement. While the workforce Total Recordable Incident Rate was up 2 percent from the previous year, we continue to move toward world-class performance. We are committed to reducing fatalities, and all incidents, to zero

Parker Co.


Why did they fall?

• Luck?• Reduced Hours• Reduced Work• Other subs not counted?• Safer Work


Organizational Responses…

• Temptation not to report – where’s the goal?• Place workers back to work to avoid reporting• More arguments on reportability


Accident Severity Index

• No practice rounds• The score card stays as is.

No good understanding ofSignificant figures:1.91? 2.03?

Chasing Numbers


Break…


Frequency Factor

• One Method: (DOT)

• 2(Ln(#Accident)) = Frequency factor


Accident Severity

• All Accidents the same?


The Accident Severity Index

• Bin Accidents by Type– Fatality– Fall


Accident Severity Index• Assign the Risk Factor for each


Accident Severity

• Other areas measure it differently…


ASI Helps Focus

• Specific rather than general• Where most severe accidents are occurring• Focus on causes


New Method• Uses Mil Std 882D like method.– Table A-1, Assigns severity categories


Severity Index

Type Index Notes

Fatality 5

Permanent 4


Signs We Pay Attention To…


Accident Severity Table

Type Incident IndexSlip, Trip 1

Sprain 2Ergo injury 3

Fracture 5Concussion 7

Fatality 100


ExampleExamine Type of Incidents

Bin them by kind:

3 Fractures , 5 points each.

5 X 3 = 15 points

Work to reduce these Events!


Set Goals

• Reduce Type 3 Events by Certain Percentage• Reduce accident severity score by 500 points


Focuses Efforts

• Most Severe events• Place abatement where it will reduce these• Management attention


Belief and Safety

• Nearly 1 in 3 Americans believe nothing can be done to prevent accidental injuries


Safety Professionals

• Up to us to change that…

Introduction Safety of High Hazard Occupations Safe 4900 D. Barber Summer 2008.

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