Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at...
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Religion and its contrasting uses within
Pre-Romantic and Romantic literature
By Dawn Graham
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IntroductionReligion used extensively in early
American literatureIt was used differently at different
timesPre-Romantic writers used it for
comfort and to endorse conformityRomantic writers used it to
express personal ideas and opinions or to mock popular public opinion
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Pre-Romantic Period Authors
Anne BradstreetMary RowlandsonJonathan EdwardsJ. Hector St. John De Crevecoeur
Phillis Wheatley
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Anne BradstreetBible used to comfort and
reassure herselfHer poetry gives readers
insight into her emotionsAll possessions belong to
GodLinks religion to her
personal life (Salska)Life within acceptable
limits of her society
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Mary RowlandsonUsed the Psalms to comfort
and reassure herself of Divine retaliation (Henwood)
Grief and anger not valued for personal expression
Bible provided legitimacy to her frustration and rage
Allows her to speak her mind in a common language that readers will understand
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Jonathan EdwardsConsidered one of
America’s most spiritually defining Puritan voices (Ward)
Bible used to persuade listeners to follow his example if they wanted to go to Heaven
Religious discovery was the ultimate significance of experience
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J. Hector St. John De CrevecoeurThinks religion is very
important on an individual level
God wants people to work together and help each other (Rucker)
Religion and politics share similar goals for life, liberty, property, and happiness
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Phillis WheatleyPersonally delighted
with Christianity (Scheick)
God responsible for bringing her to America to learn religion
Even slaves deserved to have the Christian version of salvation that the white people had
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Romantic Period Authors
Washington IrvingHenry David ThoreauNathaniel HawthorneFrederick DouglassWalt Whitman
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Washington IrvingCelebrated individualityIndividual often in
opposition to societyAmerica not limited by
social class structureHistory is the possibility
of a beginning for the individual that will seize it (Shear)
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Henry David ThoreauFaith just sight and
knowledgeMore virtue in seeing than
believing (Furtak)Religion not the only truth
to live byBlatantly rejected religion
in writingsOpenly encouraged
individual learning
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Nathaniel HawthorneVast difference between
people of different religious beliefs
Religious obligation to take care of the poor (Elbert)
Used life experiences in his writing
Points out negative aspects of religion instead of only benefits
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Frederick DouglassDifferentiates between
religious slave holders and true Christians
While a slave, began to believe God was a cruel, sadistic entity if real (Gibson)
Expresses both belief and disbelief of religion
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Walt WhitmanHad a church in
England that followed his works
Thought his works would supplant that of churches and priests (Smith)
Religion organic, ongoing process of exploration, not journey towards a defined goal
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ConclusionPre-Romantic use of religion tended to
be for crowd control or acceptable way to relate emotions
Romantic encouraged self-exploration and reflections before deciding on a religion
Shifting views reflected changing society itself
Religion to inspire thought, not comfort
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Works Cited Elbert, Monika M. "Hawthorne's Reconceptualization of Transcendentalist Charity.“ American Transcendental Quarterly 11.3 (Sep. 1997): 213-232. MLA
International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008<http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1997021041&site=ehost-live>.
Furtak, Rick Anthony. "Skepticism and Perceptual Faith: Henry David Thoreau and Stanley Cavell on Seeing and Believing." Transactions of the Charles
S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy 43.3 (Summer 2007): 542-561. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=2007380566&site=ehost-live>.
Gibson, Donald B. "Christianity and Individualism: (Re)-Creation and Reality in Frederick Doulgass's Representation of Self." African American Review 26.4 (Winter 1992): 591-603. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century
College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=0000300088&site=ehost-live>.
Henwood, Dawn. "Mary Rowlandson and the Psalms: The Textuality of Survival." Early American Literature 32.2 (1997): 169-186. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008
<http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1997024616&site=ehost-live>.
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Works Cited Continued Rucker, Mary E. "Crevecoeur's Letters and Enlightenment Doctrine." Early American
Literature 13 (1978): 193-212. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6
Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1978108752&site=ehost-live>.
Salska, Agnieszka. "Puritan Poetry: Its Public and Private Strain." Early American Literature 19.2 (Fall 1984): 107-121. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century
College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1984083379&site=ehost-live>.
Scheick, William J. "Subjection and Prophecy in Phillis Wheatley's Verse Paraphrases of Scripture." College Literature 22.3 (Oct. 1995): 122-130. MLA International
Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1998063009&site=ehost-live>.
Shear, Walter. "Cultural Fate and Social Freedom in Three American Short Stories." Studies in Short Fiction 29.4 (Fall 1992): 543-549. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6
Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=m zh&AN=1992061282&site=ehost-live>.
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Works Cited Continued Smith, Ernest. "'Restless Explorations': Whitman's Evolving Spiritual Vision in Leaves of
Grass." Papers on Language and Literature: A Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature 43.3 (Summer 2007): 227-263. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=m zh&AN=2007581408&site=ehost-live>.
Ward, Roger. "Experience as Religious Discovery in Edwards and Peirce." Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy
36.2 (Spring 2000): 297-309. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=2000053447&site=ehost-live>.
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Picture SourcesAnne Bradstreet www.todayinliterature.comMary Rowlandson Novel Cover www.hawthorneinsalem.org Jonathan Edwards www.calvin.edu J. Hector St. John De Crevecoeur www.shsu.eduPhillis Wheatley www.earlyamerica.comWashington Irving www.kancoll.orgHenry David Thoreau www.seasonedbooks.comNathaniel Hawthorne www.bedfordstmartins.comFrederick Douglass www.africawithin.comWalt Whitman www.todayinliterature.com