Supervisor: 1. INTRODUCTION 2 1 Rationale 2 Objectives 3 Outline.
Introduction & rationale
description
Transcript of Introduction & rationale
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Introduction & rationale
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Aims of Exercise rehabilitation for the patient with CKD
Morbidity
Quality of life
Survival
Financial Cost to Health Care System ?
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Morbidity
Quality of life
Survival
PHYSICAL FUNCTION
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catecholamines
Altered muscle nutrient supply and metabolism
Endothelial vasodilation
inflammation Peripheral vascular resistance Autonomic dysfunction
Nutritional deficits
LV dysfunction
INACTIVITY & AGING
MUSCLE WASTING
SURVIVAL
Functional Independenc
e
QOL
Uraemic status
+comorbidity
Koufaki 2004
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VO2 peak and Survival
Survival as function of baseline VO2peak for 175 ambulatory ESRD patients (Sietsema et al 2004 Kidney International, 65, 719-724)
>
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Survival by Kaplan-Meier in male patients according to the presence of HGS
(log rank 23.0, P< 0.0001): Evaluated at start of RRT
Stenvinkel et al. (2002) Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 17: 1266-1274
Functional Capacity and Survival
median; n=53
< median; n=52
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Inactivity-Malnutrition and Survival
O’Hare AM et al. AJKD 2003;41:447-54
Sedentary patients: 62% greater risk of dying within 1
year
Non-sedentary
sedentary
n=2264, 1 year survival
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Muscle Mass and Survival
Beddhu S et al. JASN 2003;14:2366-72
Protective effect of BMI >25kg/m2 limited to those with normal or high muscle mass
Poor nutritional status and muscle wasting strongly associated with morbidity, mortality
and physical functioning
Mercer/Thessaloniki2006
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Disuse-Disability Spiral
Painter (1996)
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Stages of Kidney Failure: Exercise interventions?
Stage Description GFR Action (mL/min/1.73m2)
At increased risk >90 Screening (with CKD risk factors) (CKD risk reduction)
1 Kidney Damage 90 Diagnosis & treatment/comorbid with normal or GFRconditions, slowing progression, CVD risk reduction
2 Kidney Damage 60-89 Estimating Progressionwith mild GFR
3 Moderate GFR 30-59 Evaluating & treating complications
4 Severe GFR 15-29 Preparation for kidney replacement therapy
5 Kidney Failure <15 Replacement or dialysis
Mercer/Biomove2004NKF (2002) KDOQI guidelines. AJKD 39; S1-S246
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Overview
>20 years of published research exercise intervention studies
EWGRR nucleus members > 50 years combined experience of exercise prescription for CKD patients
Most stages of disease trajectory (CKD1-5)
Organised Scientific and Professional meetings
Sharing of experience
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Assessments &
Evaluation methods
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– Categorise patients to different risk factor groups
– Establish physiological impairment and determine prognosis
– Evaluate the presence and severity of symptoms
– Identify potential life threatening situations
– Determine safe and effective exercise rehabilitation intensities
– Evaluate responses to interventions
Why Test?
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• Unstable hypertension
• Congestive heart failure (>II class of NYHA)
• Cardiac arrhythmias (>II class of Lown)
• Recent myocardial infarction
• Unstable angina
• Active liver disease
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• Significant cerebral or peripheral vascular disease
• Persistent hyperkalemia before dialysis
• Severe orthopaedic limitation
• Non-compliant patients
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR PARTICIPATION IN AN ESRD REHABILITATION PROGRAM
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Which Test?
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Cardiorespiratory exercise testing
Cycle ergometer test
Most commonly used test for (sub)maximal exercise testing
Younger patients: WHO-protocolElderly, deconditioned patients smaller increments of 10 watts / min
Most renal patients:premature test termination due to localised leg fatigue
Parameters in renal patients:ECG, heart rate, blood pressure acid-base status, blood lactate
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
pow
er o
utpu
t (w
atts
)
2 4 6 8 10 12
time (min)
WHO - Protocol
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Functional Capacity Assessment
• valid, expedient, low-tech option – (degree of accuracy-expediency trade-off)
• timed assessments• Walk tests • Stair-climbing • Chair stands (sit-to-stand)• Balance tests• Test battery
• reflect tasks performed in everyday life (ADL)– more relevantly assess physical dysfunction in elderly
patients
• independently predict disability
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Incremental Shuttle Walk Test
Relationship between SWT distance and VO2 peak
y = 0.028x + 3.5923
r= 0.93; R2 = 0.86
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
SWT Distance (m)
VO2 p
eak
(ml.k
g.min
-1)
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North Staffordshire Functional Capacity Assessment Battery
• Sit-to-stand 5 (STS5):Time (s) to perform 5 sit to stand movements (46cm chair height) - surrogate measure of muscle power
• Sit-to-stand 60 (STS60): Number of sit to stand movements achieved in 60 seconds -surrogate measure of muscle endurance;
• Walk-Stair Climb/Stair Descent (Climb/Descent): Time (s) to walk to and ascend/descend two flights of stairs (22 stairs, 3.3 metre elevation) (Mercer et al, 1998) – ADL-related functional capacity
• Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (Singh et al, (1992) Thorax, 47 (12):
1019-24) – proxy measure of peak exercise capacity (estimated VO2 Peak)
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Sportmotorische Tests bei
chronisch Nierenkranken
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Sit-to-Stand (Chair rise) Tests
A:Time to perform (“muscle power” )
• Sit-to-Stand-to-Sit• Sit-to-stand 5 : (Koufaki et al, 2002)
• Sit-to-Stand 10: (Painter et al, 2002)
B:Number achieved (“muscle endurance”)
• Sit-to-stand 30 (McDonald et al, 2003)
• Sit-to-stand 60: (Koufaki et al, 2002)
Standard height chair (42-46cm)
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How to Exercise the patient with CKD?
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RECOMMENDATIONS SHOULD BE BASED ON:
PARTICULAR PATHOLOGY OF THE PATIENT
RISK FACTORS PROFILE
BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS
PERSONAL GOALS
THE INDIVIDUAL’S RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED DURING
CARDIOPULMONARY
EXERCISE TESTING
EXERCISE PREFERENCES
CURRENT MEDICATIONS
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Aerobic Exercise Training: haemodialysis
Bed cycle ergometer training
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Aerobic Exercise Training: haemodialysis
Stationary cycle ergometer training
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Resistance Training Supervised outpatient and haemodialysis
Fixed weight machines
Therabands & Light weights
Body weight resisted exercises
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Exercise Intervention Formats
• Prescribed supervised exercise• During Haemodialysis (HD Unit) • Supervised outpatient training
• Prescribed unsupervised exercise• cycle ergometer at home (Konstantinidou et al.,
2002)
• walking at home (Painter et al., 2000)
• Unsupervised exercise • coaching/counselling (information/video)• walking & exercise diary (Fitts et al, 1999)
• Encouragement to be Physically Active• education/counselling
(information/demonstration)• lifestyle/activity choices (Tawney et al., 2000)
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HOW TO TRAIN PATIENTS WITH CRF?HOW TO TRAIN PATIENTS WITH CRF?
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Supervised Outpatient Rehabilitation
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OUTPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAM
Timing of exercise: Off - dialysis days
Type of exercise: Walking / Jogging Stationary cycling Swimming Aerobics- Calisthenics Team sports
Frequency: 3 times /week
Duration: 90 min
Intensity: 60-70 % HR reserve Borg scale 13-14
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Borg’s category RPE scale
ratings of perceived exertion
6-
7 Very, very light
8-
9 Very light
10-
11 Light
12-
13 Somewhat hard
14-
15 Hard
16-
17 Very hard
18-
19 Very, very hard
20- maximal
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• performed for > 25 years• adopted from cardiac
rehabilitation programs• walking, jogging, small games,
gymnastics, swimming
• more than 100 studies showing beneficial physical and psycho-social effects
• number of patients < 20 / study• age < 50 years
Supervised outpatient exercise training
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MODES GOALS INTENSITY/DURATION/FREQUENCY
TIME TO GOAL
4-6 MONTHS
STRENGTH CIRCUIT TRAINING
ATROPHY HIGH REPETITIONS LOW RESISTANCE
3 MONTHSFLEXIBILITY
UPPER & LOWER BODY RANGE-OF-MOTION ACTIVITIES
RISK OF INJURY
2-3 days / week
4-6 ΜONTHS
OUTPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAM
AEROBIC LARGE MUSCLE ACTIVITIES
BORG RPE 11-16
40-70%
VO2peak
3-7 days /
week
20-40
min/session
VO2peak & AT
PEAK WORK &
ENDURANCE
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STEADY STATE TRAINING
FREQUENCY OF SESSIONS:
• SHORT DAILY SESSIONS OF 5-10 min FOR COMPROMISED PATIENTS
• LONGER SESSIONS (20-30 min) 3-5 TIMES / WEEK FOR FIT PATIENTS
INTENSITY OF TRAINING SESSIONS:
INITIAL STAGE: 40-50 % VO2peak FOR 5-15 min
IMPROVEMENT STAGE: 50-80 % VO2peak FOR 15-30 min
MAINTENANCE STAGE: AFTER THE 6TH MONTH OF TRAINING
THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS WILL BE LOST AFTER
ONLY 3 WEEKS OF ACTIVITY RESTRICTION
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PATIENT’S MONTHLY CARDNAME:Medications:Comments: REST WARM UP AEROBIC RESISTANCE COORDINATION COOL DOWN
DATE BP HR BP HR BP HR BP HR BP HR BP HR COMMENTS
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Intra-dialytic Rehabilitation
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Physical Activity and Movement Therapy at KfH
DVD clip here
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HAEMODIALYSIS REHABILITATION PROGRAM
Timing of exercise: During haemodialysis
Type of exercise: Stationary cycling flexibilitystrengthco-ordinationrelaxation training
Frequency: 3 times /week
Duration: 60-90 min
Intensity: 60-70 % HR reserve Borg scale 13-14
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HD PATIENTS
RHYTHMIC STRENGTH EXERCISES
SMALL MUSCLE GROUPS
SHORT BOUTS OF WORK
SMALL NUMBER OF REPETITIONS
WORK/RECOVERY-RATIO OF >1:2.
RESISTANCE EXERCISE TRAINING
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Resistance trainingSupervised Outpatient (CKD3-5)
Large Muscle Groups
50%-80% 1-3 repetition maximum (RM)Progressing to 3 sets of 8-10 reps2-3 days per weekProgression: Reassess RM regularly
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Exercise in patients with ESRD Home training?
More suitable for younger and well trained patients
Relatively little informationin patients with ESRD
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Exercise Training: Context Issues
Safety/Feasibility/Compliance/Outcomes
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Safety & Risk
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8 patients (mean age 46.9 years)HD 3 x 3.5 h / week
submaximal exercise on stationary cycle
ergometer (5 min, 60 % VO2 max)
before and after 1, 2, 3 hours of dialysis
normal cardiovascular response to exercise during first 2 hours of dialysis
after 3 hours only 3 of 8 patients could exercise because of cramps and cardiovascular instability i.e. decreasing stroke volume and heart rate
no cardiovascular and clinical problems when fluid removal < 800 ml / h (2500 ml)
Exercise during haemodialysisEffect of fluid removal on
cardiovascular response and adverse reactions
Moore et al. Am J Kidney Dis 31: 631-637 (1998)
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3
Hours of DialysisF
luid
Rem
ove
d (
L)
mean UF 1356 ml / h
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Adverse effects/complications Exercise during haemodialysis
Exercise programs in the Ruhr area, Germanyi.e. Essen/Oberhausen/Velbert/Gelsenkirchen (1995- 2005)
20 - 200 patients, 2-3 training sessions/week> 50 000 individual training sessions
- several cases of muscle cramps in the lower legs- single dislocations of a dialysis needle with haematoma- one case of loosened dialysis needle by sweating
- no severe (cardiovascular) complications
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North Staffordshire Exercise on Dialysis Project (1998-2001)
~100 patients, 3 aerobic training sessions/week
> 4,000 individual training sessions> 300 peak exercise tests
- One case of severe autonomic dysregulation
Adverse effects/complications
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Risk ContextExercise training and cardiac rehabilitation
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Medically
supervised
Medically
supervised
Outpatient
Morning
Outpatient
Afternoon
Ove
rall
Com
plic
atio
n ra
te10
0,00
0 pa
tien
t ex
erci
se h
ours
Adapted from Franklin et al. Chest: 1998
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Safety of Exercise Training
• Pre-participation screening
• Exercise tolerance assessment– Individualised exercise prescription
• Warm-up
• Regular monitoring during exercise sessions– Heart rate, blood pressure, Ratings of Perceived Exertion,
exercise work rate
• Cool-down
• Controlled Progression– Establish behaviour (make it routine)– Increase Exercise tolerance (gradually duration)
• Periodic reassessment of exercise tolerance – Individualised exercise prescription
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Feasibility & Compliance
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total number of patients 174 (100 %)
transportation difficulties 70 ( 40 %)
co-existing medical problems 54 ( 31 %)
patients invited to participate 50 ( 29 %)
patients starting with exercise program 17 ( 10 %)
number of exercisers after 12 weeks 14 ( 8 %)
7 men, 7 women, age 25-53 (45 ± 11 years)
Conclusion: Despite potential benefit the impact of exercise programs
is limited as only small portion of patients able or willing to participate
Feasibility Outpatient exercise program in patients
on maintenance haemodialysis
Shalom et al. Kidney Int 25: 958-963 (1984)
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Exercise training in patients on maintenance haemodialysis
Germany 2003
300
2600
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
pat
ien
ts
outpatientprogram
exercise during HD
Participants in exercise programs Questionnaire on exercise rehabilitation in patients with chronic kidney disease
1164 renal units response rate 37 % (430 units)
30 000 patients treated63 % of all German HD patients
exercise training during HD 179 / 430 unitsoutpatient program 42 / 430 units
Schönfelder, Krause, Daul (2003)
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Exercise programs for patients with end-stage renal disease
Number and treatment modalities of participants Essen, Germany (1983-2003)
0
40
80
120
160
200
83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03Year
num
ber
of p
atie
nts
HD
TX
CAPD
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Feasibility of Exercise Training
• Staff support – Physicians, nurses, dieticians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists– Nearest University Exercise Science Department?– Dialysis Units with experience?
• Patient interest– Patient Associations– Unit newsletter
• Patient profile– recognise heterogeneity– establish patient capabilities
• Exercise modes/equipment available– be creative
• Match exercise/activity to patient not vice-versa
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Compliance
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North Staffordshire Exercise on Dialysis Project (1998-2002)
• Transplant• Death (unrelated to protocols)• Persistent illness• Orthopaedic limitation/injury (unrelated to protocol)• Lack of motivation
Compliance
Exercise training for CKD5 (HD & PD: n 100)Feasibility studies 3 month Low-volume aerobic + muscular endurance3 month aerobic 3 month aerobic + muscular endurance (CAPD only)6 month aerobic training (uncontrolled; biopsy)*3 month EPOEX pilot study: EPO therapy ± aerobic (HD)
28-33% Dropout
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Effectiveness of Exercise Training
Few studies involve direct comparisons of types of exercise
• Konstantinidou et al. (2002) 6 month Study (~50 years age)
– (A) Supervised outpatient renal rehabilitation• 3 x 60 minutes/week (30' intermittent aerobic exercise;
60-70% HRmax + resistance training) [basketball, swimming]
– (B) Exercise during dialysis• 3 x 60 minutes/week (bed cycle ergometer; 30 minutes
continuous aerobic exercise; 70% HRmax + lower limb strength/flexibility exercises)
– (C) Unsupervised home-based moderate exercise• 5 x 30 minutes/week (cycle ergometer; 50-60% HRmax
+ flexibility and muscular endurance exercises)
– (D) Control group - Standard therapy
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43
2424
1717 17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
% VO2 peak % Drop-out
Supervised OutpatientHaemodialysisHome
%
Effectiveness of Exercise Training
Exercise on non-dialysis days most effective for those able to comply
Exercise training during HD technically feasible, safe and effective
Unsupervised exercise effective and safe
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OutcomesCosts
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Exercise during haemodialysisCosts of exercise rehabilitation
compared to other costs of treatment
30000
14000
3100
7000
550 550
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
cost
s /
year
(€)
HD stretcher transp. taxi EPO statins exercise
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Exercise During Haemodialysis Decreases the Use of Antihypertensive Medications
Miller et al. (2002) American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 39, (4), 828-833.
average annual cost saving
$885/patient-year (P<0.005)
in the exercise group
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ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI, GREECE
LABORATORY OF SPORTS MEDICINE
DIRECTOR: A. DELIGIANNIS
THE ROLE OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON PREVENTION AND
REHABILITATION OF CARDIAC DISORDERS IN CKD PATIENTS
ASTERIOS DELIGIANNISPROFESSOR OF SPORTS MEDICINE
CARDIOLOGIST
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
ARE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
IN PATIENTS WITH
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
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CARDIAC DISTURBANCES IN CKD PATIENTS
• CARDIAC AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION
• ARRHYTHMIAS
• PERICARDITIS
• CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
• CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Foley et al, Am J Kidney Dis 1998
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CAUSES OF LV SYSTOLIC AND/ OR
DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN CKD PATIENTS
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY ● HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA CARDIAC AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION
MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS ANEMIA
BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES
“UREMIC” TOXINS HYPERTENSION
A-V FISTULA Amman & Ritz, Adv Renal Replacement Therapy, 1997
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MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CKD
• HYPERTENSION
• DIABETES
• HYPERLIPIDEMIA
• HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA
• ESRF-SPECIFIC FACTORS
• SYMPATHETIC OVERESTIMATION
• HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
• PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
Deligiannis A, Clin Nephrol 2004
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LIMITING FACTORS OF EXERCISE CAPACITY IN CKD PATIENTS
• CARDIORESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY
• ANEMIA
• METABOLIC DISTURBANCES
• CARDIAC AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION
• LV DYSFUNCTION
• MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
• DEFECT OF MUSCLE OXIDATIVE METABOLISM
• UREMIC MYOPATHY AND NEUROPATHY
• SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE Kouidi, Sports Med 2001
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Painter, Am J Kidney Dis1994
CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS OF CKD PATIENTS
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IMPROVEMENT IN HD TREATMENT
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
RECOMBINAT HUMAN ERYTHROPOIETIN
L-CARNITINE (?)
EXERCISE TRAINING
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIORESPIRATORY CAPACITY
IN CKD PATIENTS
Kouidi E, Sports Med 2001
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RENAL REHABILITATION PROGRAMS IN SPORTS MEDICINE LAB-
RENAL UNIT - AHEPA HOSPITAL
• DURATION: 15 years
• PARTICIPATION/YEAR
– OUTPATIENT 15 patients
– DURING HD 25 patients
– MEN/WOMEN 28/12
– ΜΕAN AGE 52.5 (32-75 years years))
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• EXERCISE CAPACITY
VO2peak, EXERCISE DURATION
• MYOCARDIAL ADAPTATIONS
SV, CO peak
HR rest, HR peak
VENTRICULAR FILLING PEAK RATE
PERFUSION?
EXERCISE TRAINING AND CARDIORESPIRATORY BENEFITS
IN CKD PATIENTS
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• ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION
ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT VASODILATION• CARDIAC AUTONOMIC OUTFLOW
CATECHOLAMINES
HRV• VENTILATORY RESPONSES
VENTILATORY ABNORMALITIES• SURVIVAL ?
Deligiannis A, Clin Nephrol 2004
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BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY
Painter, Am J Kidney Dis1994
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LONG TERM PHYSICAL TRAINING EFFECTS ON EXERCISE CAPACITY IN HD PATIENTS
Kouidi et al, Clin Nephrol 2004
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VO2peak CHANGES DURING 4 YEARS
OF EXERCISE TRAINING IN HD PATIENTS
Kouidi et al, Clin Nephrol 2004
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Months of detraining
VO2peak CHANGES DURING EXERCISE TRAINING AND DETRAINING IN HD PATIENTS
Kouidi et al, Clin Nephrol 2004
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IMPROVEMENT INAEROBIC CAPACITY
AFTER DIFFERENT MODES OF TRAINING IN
HD PATIENTS
Konstantinidou et al, J Rehabil Med , 2001
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BENEFICIAL CARDIORESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS OF LONG-TERM EXERCISE TRAINING PROGRAM
FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS(% improvement)
6 YEARS EXERCISE ON NON-DIALYSIS
DAYS
3 YEARS EXERCISE DURING DIALYSIS
VO2max 76% 50%
EXERCISE DURATION 60% 43%
DOUBLE PRODUCT 28% 17%
MINUTE VENTILATION 43% 26%
VENTILATORY THRESHOLD
46% 32%
Kouidi et al. ERA-EDTA 2000
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STRESS ECHO
Deligiannis et al, Int J Cardiol, 1999
CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE TRAINING IN HD PATIENTS
COI ml/kg/min
EF (%)
![Page 90: Introduction & rationale](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012903/568149ee550346895db7207e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
LV VOLUMES BEFORE AND AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING
REST 60% VO2 max
Pre Post Pre Post
EDVI (ml/m2) 78.4 84.9 78.9 85.4
ESVI (ml/m2) 30.6 30.6 26.7 23.4
SVI (ml/m2) 47.9 54.4 52.4 62.2
COI (L/min/m2) 4.2 4.1 6.2 7.1
LV FUNCTION BEFORE AND AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING
REST 60% VO2 max
Pre Post Pre Post
EF (%) 61.1 64.1 66.4 73.1
SF (%) 36.2 34.6 31.4 28.5
Deligiannis et al., Int J Cardiol 1999
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S. Gielen et al. Circulation, 2001
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ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΣΚΗΣΗΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΣΚΗΣΗ
ΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΘΗΡΟΣΚΛΗΡΥΝΣΗΣΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΘΗΡΟΣΚΛΗΡΥΝΣΗΣ
IL-6IL-6 TNF-TNF-αα
ΑΝΤΙΣΤΑΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΙΝΣΟΥΛΙΝΗΑΝΤΙΣΤΑΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΙΝΣΟΥΛΙΝΗ
hsCRP (;)hsCRP (;)Κυτοκίνες υπεύθυνες Κυτοκίνες υπεύθυνες για απόπτωση για απόπτωση μυοκαρδιακών, μυοκαρδιακών,
ενδοθηλιακών και ενδοθηλιακών και μυικών κυττάρωνμυικών κυττάρων
sFassFas sFasLsFasL
Kouidi E. HJC 2008
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ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΣΚΗΣΗΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΣΚΗΣΗ
ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΚΑΙΚΑΙ ΕΚΚΡΙΣΗΕΚΚΡΙΣΗ NONO
ΑΙΜΑΤΙΚΑΙΜΑΤΙΚ Η ΡΟΗΗ ΡΟΗ
ΤΟΙΧΩΜΑΤΙΚΤΟΙΧΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΤΑΣΗΗ ΤΑΣΗ
mRNA mRNA ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΤΗΣΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ NOS NOS
ΑΓΓΕΙΟΔΙΑΣΤΟΛΗΑΓΓΕΙΟΔΙΑΣΤΟΛΗ
ΕΝΔΟΘΗΛΙΝΗ-1ΕΝΔΟΘΗΛΙΝΗ-1
ΚΥΚΛΟΦΟΡΟΥΝΤΑΚΥΚΛΟΦΟΡΟΥΝΤΑ ΕΝΔΟΘΗΛΙΑΚΑ ΕΝΔΟΘΗΛΙΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΓΟΝΑ ΠΡΟΓΟΝΑ ΚΥΤΤΑΡΑΚΥΤΤΑΡΑ
ΚΑΘΑΡΣΗ ΚΑΘΑΡΣΗ LL-ΑΡΓΙΝΙΝΗΣ -ΑΡΓΙΝΙΝΗΣ
Kouidi E. HJC 2008
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Linke A, et al. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 48(4): 270-284.
EXERCISE TRAINING AND CORONARY ARTERY REMODELLING
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Mustata S et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 2713-8
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Rus R, et al. Ther Apher Dial 2005; 9: 241-4
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EXERCISE AND LIPIDS
![Page 99: Introduction & rationale](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012903/568149ee550346895db7207e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
•SYMPATHETIC OVERACTIVITY
•PARASYMPATHETIC DEPRESSION
•DYSRRYTHMIAS
CARDIAC AUTONOMIC INSUFFICIENCY IN HD PATIENTS
Converse, N Engl J Med 1992
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REASONS OF AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION
•UREMIC NEUROPATHY•CARDIAC NERVE FIBER DAMAGE•PSYCHOLOGICAL TENSION, STRESS•ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES•ANEMIA•DYSFUNCTION OF CARDIAC PACEMAKER
CELLS•DECONDITIONING
•ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
Thompson, Clin Auton Res 1991
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LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SYMPATHETIC OVERACTIVITY
• MYOCARDIAL HYPERTROPHY AND
FIBROSIS
• BETA-RECEPTOR DOWNREGULATION
• ARRHYTHMIAS
• IMPAIRED BARORECEPTOR FUNCTION
• ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
![Page 102: Introduction & rationale](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012903/568149ee550346895db7207e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
HR (rest, submaximal exercise) PARASYMPATHETIC TONE SYMPATHETIC TONE HRV CHRONOTROPIC RESPONSE LEVEL OF CATECHOLAMINES (?) B- MYOCARDIAL RECEPTORS(?)
Deligiannis et al, Am J Cardiol, 1999
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON CARDIAC AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
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Deligiannis et al, Am J Cardiol, 1999
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON HRV (TRIANGULAR INDEX)
IN HD PATIENTS
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SPECTRAL HRV ANALYSISBEFORE AND AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING
BEFORE AFTER
Kouidi et al, XXXIX EDTA Congress, 2002
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BRS (ms/mmHg)BEI (%)
Petraki M et al Clin Nephrol 2008
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON BAROREFLEX SENSITIVITY
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Depression, heart rate variability and exercise training in dialysis patients. E. Kouidi et al; in press
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients between Baseline and Follow up measurements for trained HD patients.
Baseline / follow up
VO2peak SDNN LF/HF MSSD PNN50 BDI HADS
VO2peak ,937(**) ,611(**) ,590(**) ,468(*) ,789(**) -,846(**) -,689(**)
SDNN ,877(**) ,648(**) ,548(**) ,556(**) ,890(**) -,835(**) -,728(**)
LF/HF ,619(**) ,429(*) ,880(**) ,490(*) ,555(**) -,531(**) -,637(**)
MSSD ,797(**) ,467(*) ,472(*) ,385 ,971(**) -,789(**) -,649(**)
PNN50 ,752(**) ,444(*) ,415(*) ,353 ,984(**) -,744(**) -,607(**)
BDI -,942(**) -,487(*) -,597(**) -,411(*) -,797(**) ,915(**) ,769(**)
HADS -,733(**) -,397 -,602(**) -,435(*) -,608(**) ,710(**) ,870(**)
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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Results of Patients Defined as High Risk Group A Group B
Baseline Follow-up P Baseline Follow-up P
VO2peak <14 ml/kg/min
9 - <0.05 7 7 NS
LVEF ≤30 % 5 5 NS 7 7 NS
SDNN 70 ms 4 2 <0.05 6 6 NS
SAECG Positive (%) 7 4 <0.05 9 9 NS
TWA Positive (%) 7 6 NS 6 6 NS
Effects of Exercise Training on Non-invasive Cardiac Measures in Patients undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. E. Kouidi, et al. AJKD, in press
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EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
Trained Controls
Baseline Follow-up Baseline Follow-up
Arrhythmias-Lown 12 8* 12 13
Class >II (no.)
*p<0.05 Deligiannis, Am J Cardiol 1999
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Miller BW, et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39(4): 828-33
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Moinuddin I and Leehey DJ. DJ. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008;15: 83-96
EFFECTS OF AEROBIC TRAINING IN CKD PATIENTS
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Chan M et al, J Ren Nutr. 2007; 17: 84-7.
EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING IN CKD PATIENTS
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Moinuddin I and Leehey DJ. DJ. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008;15: 83-96
EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING IN CKD PATIENTS
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ABNORMAL HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN HD PATIENTS
• INAPPROPRIATE HR RESPONSE
• VO₂ REACHES TO PEAK QUICKER THAN IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
• GREATER RELIANCE ON ANAEROBIC METABOLISM (WITHOUT HIGH LEVEL OF LACTATE)
• INCREASED SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCES
• DECREASED BLOOD FLOW TO WORKING MUSCLES
• SMALL (?) INCREASES IN SV AND CO
• ACTIVATION OF BOTH CARDIAC MECHANISMS («STARLING LAW» AND CONTRACTILITY)
Moore et al, Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993
Deligiannis A, Clin Nephrol 2003
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SUMMARY OF CARDIAC BENEFITS
FOLLOWING EXERCISE TRAINING
IMPROVED CARDIORESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY
POSITIVE LV REMODELING EFFECTS (?)
INCREASED SYSTOLIC FUNCTION
AUGMENTED MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY
IMPROVED DIASTOLIC FUNCTION (?)
REDUCED PERIPHERAL RESISTANCES (?)
INCREASED CARDIAC VAGAL ACTIVITY
DECREASED ARRHYTHMIAS (?)
MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION (?)
Deligiannis A, Clin Nephrol 2004
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• EXERCISE TRAINING IN HD PATIENTS
IMPROVES PHYSICAL FITNESS, CARDIAC
FUNCTION AND CORRECTS CARDIAC
AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION
• THESE IMPROVEMENTS HAVE
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON PREVENTION
OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
CONCLUSION
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• EACH HD PATIENT SHOULD PARTICIPATE IN RENAL
REHABILITATION PROGRAMS
• INITIAL IMPROVEMENTS OCCUR AT 4 WEEKS AND
PEAK ADAPTATIONSARE SEEN AT 16-26 WEEKS OF
TRAINING
• ALL EXERCISE BENEFITS ARE LOST WITHIN A FEW
WEEKS OF DETRAINING
REMARKS…
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