Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture

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Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic

Architecture

Guided by: Presented by:Prasanth P Menon Hrisheekesh RAsst. Professor S7 EC-ADept. of ECE Roll No : 62

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Overview

• Classical Computers

• Introduction to Quantum Computers

• Elements of Quantum Computation

• Basic Architecture

• Conclusion

• References

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Classical Computers

• Very simple logic; an array of 0s and 1s represents a number.

• Easy to store, manipulate and to handle, Implemented using

transistors.

• Much time and money is being invested in developing new,

powerful and smaller ones.

• Primary approach being reducing the size of the transistors used in

the systems.

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Moore’s Law

Fig.1: Plot of Moore’s Law

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Present Day Transistor

Fig 2. The Size of a Transistor

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Motivation

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Fig. 3 Travelling Salesman Problem

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Introduction

• Quantum Computation was first thought of by Richard Feynman

who said that

“By using the quantum mechanical effects, faster computation can

be achieved.”

• This was found when scientists tried simulating these effects on a

computer.

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How Does it Look Like.?

Fig 4. Quantum Computer Situated at Google.

Fig 5. Commercially Available D-Wave Quantum Computer

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Quantum Parallelism

• The speed of Classical computers can be improved by using

parallelism.

• In contrasted with quantum systems, parallelism is exponentially

increased with the linear increase in the size of the system

• Because of it’s inheritance. Parallelism is inbuilt in quantum

systems

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Qubits

• A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two

states is known as a qubit,

• Physical implementation of a qubit uses the two energy levels of

an atom.

• Excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.

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Qubits contd..

• A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states

denoted by the addition of the state vectors:

|> = 1 |0> + 2 |1>

• Where 1 and 2 are complex numbers and | 1 | + | 2 | = 1

• A qubit in superposition is in both of the states |1> and |0 at the

same time

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Data Retrieval

• In general, an n qubit register can represent the numbers 0 through

2n-1 simultaneously.

• If we attempt to retrieve the values represented within a

superposition, it randomly collapses to represent just one of the

original values.

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Quantum Entanglement

• It is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit correlations between

states within a superposition.

• We can entangle the two qubits such that the measurement of one

qubit is always correlated to the measurement of the other qubit.

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Basic Architectural Designs

• There are three chief components –

• Quantum ALU,

• Quantum memory, and a

• Dynamic scheduler.

• This architecture also uses teleportation by the way the

components are wired together.

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Basic Architectural Designs contd..

• Generally, the architectures developed are built using solid-state

technology such as quantum dots or other molecules.

• For a universal architecture, general-purpose hardware is

considered.

• It is noticed that when the qubits that interact are near to each

other, it is the least error-prone.

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Layered Architecture

• Layered architecture supports the development of a

framework in a systematic and a hierarchical manner

• Every layer has a set of related responsibilities assigned. Each

lower layer provides services to the layer above it.

• Interfaces are defined between two interacting layers. A complex

system is divided into small and controllable sets of procedures.

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Layered Architecture contd..

Fig. 7 Layered Architecture of Quantum Computing

Application : RSA Algorithm Cracking

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165181 417953 69037894493

Easy

Hard

Fig. 8. RSA Algorithm Implementation

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Conclusion

• Advantages over classical computing due to entanglement and

superposition.

• Quantum computers are not a replacement for classical computers.

• The algorithms don’t prove to be that effective when they are run

on classical processors

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References

1. Jain, S. ; Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA, USA Quantum computer architectures:

A survey, Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2015

2nd International Conference.

2. Vasil S. Denchev and Gopal Pandurangan. 2008. Distributed Quantum

Computing: A New Frontier in Distributed Systems or Science Fiction? Purdue

University 5 June 2009

3. A Layered Architecture for Quantum Computing N. Cody Jones Edward L.

Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4088, USA

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Thank You…

Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture

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