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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB

By

DR. THEURKAR SAGAR VASANT

International E – Publication

www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in

INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB

FIRST EDITION

By


(M.Sc., Ph.D, M.B.A., F.I.C.E.Z.S.)

Department of Zoology, Hutatma Rajguru Mahavidyalaya,

University of Pune, Rajgurunagar, Tal- Khed, Dist- Pune,

P.O.B. 410505, Maharashtra, India

2014

International E - Publication

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International E - Publication 427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore-452005 (MP) INDIA

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© Copyright Reserved

2014

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a

retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior

permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-93-84648-38-1

International Science Congress Association

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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB iii

PREFACE

The book aims towards providing the basic and fundamental

information on the White grub which is National Pest. The pest of white

grubs is harmful to the economical agricultural crops as well as medicinal

plants. These species are available into the soil as well as foliage of leaves

and damages to the plants, herbs and fruits roots as well as leaves.

Sufficient information on its biology, the extent of the damage it causes, and

feasible control options are prerequisites to initiate any pest management

strategy. Information on these parameters is therefore discussed in this

book. This information will help scientists, students, and extension workers

identify the key insect pests of various crops.

The book can be used as a handbook and a ready guide by the

Students of Zoology (Entomology), Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry

Sciences, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), as well as by the Agriculture

professionals working in the field. This book is dedicated to the Students of

Zoology especially Entomology, Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry

Sciences, Insect Science and has been composed exclusively for providing

hand knowledge on the related issues for the development of science and

education. It is abundantly clear that most pest outbreaks are induced by

poor management- excessive application of insecticides, ineffective crop

rotations, etc. The given information will be very useful in future pest

management programs.


(M.Sc., Ph.D, M.B.A., F.I.C.E.Z.S.)



INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB iv

CONTENTS

PARTICULARS PAGE NO

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………..1

Habit and Habitat……………………………………………………………………………………4

Life cycle of White grub…………………………………………………………………………..5

Pest damage……………………………………………………………………………………………..6

External Morphology of White grub………………………………………………………..7

Internal Morphology of White grub………………………………………………………..8

Digestive system……………………………………………………………………………...8

Reproductive system……………………………………………………………………..10

Male Reproductive System…………………………………………………………….10

Female Reproductive System…………………………………………………………13

Haemocyte Count..…………………………………………………………………………15

Preventive Pest Management strategy…………………………………………………16

Detection methods…………………………………………………………………………16

Cultural practices…………………………………………………………………………..16

Biological control…………………………………………………………………………..16

Chemical control……………………………………………………………………………17

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………...18

References………………………………………………………………………………………….......19

Further suggested readings…………………………………………………………………..22

Authors’ Vita…………………………………………………………………………………………..23



INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 1

INTRODUCTION

White grub beetles are called as ‘May- June beetles’ or ‘Chafer

beetles’ or ‘Leaf Chafer’. They belong to the order Coleoptera and family

Scarabaeidae. White grub is a larva of Melolonthidae. The Scarabaeidae is

most important family of order Coleoptera.

Systematic position of Scarabaeidae-

Kingdom- Animalia

Phylum- Arthropoda

Class- Insecta

Order- Coleoptera

Family- Scarabaeidae

Subfamily- Scarabaeinae,

Aphodiinae,

Troginae,

Melolonthinae,

Cetoniinae,

Dynastinae,

Rutelinae,

Hyposorinae,

Orphninae




Family Scarabaeidae is again divided into subfamilies- Scarabaeinae,

Cetoniinae, Dynastinae, Rutelinae, Melolonthinae, Troginae, Hyposorinae,

Aphodiinae and Orphninae. White grubs are various types of larvae or

grubs in the term of morphology, occurrence, species distribution,

taxonomy etc. are observed in different agro- ecosystem. In which,

commonly available are the Masked Chafers, Cyclocephala spp; May- June

beetle, Phylophaga spp and Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica.

The Apogonia sp., Brahmina sp., Holotrichia karchi, Holotrichia fissa,

Holotrichia serrate, Holotrichia consaguinea, Leucopholis lepidophora,

Maladera castanea, Maladera holosericea, Adoretus lasiopygus, Adoretus

versutus, Anomala bengalensis, Anomala sp., Anomala sp., Rhomborrhina

glaberimma, Mimela vernate, Rhyniptia indica, Prodoretus sp.,

Dicaulocephalus feae, Oxycetonia versicolor, Anthracophora crucifera,

Holotrichia insularis, Anatona stillata, Chiloloba acuta, Clinteria sp., Clinteria

sp., Glycyphana horsefieldi, Protaetia aurichalcea, Xylotrupes giedon, Oryctes

rhinoceros and Phyllognathus dionysius are economical important pest of

white grubs.

The larvae of white grub are ‘root feeders’ of ‘root grubs’. The larvae

of white grub are broad and fleshy, whitish or yellowish to greyish- white

in colour. The body is curved in the form of English letter ‘C’. The legs are

well developed but rarely used for locomotion. The head is large, brown in

colour with downwardly inclined, yellow or red or brown colour with

powerful mandible was exposed. The larvae of white grubs are feeds on the

roots of commercial growing agricultural crops. They are easily

distinguished from the similar looking by the presence of two rows of

minute hairs on the underside of last segment. Melolonthidae grubs as

feeding by preference on roots of plants and certain Rutelid and Dynastid




grubs as normally feeding on dead organic matter but attacking living roots

in its absence. White grubs are serious polyphagous pest in many countries.

The Scarab family adults has about 0.5 mm up to 250mm body length and

they shows a great diversity in various shapes, colouration. The Scarab

beetles are oval or elongated, yellow to brown to black in colour; body

divided into head, thorax and abdomen. The outermost covering of white

grub adults is shining or clustery.

The world fauna of white grub exceeds 30,000 species1, and there are

about 1300 North American species2. Occurrence of white grubs in India

first time was reported by Lefroy. The fauna of the Indian sub-region is

very rich and diverse, but it is yet to be fully explored3. White grub have

become serious pest of most agricultural crops, vegetables, ornamental

plants, fruits, pastures, turf and meadow grasses, lawns, golf courses, and

forest trees in different parts of the world4, 5. Until recently, three main

genera that is Phylophaga sps., Holotrichia sp., Anomola sp. were reported

to be major pest6, 7. Near about more than 300 species of white grubs

recorded in India8. In India, white grubs cause serious problem due to

which the pest was identified as National pest9. This pest is distributed in

Karnataka, Punjab, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat,

Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Rajasthan and now in

Maharashtra. The infested area of white grub is more than ten lakh ha. In

India, white grub is one of the five pests of national importance10.




HABIT AND HABITAT

Adults of white grub species become active with the arrival of the

monsoon or heavy pre-monsoon showers; if the monsoon is late, the

beetle’s emergence is similarly delayed11. Because monsoon arrival also

triggers groundnut planting, there is a close association between crop and

pest phonologies. Also, soil moisture can influence the depth of burrowing

of adult. The soil type had a significant effect on burrowing depth, with

deeper burrows associated with higher level of soil moisture, although

there was a trend for burrow depth to be greater with the red soil than

black soil. The white grub beetles are occur or found on a foliage of the host

trees like Azadirachta indica, neem, Acacia Arabica, babhul, Acacia catechu,

khair, Zizyphus, ber, drumstick etc. at the time of dusk. They come out from

soil for feeding or mating purpose during the time of dusk. After feeding or

mating, they go down again into the soil up to next evening.

Both stages of white grubs are harmful; however, beetles are

defoliating pests and damage the leaves of host trees whereas, the larvae

feed on the roots of plant. The larvae feed the roots by making circular hole

into them and affected the plants produce to death of heart. Damage

symptoms on maize, poor crop stands, tiled/ curved/ lodged plants, uneven

growth; damaged plats are easily pulled from the soil, dead heart, and

purple colouration of the maize seedling due to reduced phosphorous

uptake.




LIFE CYCLE OF WHITE GRUB

The life span of different species of white grubs ranges from one to

five years and all exotic species have two to five years of life span. The life

history of some of the beetles which take more than three years in

temperate region and two years seems to the normal. The adult life span is

relatively brief, lasting for only a few weeks. Different species of white

grubs have similar patterns of life cycle but may vary according to the

climatic factor at the time of emergence, egg lying, active larval period, time

of pupation and other stages12. The few species may complete their life

cycle in one year and other like European Chafer has at least of three years

cycle and many others have biannual cycle13. The white grubs have

completed their life cycle in egg, pupa and adults.

The oviposition period oranges from about 50- 100 days; fecundity

varies from 0- 140 per female14. After mating of beetles, eggs were laid

after 12 to 18 days. The female deposit their eggs singly underground near

the feeding material of roots, most larvae were present in the upper 30 cm

of the soil surface. The total numbers of eggs were nine to thirty per kujing

time and they lay 1-8 inch white colour eggs inside the soil10. After

absorption of water, the elongated oval eggs become connected into the

spherical in shape13.

The full grown larva burrows deep in to the soil and stops feeding. It

prepared a small earthen cell and pupated within earthen cell. The pupa is

exerate. Pupation likewise occurs beneath in soil surface newly formed

pupa measured near about 14- 20mm in length and 6 to 8 mm in breadth.

The pupal period lasted for different ranged.




PEST DAMAGE

In India, increasing population, farmers have used the land with high

value cash commercial crops such as potato, sugarcane, maize, groundnut

strawberry, and turf grass, forage grass, corn, small grains, and young

nursery trees. The commercial growing tap root crops in which the Scarabs

have become increasingly penetrate and produce serious agricultural pests.

Subsequently and found to be very destructive. In worldwide distribution,

the percentage of root loss due to the white grub insects to be 8.9% on

sweet potato farm. In Maharashtra, last four to five years it has been a

problem of cultivation of crops. The White grub is spreading rapidly to

most of the district of state covering an area of about 54,000 hector losses

to the extent of 40- 80% were recorded in the Manar project area. White

grub species are known to damage seedling of plantations crops in forest

nurseries in central India15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

The grubs of White grub feeds on the roots and subsequently damage

the underground portion of the stalk, availability of abundant roots21. The

white grubs damages almost all types of agricultural crops and economical

important trees in natural and artificial stands that are roots of tea, coffee,

cashewnut, arecanut, rubber and forest nursery plants. The larvae of white

grubs are preferred corn, groundnut, potatoes and strawberries but dislike

legumes, sweet cloves and lucerne. The grubs feed on roots of almost all the

crops, like potato, maize, wheat, barley, jawar, bajara, groundnut, sesame,

sunflower, chilies, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, brinjal, cucurbit, and lady’s

figure including turf, meadows, lawns and forest trees. Also, the green

beetles or May- June beetles feed the leaves and flowers and European

Chafer adults feed from the margins without leaving the midribs causing

host plants completely damaged.




EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF WHITE GRUB

The male adult is smaller than female. The body is divided into three

different parts; head, thorax and abdomen. The Head is composed of

sclerotized segments contain compound eyes. The white grub species adult

shows biting and chewing mouth parts developed for to chewing and

grinding the food material.

The thorax is well developed. It is divided into three parts; prothorax,

mesothorax and metathorax. Each thoracic segment consist pair of leg. The

prothorax is well developed called as pronotum. Meso and metathorax are

reduced and fused. The head is usually retracted into anterior margin of

pronotum at rest and the triangular scutelum is showed between the elytra

bases. Legs are well developed; adapted for walking and running. It is also

supporting function for feeding and mating. The foreleg is located on

prothorax. It is composed of six distinct segments; listed coxa, coxa

trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and metatarsus. The pairs of wings are

developed only on meso and metathoracic segment. Wings are complete

cover to the abdomen. Forewing is modified into elytra which are

rectangular in shape, hardened, sclerotized and protect to the hind wing.

Abdomen is divided in too few segments. Reproductive organ

developed on different in male and female sternum. In female, sternum

possesses large and small bristles are intermixed.

The head of white grub larva is brown or black in colour, and body

colour is white or yellowish. Mouthparts are well developed for chewing

with strong sclerotized mandibles. Maxillae are also well developed with

three or four segment maxillary palpae. Antennae are three to four

segments.




INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF WHITE GRUB

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/ ALIMENTARY CANAL

The process of digesion is generally performed within the alimentary

canal. The alimentary canal is very important function plays in the process

of digestion and absorption of food. The digestive system of an insect

consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands associated with it. The

alimentary canal exhibit sexual dimorphism, the female gut being little

longer than male and this abbration is reflected in various parts. The

alimentary canal comprises of a short for forgut, midgut is long and hindgut

is longer than midgut and hindgut.

i. Foregut-

The foregut is very short as compare to the other parts of alimentary

canal which is extends into photometric segments consting of

Oesophagous. The function of photometric segment is transformation of

food to the midgut. The cardiac valve in adults formed from the foalds of

posterior end of the forgut but these folds do not extend very much

posterior into the lumen of midgut.

ii. Midgut-

Midgut is very long and is a rather larger division of the alimentary

canal and near about 70% of the total gut lenth. The junction of fore and

midgut is marked by shallow invagination of the cardiac valve. The straight

tube of the midgut tapering towards the posterior end, extending

posteriorly into the abdomen. It is marked at the posterior end by the

pyloric valve. The midgut has 6-7 coils which are tightly bound together by

an trachea and fat bodies. The coloid portion of midgut consists of two




grops of coils join to the hindgut at pyloric valve region. In the adult

alimentary canal, no gastric ceaca associated with midgut.

iii. Hindgut-

Hindgut consists of intestine, anterior colon, posterior colon and

rectume. The anterior itestine is very short thin walled and slightly bulged

on the ventral sides just over the paired malphighian tubules. The extends

from the pyloric valve to the anterior colon; numerous folds in the lumen of

anterior intestine which are lined by a thick chitinous intima and poorly

developed. A circular ring of elongated fold with enlarged epithelial, cells

forms the pyloric valve. Four malphighian tubules malphighian tubules are

found and two attached separately and anterior to the pyloric valve and

two posteriorly to this valve. Another two tubes are originated from the

common ampulla, from midventral side of the gut. The malphighian tubules

are proximally simple and extend anteriorly along with midgut. The

diverticulate tube continue along the midgut upto the cardiac valve region.

The proximal and diverticulated tubules shows cuboidal epithelium

invested by connective tissue. The anterior colon of adult is most important

part serving as an absorptive region of alimentary canal.




REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The development of animals begins from the single cell, which

developed within the reproductive organs. The insect have high

reproductive capacity, the ability of a single female to give rise to many

offspring, a relatively large proportion of which may reach to sexual

maturity under favourable conditions. The anotomy of external and

internal organs of reproduction in males and females is of interest to

taxonomist, morphologist and physiologist.

The adult consists of male and female reproductive systems. These

systems are as follows-

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The male reproductive system of White grub adult consist of a paired

testes, vasa efferntia, paired vas deference, ejaculatory duct, aedeagus and

paired accessory glands.

The adult reproductive organ in which each testes was comprised of

six testicular follicles. They appeared like a discoid in shape. Each follicle

ws covered with epithelial sheath, containing numerous spermatogonia.

Each testicular follicle to be joined to the vas deference of their own side by

short slender vas efference. The White grub adult testicular follicles of

each testes via slender and short vas efference joined to the vas deference

of their respective slides. The testicular follicles in adults were large. The

adult testes follicles contain packets of spermatozooa. Testecular follicles of

each testes via slender and short vas efference joined to the vas deference.

The testicular follicle is divided by septa, but also divided

proximatelly into lobes by partition tissue. These tissue perhaps more

correct to refer to the tissue dividing into the lobes as partition wall. Each




lobe of tissue again divided into a number of compartments by a septa.

These partitions dividing the follicles into number of lobes, originated as a

small folds of tissue and positioned inside the follicular sheath around the

funnel like area of the vas efference. The mature testicular follicle

resembled a mushroom with the distal surface corresponding to

mushroom pileus and the lobes of the follicle resembled the gills of vas

efference analogous to the stem.

The vas efferentia of adult were short and slender. Every six vas

efferentia of each testes converged as a single vas deference and it

composed of columnar epithelium which was invested by muscularis. The

proximal portion of the vas efference is funnel like present in the central

testicular follicles. The vas deference is a narrow tube, highly convoluted

just behind the vas efference, forming an epididymis. The distal portion,

before joining the ejaculatory duct enlarged, forming the seminal vesicle for

storing the spermatozooa, and the secreation of free cells from vas

deference. The spermatozoa appeared in the vas deference and seminal

vesicles, cells of different size, having round eliptical, plate like and sickle

shape.

There were large arround cells to which the spermatozoa were

anchoring which are support and nourishment of the spermatozoa. These

are derived from the luminal free cells. In some cases, these cells were

found to be closely lying to each other later on to form a thick circular

viscous bodies. The luminal cells were smaller isolated and also present in

the funnel shaped lumen of Vas efference.

Along with vas deference accessory glands were present which is

slender long in beigining and the coiling of the vas deference was mixed

with that of the tubular accessory gland of similar diameter lying beneath




under surface of testis. The posterior enlarged storage part of the accessory

gland before joining with ejaculatory duct was gradually enlarged to stored

the material derived from the anterior convolated glandular portion of the

gland was made up of a layer of columnar cells with distinct nuclei and

located with secretory materials. The proximal region of the accessory

glands was provided with muscularies.

The ejaculatory duct was slightly curved, elongated tube lying among

coiling of mid and hindgut. The vas deferentia and accessory glands both

are open into the anterior enlarge portion of ejaculatory duct. The

ejaculatory duct is ectodermal in origin and lined by epithelium, a chitinous

intima and outer muscularis consisting primary circular muscle. Internally

it was divided into four chamber, little beyond the middle of lumen of bulb.

The posterior end of the ejaculatory duct behind the spermatophore

chamber entered into the introminant organ which is enclosed in a genital

capsule. It consist of cylindricle phallobase, an endophallus. The phallobase

was well developed forming a tube called as phallotheca and it was thick

chitinous yellowish opr brownish structure with anterior and covering the

distal portion of the adjuscent spermatophore sac.




FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The female reproductive system of white grubs consist of pair

ovaries, paired lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, spermatheca and

spermathical gland, paired accessory glands and a genital chamber with its

diverticulum or bursa capsulatrix or spermatophore receptacle.

The adult ovaries are very small which are situated among the

midgut loop in the posterior region of abdominal cavity. In the sexually

matured indiduals, the ovaries loop dorsally over the midgut and their

combined terminal filaments extended anteriorly as a median suspensory

ligament along the mid dorsal wall of the midgut. Each ovary consist of a

terminal filament, germarium, vitellarium and pedicel. A syncitical core,

enclosed in a peritonial sheath, forms the terminal fillament. The

germinarium was slightly broader in the middle and divided into two parts.

The anterior part consisting primordial germ cells and the posterior

transitional. Each ovariole was lined by an epithelial sheath which

extended over the entire length of ovariole. The epithelial sheath was

clearly visible in the interfolicular region, white it was inconspicuous in the

germinal region. Outside of the tunica propria, a thin epithelial layer was

present.

In the posterior part of germarium, in which oocytes distributed

among the prefollicular cells. The nurse cells were absent in the

germarium. The previtelogenic primary oocytes were present in the

posterior region of germarium. They were spherical in shape and arranged

in a single layer. The differentiated oocytes were arranged in a single row

in a vitellarium and enveloped in a follicular epithelium derived from the

prefollicular tissue to form a follicle. The follicle was separated from the

preceding one by a thin mass of interfollicular tissue. The epithelial plug




was found between the terminal or the last follicle and the pedicel broaken

down at the time of ovulation. As the oocytes grow and mature, their nuclei

were enlarged to form a germinal vesicle.

Each and every lateral oviduct is short and narrow part extended

from each ovary to the common oviduct. The oviducts were composed of

highly folded layer of cuboidal epithelial cells, which was invested by a

layer of circular muscle. The thickness became greater near the gonopore

or near the opening into the genital chamber. The ovaries were richly

suplied with a network of trachea, tracheoles, tracheal air sac covered with

the fat bodies, which also help in keeping the ovary in a proper position

within the loops of mesenteron. The spermathecal duct was compared a

cuboidal epithelium and had internal thick chitinous intima and it enter the

genital chamber dorsally near the gonopore.

The spermatheca was a small ‘C’ shaped pouch. It comprised of

cuboidal epithelium and thick intima similar to the spermathecal duct. A

spermathecal duct compressor muscle extended from the dorsal to ventral

curved of the spermatheca.




HAEMOCYTE COUNT

Most of the insect species, Prohaemocytes, Granulocytes,

Spherulocytes and Plasmatocytes haemocytes are found. The haemolymph

composition of adult of White grubs are Prohaemocytes, Granulocytes,

Spherulocytes, Plasmatocytes, Oesocytoides and Coagulocytes. The first

prohaemocytes are small, round or oval cells having smooth plasma

membrane. The second granulocyte cells of variable in size, usually

elongated oval or round. The third spherulocytes are also oval in shape

with variable in size and usually having more or less similar size to that of

granulocytes. These are characterised by the presence of large spherical

inclusion (spherules). Fourth plasmocytes are polymorphic blood cells with

variable size. Secondlast oenocytoids are distinct cells of widely variable

size and shape. Last coagulocytes are small in size with centrally placed

irregular in shape of nucleus. Coleoptera is one of the largest order and the

number of species so far consider for haematological studies are very few

in which two to seven types have been reported in different coleoptera22.




PREVENTIVE PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

DETECTION METHODS

Check the whether an infection is present by digging for the white

grub species early in the growing season when larvae are still closer to the

soil surface.

CULTURE PRACTICES

White grubs are preferred the sandier soils, and certain areas tend to

have a history of infestation. Ploughing exposes many larvae, pupae, or

even adults to the sun and predators, e.g. birds. Crop rotation is an effective

control method for white grubs if maize is rotated with resistant or less

susceptible crops deep- rooted legume such as alfalfa, cowpea, and pigeon

peas. Trap crops such as marigold, sunflower, and castor or repellent plants

such as garlic, catnip, chives, and tansy, can be used to trap or repel adult

beetles from attacking the main crop grown or can be used in a rotation.

Other practices include:

• Reducing or pruning trees that attract adults bordering the crop

• Ensuring proper drainage in the field since grubs prefer moist soil,

especially with decaying organic matter or red soil or sandier soil-

female beetles prefer to lay eggs in moist decaying organic matter

• Shaking down trees that harbour scarab beetles

• The fallen down trees can be collected and destroyed

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Spores of the pathogens Bacillus can be used inoculate the soil foe

prevention of white grub species. Also, various wasps, as well as parasitic




flies have been used as biological control of white grub species; Nematodes

also are effective against white grubs.

Examples-

Pathogens- Bacillus popilliae, B. lentimorbus and Metarhizium anisopliae

Parasitic wasps- Tiphia species, Myzinum species and Pelecinus polyturator

Parasitic flies- Pyrgota undata

Nematodes- Steinernema

CHEMICAL CONTROL

Chemical or inorganic treatment on grubs must be done when they

are young as older larvae are more robust and larvae move to a greater

depth as they develop. Chemical control is rarely necessary or undeveloped

for white grubs. If insecticides must be applied then the following

treatments have shown to have some control of white grubs;

• Chlorpyripho- a contact insecticide;

• Ethoprophos granules- a contact insecticide;

• Fipronil- a contact insecticide;

• Aldicarb granules- a systemic insecticides;

• Carbofuran granules- a systemic insecticides;

• Imidachloprid- a systemic insecticides wit reasonable soil mobility;

• Application of contact insecticides to the foliage of trees where adult

beetles swarm.

WARNING

Pesticides are poisonous. Read and follow directions and safety

precautions on labels. Handle carefully and store in original labelled

containers out of children, pests, and livestock. Dispose of empty

containers right away, in a safe manner and place. Do not contaminate

forage, streams, or ponds.




CONCLUSION

Taxonomical studied were important to the forms, structure and

their specific structural feature which is useful for identification. The

additional benefits of helping the identification of crop pest and manage the

resistance, as well as options for increasing crop yield with plant regulators

make a valuable components of crop protection program. Management

strategy may increases the crop production; ultimately increase the food

production and this positive impact on grows on Agriculture and Forestry,

Insect Pest Management (IPM), Food Science and Environmental Toxicity.

So, outcome of the present research work is more beneficial to the

farmers, prevention of agricultural pests and helps to increase the crop

production as well as saving the medically important host plants. The

present research work is also useful to students, researchers and various

field scientists as well as for the development of Society, State as well as

Nation.




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FURTHER SUGGESTED READINGS

Original Research Articles:

� Theurkar SV, Patil SB, Ghadage MK, Zaware YB and Madan SS.

Distribution and Abundance of White grubs (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae) in Khed Taluka, part of Northern Western Ghats, MS,

India. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(7): 1-6,

(2012).

� Theurkar SV, Ghadage MK, Madan SS, Bhor GL and Patil SB.

Occurrence of white grubs in ground nut growing area of Khed

Taluka, part of Northern Western Ghats (MS), India. International

Journal of Recent Sciences, 2 (ISC-2012): 1-3, (2013).

� Theurkar SV, Ghadage MK and Patil SB. New laboratory culture

method for White Grub National pest, India, International Research

Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(5): 83-85, (2013).

� SV Theurkar. Effect of soil moisture, temperature and soil type on

Holotrichia serrata (Fab) adults found in Khed Tahasil of Pune, India.

International Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(4): 531-533,

(2013). DI: 1357-13-0606-2013-136

� Theurkar SV, Ghadage MK and Patil SB. Effect of desiccation of the

biochemical moieties and haemolymph constituents of third instar

larva of Leucopholis lepidophora (Blanch). World Journal of

Pharmaceutical Research, 3 (1), 1121-1125, (2013).




AUTHORS’ VITA

Dr. Theurkar Sagar Vasant is serving as Zoology Researcher & Senior

Research Fellowship, Major Research Project of University Grant

Commission (UGC) at Department of Zoology, Hutatma Rajguru

Mahavidyalaya, Rajgurunagar, University of Pune, Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune,

P.O.B. 410505 Maharashtra, India. Dr. Theurkar Sagar is also involved in

providing expertise for various extension activities targeted towards rural

mass awareness on various issues of livestock farming and fish processing

products. Dr. Theurkar has been awarded by University Grant Commission

Junior Research Fellowship and Senior Research Fellowship Awards. He is

also worked as Local and National level organizing committees. Dr.

Theurkar Sagar is Fellow of International Congress of Entomology and

Zoological Studies (F.I.C.E.Z.S.). Dr. Theurkar Sagar has many high quality

peer reviewed publications in highly reputed and indexed National and

International journals. Dr. Theurkar is in the capacity of Member Editor,

and honorary member of editorial boards and advisory committees of

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (WJPR), International Research

Journal of Agricultural Sciences (RJAS), i-Xplore International Research

Journal Consortium International Journal of Life Sciences, World Journal of

Pharmaceutical Science (WJPS) and Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Golden Research Thoughts International indexed journals of repute with

many honours, awards and distinctions from various scientific bodies.

INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB - ISCA 978-93-84648-38-1.pdf · Holotrichia insularis, Anatona stillata,...

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