interFAce Measurement & Analysis System

Introduction of FAMAS Introduction of FAMAS Introduction of FAMAS Introduction of FAMAS FAMAS – interFAce Measurement & Analysis System is software to measure and analyze surface phenomena of solid and liquid, and presents physical properties of Contact Angle in static and dynamic ranges, liquid surface/interfacial tension, and surface free energy. It performs by coupling with FACE contact angle meter CA-V and W series, and is also provided as option for CA-X series

Parameter WindowParameter WindowParameter WindowParameter Window

A window to setup measurement conditions and parameters. Time functions, image threshold level, algorithm for analysis are available as parameters. The window can be used as “test measurement” for temporary measurement or checking image condition.

PropertyPropertyPropertyProperty Window Window Window Window Measured images data as well as numerical data are saved and they can be confirmed and corrected on this property window. The images can be displayed as slide show.

Standard Functions & FeaturesStandard Functions & FeaturesStandard Functions & FeaturesStandard Functions & Features

Fast Image Capture, 60FPSFast Image Capture, 60FPSFast Image Capture, 60FPSFast Image Capture, 60FPS Continuous measurement fastest at 60 images per second is possible.

Advancing & RecAdvancing & RecAdvancing & RecAdvancing & Receding Angles eding Angles eding Angles eding Angles

Hysteresis of drop advancing and receding angles can be obtained by increasing and decreasing captive drop volume.

Parameter window Property window is visually almost same.

Advancing Receding

Measurement Sheet WindowMeasurement Sheet WindowMeasurement Sheet WindowMeasurement Sheet Window The FAMAS adopts multiple document interface. Multiple measurement sheets can be displayed at the same time in the base window, and each measurement sheet can be liked with individual parameter window (mentioned below). These enable easy comparison of data between different materials or conditions. A measurement sheet is composed of 45 rows by 10 columns for data view.

Automatic Recognition of Drop DepositionAutomatic Recognition of Drop DepositionAutomatic Recognition of Drop DepositionAutomatic Recognition of Drop Deposition

It allows measuring contact angle at a regular time after drop deposition. LiLiLiLive Image & Focusing Aid ve Image & Focusing Aid ve Image & Focusing Aid ve Image & Focusing Aid

Live image monitor is displayed, in which focusing level is displayed with graph and numerical value to eliminate personal error of focusing.

ThresholdThresholdThresholdThreshold Level Level Level Level AdjustmentAdjustmentAdjustmentAdjustment Threshold level to determine image binary can be adjusted before and after measurement. Both relative and absolute adjustments are possible to apply the optimized image analysis.

GraphingGraphingGraphingGraphing Contact angle data versus time can be drawn on a graph. Besides the contact angle, variable data as shown below are also selected for graph data.

Variable Data PresentationVariable Data PresentationVariable Data PresentationVariable Data Presentation

Besides contact angle, drop volume, absorbing amount, ratio of droplet remained volume, droplet height and width are obtained.

Correction of CurvatureCorrection of CurvatureCorrection of CurvatureCorrection of Curvature Data correction on a convex surface such as lens and tube (in cross section) is possible by giving the radius of curvature.

Optional AddOptional AddOptional AddOptional Add----in Softwarein Softwarein Softwarein Software Variegated functions as below software are available as the FAMAS add-in software.

Surface free energy

Analyzes solid surface free energy and its components. Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, acid-base, Interaction analysis (work of adhesion, interfacial free energy), Young-Dupré, Zisman

Pendant drop Measures surface/interfacial tension of liquid samples by pendant drop method.

Sliding angle Obtains advancing/receding angles under tilting solid base. The base angle when droplet gets sliding is defined as Sliding Angle.

Dynamic contact angle [Extension & Contraction method]

Measures advancing/receding angles by increase and decrease of captive drop volume.

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When small droplets are adhered on a car, the shapes of droplets on the waxed body and the windshield (glass) must be different. That phenomenon is caused due to their differences of solid surface tension. The solid surface tension is thermodynamically called Surface Free Energy. Generally, the higher solid surface free energy is, the lower contact angle of a same liquid on the solid is. Therefore judging from the results of water contact angle, the surface free energy of car body should be lower than that of windshield. Well, how the other liquid droplet becomes? In case of an oil droplet, the results on each car body and windshield must be inverted. What makes that?

What is Surface Free Energy?

Surface free energy is said the attractive forces working at intermolecular. The phenomena that water droplet shapes spherical is caused by this force. Even the force exists on solid surface although it does not change shape. The surface free energy is composed of the following forces:

1) Orientation force ……….. Deflection of electronic charge density causes partially positive and negative section, and they try to face each other and produce the force.

2) Inductive force*………….. When a polar molecule comes near a non-polar molecule, the non-polar one induces and orients electric dipole, then produces the force.

3) Dispersion force ………… All molecules have electric dipole by vibrating themselves and those actions cause the forces that they attract each other.

4) Hydrogen bonding force .. Force working between hydrogen atom and atom of high donatives.

* Inductive force is said very tiny and generally ignored in the theory.

For the reference, the surface free energy components of water, and typical oil, wax, and windshield (glass) are as below. Many theories of surface free energy have been published and each theory insists its right, but there is little difference in calculated results among those theories. The data below refers the theory of Kitazaki and Hata. When focusing the contact angle results mentioned above and the components of surface free energy below, you can find that combinations of solid and liquid of similar composition create the lower contact angle. Even between substances, congeniality exists, likewise human relations, and is seen from the analysis of surface free energy.

Dispersion component

Polar component

Hydrogen bonding component

water

oil

wax

glass

Waxed body Windshield Waxed body Windshield

Water droplet Oil droplet

FAMAS Add-in [Surface Free Energy Analysis]

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How to analyze Surface free energy

Research of intermolecular force has been progressing rapidly, and reference values of surface free energy have been reported for many kinds of pure liquid materials. For analyzing surface free energy of a solid, first of all contact angles of 2 or 3 kinds of Probe Liquids (liquids of which surface free energy values are known) have to be measured on the targeted solid. Then, the results are applied to the equations on theory.

Applications of Surface free energy

Analyzing surface free energy can also provide Work of Adhesion and Interfacial Free Energy. These energies’ analysis presents you the comparison of interactions between not only solid and liquid, but also solid and solid. For instance, there is a material “A” and development of a material “B” which has strong adhesive property against the “A” is desired. Selecting raw materials that enables the components of “B” similar to those of “A” is one of wise studies. The analysis of surface free energy of “A” gives the data of components of forces, and those will be a great help to focus studying the materials of “B”. It will be far efficient than trial and error.

Practical instances

• Traffic signs and electric wire insulations which repel snow and ice →→→→ Studying a surface composed of force components that are not familiar with water.

• Adjustment of adhesive strength of adhesive tape →→→→ Adjusting component of surface free energy according to the material which the adhesive tape should be used.

• Adhesion of coating material and polymer film for audio/video tapes →→→→ To try to get the component composition of each of surface free energy similar.

Features of the add-in software

Surface free energy is divided into three component; Dispersion, Polar & Hydrogen bonding Five kinds of method can be applied for analysis at the same time. The standard deviation of contact angle is reflected to the results of surface free energy analysis. That helps to recognize the certainty of analyzed results of surface free energy. No imaginary negative number is produced with a technique of shifting the strain and its “residual” is displayed. An imaginary negative number is produced occasionally on the analysis of surface free energy, which is caused due to uncertainty of contact angle or theory of surface free energy itself. Work of adhesion and Interfacial free energy are analyzed to evaluate interaction between two matters; solid/liquid or solid/solid. An estimated contact angle is analyzed without measuring if the solid and the liquid surface free energy are known.

water diiodomethane 1-bromonaphthalene 63.0° 37.4° 17.3°

Resulting the surface free energy to: Dispersion : 42.4 mN/m Polar : 0.3 mN/m Hydrogen : 7.0 mN/m

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Major Functions ■■■■ Analysis of Surface Free Energy … Component calculation sheet

The following theories are performed on the component calculation sheet: Kitazaki-Hata: based on geometric mean dividing into 3 components; Dispersion, Polar &

Hydrogen Owens-Wendt: based on geometric mean dividing into 2 components; Dispersion & Hydrogen Kaelble-Uy: based on geometric mean dividing into 2 components; Dispersion & Polar Wu: based on harmonic mean dividing into 2 components; Dispersion & Polar acid-base: based on geometric mean dividing into acid γ+, base γ- & Lifshitz–van der Waals

γLW components ←

■■■■ Analysis of Interaction … Work of Adhesion, Interfacial F

←←←← Component calculation sheetOn the component calculation sheet, selection of probe liquids with their contact angle data proves the surface free energies of solid samples. Both the data transportation from the measurement sheet*1 and direct input are possible.

The contact angle measurement sheet*1 reflecting the information on solid/liquid combinations is prepared from the component calculation sheet. →→→→

*1 FAMAS add-in [Sessile drop] is required.

ree Energy

Using analyzed or known data, interaction of two substances (solid/liquid or solid/solid) can be analyzed.

Work of Adhesion and Interfacial Free Energy are obtained.

In case of solid/liquid analysis, theoretically estimated contact angle are also figured out.

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■■■■ Analysis of Interaction … Young-Dupré

■■■■ Critical Surface Tension … Zisman Plot

Specifications

Operating System Windows98/2000/XP

CPU PentiumⅢ, Celeron 600MHz or greater

Main Memory 64MB or greater※

Display XGA16 bit colors or greater （SXGA or greater is recommended）

* In case calculate contact angle by FAMAS, 256MB or greater is recommended. Optional Accessory（Surface energy kit）

Probe Liquid （5kinds） 1 ea. （n-Hexane/25g, 1-BromoNaphthalene/25g, Diiodomethane/25g, EthyleneGlycol/25g Formamide/25mL） Empty bottle 1 ea. * Dispenser 2 ea. Glass Syringe set 22G 5 ea. Teflon Coated Needle, 18G 2 ea. Operation Manual 1 ea. * Used for keeping Diiodomethane taken out from ampoule. 0711

Using the surface free energy of solid and surface tension of liquid, the interaction between solid and liquid can be analyzed.

Work of Adhesion WSL and Interfacial Free Energy γSL are obtained.

Critical Surface Tension is a reference valueto know the wettability of solid.

In general, contact angle of a liquid of lowersurface tension should become smaller thanthat of a liquid of higher surface tension,when they are deposited on a solid.

Thus, when depositing liquids of differentsurface tensions on a solid, plot on thesurface tension - cosθ (cosign of contact angle) should draw a slope line. The surfacetension applied to cosθ = 1 is specified asCritical surface tension.

＜＜＜＜Dynamic contact angle measurement by Extension/Contraction methodDynamic contact angle measurement by Extension/Contraction methodDynamic contact angle measurement by Extension/Contraction methodDynamic contact angle measurement by Extension/Contraction method＞＞＞＞

Contact angle of a droplet on a solid surface changes when a needle tip is stuck in the droplet and the volume is controlled through the needle. This method measures that dynamic hysteresis of contact angle by increasing or decreasing the droplet volume. The contact angle created with increasing is defined as Advancing Angle and decreasing as Receding Angle. The Advancing Angle is effective to evaluate dynamic wetting on the coating process such as Spin-coating, Roll-coating, etc. On the other hand, the Receding Angle is effective for the studies of liquid repellency, exfoliation, etc. *Applicable models: DM-501, DM-701 ■■■■Dynamic Contact Angle

Contact angle created under the condition that the interface between solid and liquid is in motion is generally called as Dynamic Contact Angle. That can be found in the processes of coating, washing, etc. For example, in the roll coating process of film, the interface between coating liquid and film is always in motion and each section of getting in and out creates Dynamic Advancing and Receding angle.

■Application

• Evaluation of dynamic wettability in the • Evaluation of liquid repellency and exfol

■Measurement

The automatic dispenser regulates the liquid flowphenomena.

＜Dynamic Advancing Angle＞

Increasing droplet volume moves theoutward and contact angle is measuredmoving.

＜Dynamic Receding Angle＞ Decreasing droplet volume the end of drcontact angle is measured while the end i

The measured results are displayed in data sheet freceding angle respectively.

AddAddAddAdd----in Software [Extension/Contraction Method]in Software [Extension/Contraction Method]in Software [Extension/Contraction Method]in Software [Extension/Contraction Method] Measurement of Dynamic Contact Angle (Advancing / Receding Angle) by Extension / Contraction Method

Coating agent

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Receding angle

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end of droplehile the end i

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The each daresults and tof data visua

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Advancing angle

nsion＞

traction＞

ecreasing to simulate the dynamic

relation between measured be graphed out to show variations

The movie conversion software is equipped, which can convert the sequence-measured images to MPEG1 file format. You can observe the live image anytime.

■Extension/Contraction Method Option corresponding list by each model

◎：Standard equipment ○：Applicable －：Unapplied

※1 Single dispenser system is needed for automatic liquid dispensing and aspirating. ■Option

＜Single dispenser system AD-31S＞ This is an automatic dispenser that performs dispensing and aspirating liquid automatically by computer control. (Single dispenser is standard equipment for DM-701.)

DM-501 DM-701 Advancing angle/ Receding Angle ○ ○ Measurement

parameter Automatic liquid dispensing/aspirating ○※1 ◎ Analysis software FAMAS add-in [Extension/Contraction] ○ ○

Single dispenser system ○※1 ◎ Hardware Standard droplet sample（WIDE1 VIEW） ○ ○

＜ Extension ＞

＜ Contraction＞

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DM-701 ＋ DSA-01

<Measurement conditions>

Treatment examples Octadecylsilane

Trimethoxysilane ・Substrate

Silicone ・Droplet

30.0 ㎎ ・Angle of slope

35 degrees ・Frame plate (image numbers per sec)

250 fl/s ・Shutter speed (exposure time per image)

1/250 s

<Measurement conditions>

Treatment examples HIREC

(Produced by NTT Advance Technology)

・Substrate

Glass ・Droplet

30.0 ㎎ ・Angle of slope

35 degrees ・Frame plate (image numbers per sec)

1000 fl/s ・Shutter speed (exposure time per image)

1/2500 s

Dynamic Sliding Method System

DSA-01 The hydrophobicity has been generally evaluated from the point of the largeness of sessile drop contact angle, though, recently the real objective of hydrophobicity is being recognized as easiness of droplet removal, and it is growing in the various industrial fields to evaluate the hydrophobicity with sliding angle and hysteresis of advancing and receding angles. However, there are still questions that the droplet sliding speed is different between droplets of which sliding angles are almost same, and another case that the sliding speeds of droplets are resulted inversely proportional to the sliding angles of them.

KYOWA suggests a system that characterizes the time and speed factors of sliding in addition to the sliding angle.

■■ Applications ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

・ Liquid residual on resistance film

・ Hydrophobicity of windowshield

・ Snow protection power line, traffic sign, roof

・ Antifouling property of building materials

・ Hydrophobicity / lipophobicity of fibers

・ Damp proof of woods

This system is licensing of technology by Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (KAST). http://www.newkast.or.jp/english/projects/pro_nakajima.html

Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd. http://www.face-kyowa.com

5-4-41 Nobitome, Niiza-city, Saitama 352-0011, Japan Tel: +81-48-483-2629 Fax: +81-48-483-2702

uniform accelerated motion on super hydrophobic surface uniform motion on hydrophobic surface

(Data are provided by Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology.)

θθ

・ Contact angle

Roundness of droplet

・ Sliding angle

An angle that a droplet starts sliding

・ Sliding (accelerated) speed

Quickness of droplet sliding

0.05s 0.10s 0.15s 0.20s 0.00s 0.01s 0.02s 0.03s 0.04s

0.06s 0.05s 0.07s 0.08s

0.00s

0.25s 0.30s 0.35s 0.40s

The specifications are subject to change without notice. 1204

Evaluation of droplet sliding from the aspect of dynamic motion

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dsdsdsds

Hgd 12

eργ ∆=

Needle tip

Droplet

<Surface/Interfacial Tension measurement by <Surface/Interfacial Tension measurement by <Surface/Interfacial Tension measurement by <Surface/Interfacial Tension measurement by PePePePennnndantdantdantdant Drop method> Drop method> Drop method> Drop method>

“Wetting” is an interaction worked between solid and liquid surfaces when they contact, and Surface Tension of liquid will be greatly effective to the Wetting. DropMaster series enable to measure Surface/Interfacial Tension of liquid(s) by Pendant Drop method. ■Pendant Drop Method

When liquid is dispensed from needle tip located vertically, a droplet is suspended as shown. This droplet is called “Pendant Drop”. Since the shape of pendant drop changes depending on its volume, density, surface and interfacial tension, analysis of the profile can determine surface and interfacial tension .

In the interfacial measurement, “Wilhelmy method” or “du Nouy method is well-known, but pendant drop method is applicable to the interfacial tension measurement between liquid, viscous liquid, and polymer. Moreover, there is a merit that be able to measure with a bit of sample.

■Application • Evaluation of Emulsification / Dispensability • Evaluation of Detergent

■Measurement

＜ds/de Method＞ The maximum diameter of pendant drop (horizontal plane) de and the diameter ds is determined as high as the length de from drop bottom are used for analysis. The interfacial tension γ is determined by the following equation.

Δρ：Density difference g：G-forces 1/H ：Compensating rate derived from ds/de

＜Young-Laplace Method＞

Interfacial tension is calculated by Yong-Laplace equation, by image capture system from density difference value and profile of droplet made from needle tip. Accurate interfacial tension is calculated by fitting between the profile curve and Yong-Laplace theoretical curve.

Inversion measurement with inverted needle is possible. It is usable in the case that liquid of low density is scarce or colored in interfacial tension measurement, a measurement by discharging air bubble in liquid is preferable.

＜Regular＞ ＜Inverse＞

Needle tip

AddAddAddAdd----in Software [Pendant Drop]in Software [Pendant Drop]in Software [Pendant Drop]in Software [Pendant Drop] Measurement of Surface / Interfacial Tension by Pendant Drop Method

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■Pendant Drop Option corresponding list by each model

◎：Standard equipment ○：Applicable －：Unapplied

※1 Limited. Droplet must be smaller than the field of view 6.1 x 4.6mm. ※2 Single dispenser system is required for automatic making droplet. ※3 This is included in the pendant drop kit.

■Option Information

＜Pendant Drop kit＞ ・Glass Cell 5 ea. ・Glass Cell Cover for Light shielding 1 ea. ・PD Needle set（28G、22G、18G、15G） 2 ea. ・PD Inverted Needle set（28G、22G、18G、15G） 2 ea. ・Standard Pendant Drop Sample（STANDARD VIEW） 1 ea. ・Standard Pendant Drop Sample（WIDE1、2 VIEW） 1 ea.

＜Temperature Control System＞

Since surface tension relies on the liquid temperature, [Circulating Water System] ・Jacket Type Chamber set

For use to control circum-temperature of pendant drop as interfacial tension measurement. Temperature range: about +10~70℃

(Hot/Cold water circulator is required.)

[Electric Heater System] ・Heater Type Chamber set

For use to control circum-temperature of pendant drop as interfacial tension measurement Temperature range: ambient ~ 380℃

(Temperature controller is required.) ・Heater Type Dispenser set

For use to control temperature of liquid sample, molten polymer. Temperature range: ambient ~ 380℃

(Temperature controller is required.)

DM-CE1 DM-501 DM-701 Interfacial tension ○※1 ○ ○ Interfacial tension variations over time ○※1 ○ ○ Droplet volume measurement ○※1 ○ ○ Automatic droplet dispensing ○※2 ○ ◎

Measurement

FAMAS Add-in［Pendant Drop Method］ ○ ○ ○ Single dispenser system ○ ◎ ◎ Pendant Drop kit ○ ○ ○ Standard pendant droplet sample（STANDARD VIEW）※3 ○ ○ ○

Hardware

Standard pendant droplet sample（WIDE1,2 VIEW）※3 - ○ ○

<Analysis of Sliding Angle / Adhesive Energy by Sliding Method><Analysis of Sliding Angle / Adhesive Energy by Sliding Method><Analysis of Sliding Angle / Adhesive Energy by Sliding Method><Analysis of Sliding Angle / Adhesive Energy by Sliding Method>

What is a water-repellent surface? We may visualize rounded water droplets rested on the surface (higher contact angle) from this question. But when we focus on the function of surface detaching water, resulting higher contact angle of droplet is not always its answer. In that study, Sliding Angle and Adhesive Energy will become significant factors. Measuring by Sliding Method will present significant data for evaluating adhesive and exfoliative properties. ■Sliding Angle and Adhesive Energy

When a droplet is deposited on a flat solid surface and the surface is tilted by degree, the droplet starts sliding downward at a certain degree. The tilt angle that the droplet start sliding is defined as Sliding Angle, and the contact angles at the lower and the upper ends are defined as Advancing Angle and Receding Angle respectively. Where:

θa : Advancing Angle θr : Receding Angle

α : Sliding Angle

Adhesive Energy E is calculated out as the following equation:

Adhesive Energy：

■■■■Application • Water repellency and exfoliation evaluation of wax • Adhesive evaluation of water repellent and oil repellent

■Measurement

＜DM-SA＞ Applicable model：DM-501, DM-701, DM-501R, DM-701R

It measures while the main body is set on the sliding angle kit DM-SA. It allows visually horizontal condition regardless of tilt angle, since camera and sample roll together.

After start button is clicked, it automatically tilts, captures images, operates measurement and restores the horizontal position.

It calculates slidingreceding angle, and asoftware ”FAMAS”.

AddAddAddAdd----in Software [Sliding Angle]in Software [Sliding Angle]in Software [Sliding Angle]in Software [Sliding Angle] Measurement of Sliding Angle, Advancing / Receding Angle, Adhesive Energy

Where: r : radius of droplet basement m : mass of droplet g : acceleration of gravity

DM-701 ＋ DM-SA

angle, advancing angle, dhesive energy by analysis

■Sliding Method Option corresponding list by each model

◎：Standard equipment ○：Applicable －：Unapplied

DM-501 DM-701 DM-501R DM-701R

Sliding angle ○ ○ ○ ○ Advancing angle /Receding angle ○ ○ ○ ○ Adhesive energy ○ ○ ○ ○ Visual sliding judgment － － － － Automatic sliding judgment ○※1 ○ ○※1 ○

Measurement

Automatic droplet dispensing ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ Measurement range 0～90° Resolution 0.1° Accuracy ±1°

Measurement less than

150(W)×150(D)×35(T)mm less than

φ300×35(T)mm

Specifications

Weight less than 20ｇ less than 400ｇ Analysis Software

FAMAS add-in ［Sliding method］

○ ○ ○ ○

Sliding method kit (DM-SA01) ○※1 ○ － － Sliding method kit R (DM-SA) － － ○※1 ○ Control box (DM) ○※1 ◎ ○※1 ◎ Single dispenser system ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎

Hardware

Standard droplet sample （WIDE1 VIEW）

○ ○ ○ ○

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※1 Control box(DM) is needed to control DM-SA.