Introduction to Cellular Networks, Challenges and Future Directions
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NDI Communications - Engineering & Training
Introduction to Cellular NetworksIntroduction to Cellular Networks
Part 1Part 1 Traditional NetworksTraditional Networks
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Page 2 NDI Communications
Lesson Content
Introduction
The network evolution
Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networksBroadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks
Commercial and economical issues
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Page 3
Wireless and Cellular Networks - History
In 1905, Guglielmo Marconi invented the first
Radio application for Naval requirements
In 1912, with the drowning of the Titanic, Radio
communications became essential
In 1930, the First mobile transmitter was
developed. First Simplex communications.
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Page 4
Wireless and Cellular Networks - History
In 1935, FM Frequency Modulation
developed. Later used in WW2 by the US
In 1942, a Patent for Frequency Hoping was
registered by actress Hedy Lamarr and
composer George Antheil. Later developed to
CDMA. They called it Secret Communication
System
During the years 1946-1968, wireless
communications developed for government
services Police, Fire departments etc
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Page 5
Wireless and Cellular Networks - History
1979 in Tokyo, Japan. Later in the early 80s
in the US and Europe the first real mobile
hone, including handoff.
In the early-mid 80s, various technologies
came, like WLL, LMDS, and Wireless LAN.
In the mid-late 90s, development of 2.0G+
cellular networks, along with the emerging of
wireless data networks.
Since the early 2000s, fast cellular and
wireless services, along with advanced, IP-
Based services
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Page 6
What do we have today ?
Cellular technologies
Started 1.0G, analog communications
Today (2009), 3.5G moving to 4.0G (LTE and LTE-Advanced)
technology
Wireless technologies:
Wireless LAN (WiFi), for urban areas, mostly private networks,moving to mobility
Fixed WiMAX for high bandwidth, SP networks
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Page 7
Where is it in the Network?
First Mile Access
DSLAM
CMTV
Wireless
Cellular
FOTechnologies
Service Networks
Internet
Voice
VideoVideo
AOL
Earthlink
Yahoo
PSTN
Skype
Vonage
Direct TV
Content Aggregator
Core/Switching
Network
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Page 8
Some Wireless Principles Radio
Communications
In wireless / mobile communications, the principle is to get the
maximum capacity from the air, or what called the air interface.
For this purpose, we use the following techniques:
Frequency bands that we are allowed to use (Government Licenses)
Modulation that carry the information over the radio waves
Multiplexing that shared the air interface between different users.
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Page 9
What is it All About?
How much bps can we get from every Hz ???(The Shannons Theorem)
C = W * log2 (1 + S/N)
Channel
Capacity[Bits/sec] Signal
Bandwidth[Hz]
Signal to NoiseRatio
[Number]
Claude E.
Shannon
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Page 10
How it works The beginning
Traditional mobile service was structured in a fashion similar to
television broadcasting
One very powerful
transmitter located at
the highest spot in an
area would broadcast
in a radius of up to
50Km.
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Page 12
The Solution - Cells
Frequency reuse
Different color
different frequency
In the example N (Reuse factor) =7
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Page 13
Practical Frequency reuse Cell Splitting
We start with Macro-Cells
Rural areas
Then Micro-Cells
More crowded rural areas
Then Pico-CellsUrban area
C
D
E
G
F
A
Macro cells
B
C
D
E
G
F
AMicro cells
BC
DE
G
F
B
A
Pico cells
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Page 14
Moving Between Cells
Mobile phones moves between cells
The handset should not be disconnected
BaseStation
F2
BaseStation
F1
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Page 15
The Solution - The Handover Process
RSSI RSSI RSSI
FRQ A FRQ CFRQ B
HandoverHappens
Here
RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator
HandoverHappens
Here
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Page 16
Access Methods
The Major Air-Interface Methods are:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Freq
uenc
y
Time
Code
FDMA
Frequency
Time
Code
TDMA
Frequency
Time
Cod
e
CDMA
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Page 18 NDI Communications
Lesson Content
Introduction
The network evolution
Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks
Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks
Commercial and economical issues
NDI Communications
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Page 19
Early Technologies 1G to Early 3G
Evolution
NMT GSM
TACScdmaOne(ANSI-95)
1990 1995 2000 2005
GRPS (2,5G) andEDGE (2.75G)
[Upto 384Kbps]
cdmaOne
(ANSI-95-B)[64-115]
AMPS
D-AMPS
(TDMA)ANSI-136
IS-136
(ANSI-136-A/B)[Upto 64Kbps]
1G 2G 2.5G
3GPPWCDMA R.99
[2Mbps]
Cdma2000
(1.25/3.75MHz)[307-2048Kbps]
Early 3.0G
TDMA-EDGE
(IS-136HS)[Upto 384Kbps]
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Page 20
Wireless and Mobile 3G Technologies
Evolution
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
IEEE 802.16-2004/ETSI HiperMAN
OFDM
3GPPHSDPA
R5
3GPPHSUPA
R6
3GPP MIMO/HSPA+ R7
SAE/LTE R8
3GPP21xEVDV
RevA
3GPP21xEVDO
RevB
IEEE 802.16e-2005/ETSI HiperMAN
SISO/OFDMA
IEEE 802.16e-2005/ETSI HiperMAN
MIMO/Beamforming/OFDMA
3G to 4G
WiMAX
3GPPWCDMA
R.99
3GPP21xEVDO
Rev0
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Page 21
Cellular Standards (1.0-3.0G) - Summary
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)3GPP2
UMTS (UTRAN), WCDMA-FDD, WCDMA-TDD, UTRA-
TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)
3GPP3G (IMT-2000)
WiDENOther
CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)Cdma/3GPP2
HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE/EGPRSGSM/3GPP2G transitional
(2.5G, 2.75G)
CDPD, iDEN, PDC, PHSOther
CdmaOne (IS-95)Cdma/3GPP2
GSM, CSDGSM/3GPP2G
NMT, Hicap, Mobitex, DataTACOther
AMPS, TACS, ETACSAMPS family1G
TechnologiesFamily
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Page 22
Cellular Standards (3.0G+) - Summary
IEEE 802.16m (WiMAX)Other
LTE AdvancedCdma/3GPP2
LTE AdvancedGSM/3GPP4G (IMT-
Advanced)
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM,
IEEE 802.20
Other
EV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. BCdma/3GPP2
HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, LTE (E-UTRAN)GSM/3GPP3G transitional
(3.5G, 3.75G,3.9G)
TechnologiesFamily
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Page 23
Wireless and Mobile Communications
Cellular Networks
2010200320011985 1992-2000
1.0G
AnalogSystems
SpeechOnly
VoiceNo Data
2.0G
TDMA/GSM/CDMA
Speech
SMS
WAP
Voice30-40KbpsData
2.5G
GPRS/1XRTT
Speech andpacket basedData
Services
Voice100-200KbpsData
3.0G-3.5G
UMTS/CDMA2000
HSDPA/HSUPA
1xEVDO/DV
Video Streaming,Video conference,High speed Packet
Data
Voice1-5MbpsData
4.0G
LTEAdvanced
100s Mbpsdatatransfer
Voice5-100MbpsData
Voice Over IP
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Page 24 NDI Communications
Lesson Content
IntroductionThe network evolution
Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks
Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks
Commercial and economical issues
NDI Communications
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Page 26
The GSM Network
GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is a second
generation technology.
The focus in GSM was to support roaming throughout Europe.
An ETSI standard. In use all around the world.
GSM is not only an air interface standard, but includes the entire
network.
Of the numerous individual standards that define an entire GSM
network, only a small portion deal directly with the air interface. That
air interface was standardized to be TDMA.
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Page 27
The GSM Network
BSCBTS
BTS
MobileStation
Access Network:
Base Station Subsystem
HLR VLR EIR AuC
MSCPSTN
Core Network:
GSM CS network
SS7
GSM Interfaces Parallel North AmericanTechnology cdma1
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Page 28
GSM Air Interface
FDMA:124 channels of 200KHz
Total 25MHz Uplink25MHz DownlinkTDMA:8*TS for channel
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Page 31 NDI Communications
Lesson Content
IntroductionThe network evolution
Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks
Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks
Commercial and economical issues
NDI Communications
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Page 35
3.0G UMTS / W-CDMA
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Spread Spectrum CDMA radio technology
All sites transmits in the same frequencies
They differ by codes
High capacity for voice and data applications
Standardized by 3GPP
Basic 3 0G UMTS Cellular Network
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Page 36
Basic 3.0G UMTS Cellular Network
Architecture
RNC
3G
handset Node B
UMTS Access Network
PacketSwitchedNetwork
SGSN
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Page 37
HSPA - HSDPA / HSUPA / HSPA+
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a generic term adopted by the UMTS
Forum to refer to improvements in the UMTS Radio Interface
HSPA refers to both the improvements made in the UMTS downlink, often
referred to as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and the
improvements made in the uplink, often referred to as High Speed Uplink
Packet Access (HSUPA)
HSPA Releases:
Release 5 - HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 384KbpsRelease 6 - HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink - 5.76Mbps
Release 7 - HSPA+
Downlink 56.0Mbps, Uplink - 22.0Mbps
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HSDPA Categories
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HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Similarly to HSDPA in the downlink, HSUPA defines a new radio
interface for the uplink communication. The overall goal is to improve
the coverage and throughput as well as to reduce the delay of theuplink dedicated transport channels.
Technology changes:
A new dedicated uplink channel,
Introduction of H-ARQ,
Fast Node B scheduling.
Bandwidth:
Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 5.76Mbps
HSPA (E l d HSPA)
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HSPA+ (Evolved HSPA)
HSPA+ provides HSPA data rates up to 56 Mbit/s on the
downlink and 22 Mbit/s on the uplink through the use of:
2*2 MIMO - Multiple-Input Multiple Output - multiple-antenna
technique
Higher order modulation (64QAM)
Bandwidth:
Data rates of up to 56Mbit/s (D) and 22Mbit/s (U) represent
theoretical peak sector speeds.The actual speed for a user is lower.
Future revisions of HSPA+ support up to 168 Mbit/s using multiple
carriers.
HSPA d MIMO t h l
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HSPA+ and MIMO technology
MIMO on CDMA based systems acts like virtual sectors to give extra
capacity closer to the mast.
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Radio Capacity Evolution
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Radio Capacity Evolution
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Lesson Content
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Page 48 NDI Communications
Lesson Content
Introduction and Objectives
LTE Network Architecture
LTE Radio Interface
Innovations ad applicationsServices and Implementation
NDI Communications
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LTE Performance Requirements
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Page 51
LTE Performance Requirements
Data Rate:
Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100Mbit/s in a 20MHz downlink
spectrum (i.e. 5 bit/s/Hz)
Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50Mbit/s in a 20MHz uplinkspectrum (i.e. 2.5 bit/s/Hz)
Cell range
5 km - optimal size
30km sizes with reasonable performance
Up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance
Cell capacity
Up to 200 active users per cell (5 MHz) (i.e., 200 active data clients)
Technical Details of LTE
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Technical Details of LTE
Multiple access scheme
Downlink: FDMA (also called DMT)
Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
Adaptive modulation and coding
DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM
Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a
contention- free internal interleaver.
Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated
spectrum bands
Possible support for operating as single frequency network (SFN) to support
MBMS
Lesson Content
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Page 53 NDI Communications
Lesson Content
Introduction and Objectives
LTE Network Architecture
LTE Radio Interface
Innovations ad applicationsServices and Implementation
NDI Communications
LTE Network Architecture
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LTE Network Architecture
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
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Page 55
y ( )
System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the core network architecture of
3GPP's future LTE wireless communication standard.
SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences.
The main principles and objectives of the LTE-SAE architecture include:
A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologies
IP-based protocols on all interfaces
All IP network - Simplified (and much cheaper!) network architecture
All services are via Packet Switched domain
Support mobility between heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS,but also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)
SAE - System Architecture Evolution
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Page 56
y
IASA - Inter-Access System Anchor
Lesson Content
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Page 57 NDI Communications
Introduction and Objectives
LTE Network Architecture
LTE Radio Interface
Innovations ad applicationsServices and Implementation
NDI Communications
Duplexing Methods for Radio Links
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Mobile Station
Base Station
Forward link
Reverse link
)FDDDivision Duplex (Frequency
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Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency are different
In each link, signals are continuously transmitted in parallel
Mobile Station
Base Station
Forward link (F1)
Reverse link (F2)
Example of FDD systems
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Transmitter
Receiver
BPF: Band Pass Filter
BPF
BPF
Transmitter
Receiver
BPF
BPF
F1
F2 F1
F2
Mobile Station Base Station
)TDDDivision Duplex (Time
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Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is the same
In each link, signals take turns using the channel
Mobile Station
Base Station
Forward link (F1)
Reverse link (F1)
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Downlink Scheme - OFDM
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Page 63
LTE uses OFDM for the
downlink that is, from
the base station to the
terminal.
OFDM meets the LTE
requirement for
spectrum flexibility and
enables cost-efficient
solutions for very wide
carriers with high peak
rates.
OFDM uses a large
number of narrow sub-
carriers for multi-carrier
transmission.
FDM
OFDM
User 1User 1User 1User 1 User 2User 2User 2User 2
OFDMA
Single user onevery channel
Multiple users onevery channel
Uplink Scheme - SC-FDMA
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Page 64
The LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SC-
FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division - Multiple Access).
This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very
high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires expensive and
inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which
increases the cost of the terminal and also drains the battery faster.
SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in
such a way that reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in
the power amplifier. A low PAPR also improves coverage and the cell-edge
performance.
Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDM signal
processing, so parameterization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.
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SISO, MISO, SIMO, MIMO
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SISO - Single Input, Single Output
SIMO - Single Input, Multiple Output
MISO - Multiple Input, Single Output
MIMO - Multiple Input, Multiple Output
MIMO Example
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Paired frequency bands defined by 3GPP
for LTE
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Unpaired frequency bands defined by 3GPP
for LTE
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TD-LTE and FD-LTE (TD-CDMA and FD-CDMA)
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The two modulation schemes available in LTE have a high degree of commonality.
The differences exist to accommodate the fact that TD-LTE uses the same pipe to transmit
and receive.
The discontinuous nature of uplink and downlink, however, means operators have the
flexibility to adapt the UL/DL traffic ratio.
This feature allows operators to support different traffic types and symmetry, a common
feature with rich content and video delivery.
LTE Bandwidth
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Lesson Content
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Page 72 NDI Communications
Introduction and Objectives
LTE Network Architecture
LTE Radio Interface
Innovations ad applicationsServices and Implementation
NDI Communications
SON Self Organized Network
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Page 73
The term Self-Organizing Network (SON) is generally taken to mean a
cellular network in which the tasks of configuring, operating, and
optimizing are largely automated.
SON focuses mostly on the radio-access, which is the most
consuming resource in the cellular network
One objective of SON is to eliminate as much pre-planning of network
configuration as possible. SON does allow for pre-planned network
configurations, but strongly encourages as much of the network
configuration be automatically generated / discovered as possible
LTE MBMS (E-MBNS) Concept
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Digital radio and video transmission per network:
For all users on the
network
For all users in a
geographic area
For a group of users
One way or two-way
user-controlled service
MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services
Femtocells and Picocells
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CustomerOperatorSite rental
Locally DeterminedCentrally PlannedFrequency/Radio
parameters
CustomerOperatorTransmission to
Operators Network
CustomerOperatorInstallation
FemtocellPicocellAspect
LTE-Advanced
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Heterogeneous networks with macro, picocells, relays,
femtocells
Multi carrier aggregation of 40 MHz to 100 MHz
User Deployed Femtocells and Repeaters
Operator Deployed Picocells and relays
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LTE - Advanced
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Page 78
LTE Advanced introduces 8x8 DL MIMO, 4x4 UL MIMO and UL
Beamforming
Lesson Content
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Page 79 NDI Communications
Introduction and Objectives
LTE Network Architecture
LTE Radio Interface
Innovations ad applications
Services and Implementation
NDI Communications
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The Future Connections
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The Future SP Commitments
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Standardization Process (SEP-2010)
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NDI Communications - Engineering & Training
Introduction to Cellular NetworksIntroduction to Cellular Networks
Part 3Part 3 Competitive Technologies andCompetitive Technologies and
Advanced NetworksAdvanced Networks
Lesson Content
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Page 86 NDI Communications
WiFi and 802.11n
WiMAX
NDI Communications
What is Wireless LAN (WiFi)?
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Page 87
General:
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network
Based on the IEEE 802.11 standards
Performance
Typical range is on the order of 10s of meters10s to 100s of Mbps, depends on standard
Reasonable reliability, low cost devices
Free frequency band no licenses required !!!
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The 802.11 ArchitectureFixed Terminals
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Page 89
f3f2f1
AP
APAP
Unlicensed Frequency Bands
AM Broadcast
Shortwave Radio FM Broadcast
Television Infrared Wireless LAN
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Ultra-low frequency (ULF) -- 0-3 Hz
Extremely low frequency (ELF) -- 3 Hz - 3 kHz
Very low frequency (VLF) -- 3kHz - 30 kHz
Low frequency (LF) -- 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium frequency (MF) -- 300 kHz - 3 MHz
High frequency (HF) -- 3MHz - 30 MHz
Very high frequency (VHF) -- 30 MHz - 300 MHz
Ultra-high frequency (UHF)-- 300MHz - 3 GHz
Super high frequency (SHF) -- 3GHz - 30 GHz
Extremely high frequency (EHF) -- 30GHz - 300 GHz
Extremely
Low
Very
Low
Low Medium HighVery
High
InfraredVisible
Light
Ultra-
violet
X Ray
AudioAM Broadcast Television Infrared Wireless LAN
Cellular (840 MHz)NPCS (1.9 GHz)
Ultra
High
Super
High
Ultra
Low
5.15-5.25GHz5.25-5.35GHz5.725-5.825
2.4 2.483GHz
802.11b/g Channels
11 Non overlapping channels
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2.400GHz 2.441GHz 2.483GHz
111 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
5MHz
22MHz
11 Non-overlapping channels22MHz channel bandwidth, 5MHz channel spacing
The ISM Frequency Bands
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Page 92
The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency bands
(900 MHz & 2.4 GHz) are un-licensed in most of the world
The ISM rules varies depending on the country:
In the US, the FCC allocates both the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz band
with 1W maximum power
In Europe, the ETSI allocates only the 2.4 GHz band with 100
mW maximum power
Lesson Content
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Page 93 NDI Communications
WiFi and 802.11n
WiMAX
NDI Communications
What is WiMAX
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Page 94
WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Fixed (and nomadic) access: 802.16-2004/802.16d (8/2004)
Mobile access: 802.16e (5/2005)
Typically 2-8 Kms, Maximum cell size ~45 Kms
Maximum speed 100 Mbps (64QAM/20MHz)
Wireless and Mobile Communications
WiMAX
Mid-late 90s
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Page 95
Mid late 90 sEarly technologies LMDS, MMDS
No standardization
2001-2003 Early standards,
802.16 - 10-66GHz LOS,
802.16a 2-11GHz NLOS
2004 802.16-2004 (802.16d)
Revision and consolidation of all of
the above
2005 802.16e (802.16-2005)
OFDMA, Mobility, Improved security,
Improved MIMO, Competing 4.0G
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802.16d (802.16-2004)
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Page 97
IEEE standard for the fixed wireless broadband
802.16d supports both services:
Time division duplex (TDD)
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Used for fixed access:
Outdoor when the antenna is located outside the building
Indoor when the antennas are located inside the building
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Lesson Content
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Page 102 NDI Communications
The "All-IP" core network structure
Mobile IP
SIP and IMS
NDI Communications
AIPN All IP Network Network Architecture
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Page 103
Service Environment:
Servers and Services
IP Backbone:
MPLS, Ethernet.
Routing environment
Access Networks:
Cellular, WIFi,Copper, Optical,
LTE
Pre-LTE Land-Line
WiFi/WiMAX
Lesson Content
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Page 104 NDI Communications
The "All-IP" core network structure
Mobile IP
SIP and IMS
NDI Communications
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Lesson Content
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Page 106 NDI Communications
The "All-IP" core network structure
Mobile IP
SIP and IMS
NDI Communications
SIP and IMS
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Page 107
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
Signaling protocol for IP-Based networks
Signaling for all application types Voice, Video, gaming, Net-
Meeting, Social-Networks .
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
Signaling, media and billing protocols, for multimedia over cellular
networks
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