Introduction€¦ · NES440 Wireless Networks 16 History of the Wireless Technologies (3) 1970:...

NES440 Wireless Networks 1

Introduction

NES440 Wireless Networks

Wireless Networks 3NES440


Outline What is “Wireless and Mobile Networking”?

What is wireless networking?

What is Mobility?

Degrees of Mobility

History of Wireless

Types of Wireless Networks Categories of Wireless Networks

Comparison among the types of wireless networks

Wireless Spectrum

Why go wireless? Ubiquitous computing

Benefits of Wireless Networking

Applications of Wireless networks

Statistics and Trends of Wireless Networks


What is “Wireless and Mobile Networking”?


What is Wireless Networking?


What is Wireless Networking?

Enabling people to communicate and access applications and information without wires Information is transmitted using electromagnetic (EM) waves

Providing people with the freedom of movement and ability to easily and dynamically extend applications to different parts of a building, city, or anywhere in the world

Also called tether-less (or tether-free) communication

Characteristics on an EM wave: Travels in the air at the speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)

Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)

l is the distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal

l = c / f

Example: for the 2.4GHz Wi-Fi signals, l = 12.5 cm


What is Mobility?

Initially, the Internet and Telephone Networks were designed assuming that the user terminals are stationary. That is: No change of location during a call or connection

User terminals access the network always from fixed locations

Mobility vs. portability Mobility means changing the point of attachment to the network

online (a user property)

The user can communicate with anyone, from anywhere, at anytime

Portability means changing the point of attachment to the network offline (a device property)

The device can be connected to the network from anywhere at anytime


Degrees of Mobility

Walking Users

o Low speed

o Small roaming area

o Usually uses high-bandwidth/low-latency access

Vehicles

o High speeds

o Large roaming area

o Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access


History or Wireless


Early forms of wireless communications


Early forms of wireless communications

Wireless communication and networking have been around for many years

Native Americans waving buffalo skins over a fire to send smoke signals over big distances

The use of pulsing lights carrying information through Morse code between ships

E.g.; SOS (Save-Our-Ship or Save-Our-Souls)


History of the Wireless Technologies (1) 1831: Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction 1864: Maxwell develops the theory of EM field 1880: Hertz discovered the electromagnetic waves 1896: Guglielmo Marconi

First demonstration of wireless telegraphy Built on work of Maxwell and Hertz to send and receive Morse

Code (first radio broadcasts were digital!) Based on long wave (>> 1 km), spark transmitter technology,

requiring very large, high power transmitters First used by British Army and Navy in the Boer War (first

research funding by the military!)

1907: Commercial Trans-Atlantic Wireless Service Huge ground stations: 30×100m antenna masts Beginning of the end for cable-based telegraphy


History of the Wireless Technologies (2) WW I: Rapid development of communications

intelligence, intercept technology, cryptography 1920: Marconi discovers shortwave (<100 m) radio

Longwave follow contour of earth Very high transmit power, 200 KW+

Shortwaves reflect, refract, and absorb, like light Bounce off ionosphere Higher frequencies made possible by vacuum tube (1906) Cheaper, smaller, better quality transmitters

1920: First commercial radio broadcast (Pittsburgh) 1921: First Mobile Radio

Wireless dispatch system for Detroit Police

1946: First Mobile Telephone Service by AT&T Half-duplex (Push to talk)


History of the Wireless Technologies (3) 1970: First Cellular Phone Service by AT&T

Cell, handoff, and roaming

1971: First Wireless Data Network Aloha at University of Hawaii

1974: FCC allocates 40 MHz for cellular telephony

1982: European GSM and Inmarsat established

1984: Breakup of AT&T

1984: Initial deployment of AMPS cellular system

1990: First Commercial Wireless LAN Product AT&T WaveLAN

1997: First Wireless LAN Standard IEEE 802.11, 2Mbps


Types of Wireless Networks


Categories of Wireless Networks

Wireless networks are categorized depending on the size of the physical area that they cover.

The following categories of wireless networks satisfy diverse user requirements:

Wireless Personal-Area Network (WPAN) E.g.; Bluetooth and Zigbee

Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN) E.g.; Wi-Fi

Wireless Metropolitan-Area Network (WMAN) E.g.; WiMax

Wireless Wide-Area Network (WWAN) E.g.; GPRS


Another Classification of Wireless Networks

Wireless networks can also be classified as:

Infrastructure-based Wireless Networks

Cellular Networks

Wireless LANs

Infrastructure-less Wireless Networks

Wireless PANs

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)


Comparison of Wireless Network Types

Type Coverage Performance Standards Applications

WPAN Within reach of a person

Moderate Bluetooth, UWB

IEEE 802.15, and IrDa

Cable replacement for peripherals

WLAN Within a building or campus

High IEEE 802.11,

Wi-Fi,

and HiperLAN

Mobile extension of wired networks

WMAN Within a city High Proprietary,

IEEE 802.16, and WiMAX

Fixed wireless of homes and businesses to the Internet

WWAN Worldwide Low CDPD and Cellular 2G, 2.5G, and 3G

Mobile access to the Internet from outdoor areas


Comparison of Wireless Technologies (1)


Comparison of Wireless Technologies (2)


Wireless Spectrum (1)

30 MHz 30 GHz3 GHz300 MHz

Broadcast TV• VHF: 54 to 88 MHz, 174 to 216 MHz• UHF: 470 to 806 MHz

FM Radio• 88 to 108 MHz

Digital TV• 54 to 88 MHz, 174 to 216 MHz, 470 to 806 MHz




Wireless WAN3G Broadband Wireless• 746-794 MHz, 1.7-1.85 GHz, 2.5-2.7 GHz

Wireless WANCellular Phone• 800-900 MHz Wireless WAN

Personal Communication Service (PCS)• 1.85-1.99 GHz




Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11b/g)• 2.4 GHz

Wireless MAN(WiMAX) • 10-16 GHz

Wireless PAN(Bluetooth)• 2.4 GHz

Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a)• 5 GHz


Why Go Wireless?


The Need for Wireless and Mobile Networking

Demand for Ubiquitous (or Pervasive) Computing

Anywhere, anytime computing and communication You don’t have to go to the computer lab to check your email

Pushing the computers more into the background Focus on the task and life not on the computer

Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life much easier

Computers should be location-aware Adapt to the current location

Discover location-dependent services


Sample Applications of Ubiquitous Computing

You walk into your office and your computer automatically authenticates you through your active badge and logs you into the system

You go to a foreign building and your PDA automatically discovers the closest public printer where you can print your documents

The technician gets close to a malfunctioning machine in the factory and his tablet PC brings up the diagnostics screen and downloads the engineering drawing and specs of the machines


Benefits of Wireless Networking

Increasing Efficiency and Accuracy Individuals can communicate no matter where they are, within

range of communication

Team-based workers can access network resources while collaborating in a team environment

Easier and less expensive installation: Installing network cabling in older buildings is difficult and costly Wireless networking is an ideal solution

Eliminating cabling saves money and time

Allows offices to reorganize easily

Increased reliability: Eliminates certain types of cable failures

Increases overall network reliability


Application: Efficient Workflow

Access to multiple sources Minimize travel No 2nd party involvement

Paperless information entry Status update Auditing Alerts

Security Server

MachineController


Application: Retrofits

Wires can be less expensive if they are all run at one time when the facility is built

New applications such as maintenance sensing

Experimental deployment for process optimization

Commissioning new equipment Pressure?Vibration?


Application: Cable Replacement

Moving machinery Festoon cables

Reaching great distances SCADA: Supervisory

Control And Data Acquisition

Crossing electrical and physical barriers


Statistics and Trends of Wireless Networks


Worldwide Mobile Subscriber Penetration

Worldwide Wireless Telecom Spending Forecast

Spending ($B)

Growth

Source: IDC's Worldwide Black Book Query Tool, Version 03, 2010 (IDC #225505, October 2010)


Estimated Wireless Subscriber Connections


Wireless Service Revenue


Minutes-of-Use and Messages


Wireless Data Traffic


Cell Sites Deployed


Capital Investment


Home Networking Equipment Trends

Trends and Statistics of Wireless Mobile Services and Equipment (Self-Read)

http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats

http://www.smartinsights.com/mobile-marketing/mobile-marketing-analytics/mobile-usage-statistics-2010-2015/

http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/press/nielsen-fact-sheet-2010.pdf


http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats/a#subscribers

http://www.ctia.org/

Introduction€¦ · NES440 Wireless Networks 16 History of the Wireless Technologies (3) 1970:...

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