Introduction - mayan.cn · 18 Q2: How does the Internet work? —— the components of the Internet...

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Internet Applications Introduction BUPT/QMUL 2017-2-27

Transcript of Introduction - mayan.cn · 18 Q2: How does the Internet work? —— the components of the Internet...

Page 1: Introduction - mayan.cn · 18 Q2: How does the Internet work? —— the components of the Internet Internet protocols Protocol = A set of rules for communicating Internet Protocol

Internet Applications

Introduction

BUPT/QMUL2017-2-27

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Agenda

What is the Internet? How does it work? When & how did it come about? Who controls it? Where is it going?

Refer to Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 of the Textbook

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Q1: What is the Internet?

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Q1: What is the Internet?

So many different definitions‥‥‥ http://www.whatis.com http://www.webopedia.com http://www.webcurrent.com http://linux.about.com http://www.boutell.com ‥ ‥ ‥

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net“, is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).

A global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions.

Simply put, the Internet is a networkof linked computers allowing participants to share information on those computers. You should want to be a part of it because the Internet literally puts a world of information and a potential worldwide audience at your fingertips. Internet: A worldwide network of networks. It is also the network of networks that connects more than three million computers (called hosts).

"The Internet" refers to the worldwidenetwork of interconnectedcomputers, all of which use a common protocol known as TCP/IP to communicate with each other.

network

worldwide

computerscommunicate

interconnected

TCP/IP

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Q1: What is the Internet? Internet vs. internet

Internet internet

Internet vs. WWW (World Wide Web) Internet WWW

Internet vs. Intranet Internet Intranet

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internet vs. Internet internet: a set of computer networks that are

connected to each other.Local Area Network

“Ruby”152.2.81.1

“www.whitehouse.gov”198.137.240.91

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internet vs. Internet Internet: a worldwide sets of networks that

interoperate using TCP/IP protocols.

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Internet vs. WWW

Internet

FTP EMail Telnet … …

(a networking infrastructure and the related communication standards)

(An information sharing model on top of the

Internet)

WWW

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Q2: How does the Internet work?

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Q2: How does the Internet work? How do machines communicate with one another on

the Internet?

What are the components of the Internet? Physical infrastructure Domain Name System Internet protocols Internet applications

Important design concepts Layered model of networking Client-server paradigm

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— communication on the Internet

Local Area Network

“Ruby”152.2.81.1

A

“www.whitehouse.gov”198.137.240.91

B

• The source computer• One application produces

the data to send• The software “packetize”

the data

• The cables connecting the computers to the network

• The network device receives the data and pushes them out

• The software chooses the path for data delivery

• The destination computer• The software

“depacketize” the data• The counterpart to the

sender application reads the data

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— communication on the Internet

Application(e.g., IE)

Data

Network Software(i.e. TCP/IP)

Packet Packet Packet

Application(e.g., Web Server)

Data

Network Software(i.e. TCP/IP)

Packet Packet Packet

Physical (Hosts, Routers, Wiring)

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the minimum requirements for communication on the Internet

Postal Analogy

A common language

A letter

A stamped and addressed envelop

Physical delivery via the postal stream

Internet counterpart

Applications speaking a common language

Digitized data (eg. packet)

Communication protocols

Physical connection to the Internet

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Internet applications Telnet, Email, Web browser etc.

Internet protocols TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP,HTTP etc.

Internet addresses IPv4, IPv6, Domain Name System

Physical infrastructure hosts, routers, wiring

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Physical infrastructure

Hosts

Routers

Wiring

an internet-connected computer with an internet address

a device that routes data packets towards the destination

fiber-optic, telephone, twist pair cable, satellite

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Internet addressing Machines want identity IP Address

= network interface address Be assigned by IANA E.g., 211.68.71.174 E.g., 2001:DB8:0:8::1

Humans want names Hostname

Be assigned to a host for the benefit of humans

E.g., www.is.bupt.cn

LAN

Modem

IPv4 IPv6

IEEE 802.11

DNSConverting between IP Address and Hostname

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Internet addressing: an example of DNSRoot.

.org .net .com

.kz

.gov.kz

aic.gov.kz

.lk

.jp

.tv

.in198.41.0.4

www.aic.gov.kz

131.181.2.61

128.250.1.21

212.154.242.148

212.154.242.144210.84.80.24

210.80.58.34

“Ask 131.181.2.61”

“Ask 128.250.1.21”

“Ask 212.154.242.148”

“Go to 212.154.242.144”

localDNS

IP addr. of www.aic.gov.kz?

“go to212.154.242.144”

www.aic.gov.kz?

www.aic.gov.kz?

www.aic.gov.kz?

www.aic.gov.kz?

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Internet protocols Protocol = A set of rules for communicating

Internet Protocol (IP) Basic data transport: the glue of the Internet Unreliable delivery Versions

IPv4 with 32 bit/4 Byte address IPv6 with 128 bit/16 Byte address

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Reliable data transmission Connection-oriented

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Unreliable data transmission Connectionless-oriented

Network layer

Transport layer

All Internet Applications use at least IP, most use TCP/UDP and IP

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Internet Protocols Application protocols

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Used by file exchange applications

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Used by email applications

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Used by WWW applications

… …

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet

Internet applications E.g., ftp, telnet, email, www, … … Most are based on client-server model Different applications use different

protocols in addition to TCP/UDP and IP ftp: FTP telnet: TELNET Email: SMTP WWW: HTTP

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Layered networking model Client-server paradigm

Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts

Application(e.g., IE)

Data

Network Interface(i.e. TCP/IP)

Packet Packet Packet

Application(e.g., Web Server)

Data

Network Interface(i.e. TCP/IP)

Packet Packet Packet

Physical (Hosts, Routers, Wiring)

Layered networking model

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts

Layered networking modelPostal Analogy Network Counterpart Layer

Common language

Envelop and return address

Address

Mail boxes, trucks, planes; physical delivery

Applications (Telnet, FTP, HTTP etc.)

Reliable delivery (TCP)

Source to destination (IP)

Wires, cables, hardwares etc

APPLICATION

TRANSPORT

NETWORK

PHYSICAL

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts

Layered networking model ISO’s 7 layer model

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts

Client-server paradigm Client – the user of the service

Initiated interaction through requests Server – the provider of the service

Must be listening Waits and responds to the incoming requests

Clients and servers need a protocol that defines the interaction between them

client serverrequest

response

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Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts

Client-server paradigm The client/server/protocol relationship

IP Addr: 152.2.81.103 IP Addr: 152.2.81.1

client

server

Client application

(an program running on this machine)

Server application

(an program running on this machine)

Protocol

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Q3: When and how did the Internet come about?

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet

The history of the Internet

a DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) research project

a NSF (National Science Foundation) -sponsored research project

a full global infrastructure

ARPANET

NSFNET

INTERNET (the most important

information source today)

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet

The important events 1945-1995

Memex Conceived

1945

WWWCreated

1989

MosaicCreated

1993

A Mathematical

Theory ofCommunication

1948

Packet Switching Invented

1964SiliconChip1958

First Vast ComputerNetwork

Envisioned1962

ARPANET1969

TCP/IPCreated

1972

InternetNamed

and Goes

TCP/IP1984

HypertextInvented

1965

Age ofeCommerce

Begins1995

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet

The important events 1996-2015

First Mobile Phone

Released1996

The IANAIPv4

AddressDepleted

2011

WorldwideInternet

UsersBreaks

2.4 Billion2012

ICANNCreated and

Wi-FiStandardized

1998

Web 2.0 2004

Dot comBubbleBursts2000

First Internet

Cell PhoneReleased

2001

Google Hits1 Trillion

URLs2008

ICANN Gains

Autonomy2009

FacebookHits 400MillionActive Users2010

Youtube Launches

2005

Internet Plus and

Industry 4.02015

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ARPANET — a packet switching network

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet

1964 Paul Baran realized packet switching in the military network.

1965 the experiments by MIT showed the packet transmission in the circuit switching network was slow, unreliable and with high cost.

1967 ARPA of USA planned ARPANET. Lawrence Roberts proposed that ARPANET

adopted packet switching network based on the queuing theory of Leonard Kleinrock.

Kleinrock and the first node of ARPANET

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet

The development stages

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

theoryuniversityprototypes

production usein research

commercialearly residential

broadbandhome

emailftp

DNSRIPUDPTCP

SMTPSNMP

ATMBGP, OSPF

IPsecHTTPHTMLRTP

100 kb/s 1 Mb/s 10 Mb/s

XMLOWLSIP

Jabber

100 Mb/s 1 Gb/sPort speeds

Internet protocols

queuingarchitecture

routingcong. control

ATMQoSVoD

p2pad-hocsensor

Important technologies

2015

100 Gb/s

6LoWPANPIMPv6PPSP

OpenFlow

IoTMobility

SDN

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Father of the Internet (by the Charles Stark Draper Prize of NAE in 2001)

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

Roberts Kahn Kleinrock Cerf

Lawrence G. Roberts The creator of ARPANET

Leonard Kleinrock The creator of the

packet switching protocols for network information exchange

Vinton G. Cerf Robert E. Kahn

The inventors of TCP/IP The Turing Award in

2004

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Douglas E. Comer

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

The internationally recognized expert on computer networking and the TCP/IP protocols

The Vice President of Research for Cisco System Inc.

The Distinguished professor of Computer Science in Purdue University

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The inventor of WWW — Tim Berners Lee

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

The Director of the World Wide Web Consortium

Senior Research Scientist at MIT’s CSAIL

In March 1989, he proposed the idea of sharing information through hypertext

In the summer of 1989, he developed the first web server and web client in the world

In December 1989, he named his invention WWW(World Wide Web)

In May 1991, WWW began to be used in the Internet

In 1994, he found the WWW Consortium

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The representative of eCommerce (Electronic Commerce) — Jeff Bezos

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

The founder of the famous Amazon A great Internet strategist In 1994 he began to think about how to

create infinite commercial chance in the Internet with surprising high growth speed

In July 1995, the Amazon Inc. was founded as a network bookshop

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The founders of IM (Instant Messaging)

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

ICQ means “I seek you” The first one IM software in the

world, and OICQ, QQ etc. later Invented by four young Jews

without any professional educations or trainings -- Yair Goldfinger (26 years old), Arik Vardi (27), Sefi Vigiser (25), Amnon Amir (24) Only in 3 months

They found the Mirabilis Inc. at Israel in Nov. 1996.

Purchased by AOL with $300,000,000 in 1999.

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The inventor of BT (BitTorrent) — Bram Cohen

Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

The concept of seed is used for data sharing between users in the network firstly in 1999.

The Beta version of BT was completed in 2001.

Bram opened the source codes of BT in 2002 and gained lots of users.

BT has become the preferred downloading tools

Still be a disputed topic today

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons

The founder and CEO of Facebook -- Mark Zuckerberg

Facebook is the first and biggest Internet social networking website.

He started the website in his college dorm room in 2004 in Harvard.

In 2010, he was named Time Magazine's Person of the Year.

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——Internet today

How many networks running are there: Active BGP Entries (Forwarding Table: FIB) By Geoff Huston , at Wed Feb 24 02:10:12 2017 (UTC+1000).. URL: http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html

657954

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——Internet today

By CNNIC, Jan. 2017 http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201701/P020170123364672657408.pdf

How many Internet users are there in China?

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——Internet today

More and more ordinary people can access it

The speed is faster More information More applications Extended to IoT – Internet of Things Cloud Computing & Big Data

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Q3: When & how did it come about?——the elicitations from the success of the Internet

A process full of innovations Open standards The broad application is the vitality of the Internet

2006：“You”

1982：“PC”

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Q4: Who controls it?

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Q4: Who controls it?—— who is in charge?

ARPA managed for 15+ years

1986: NSF took over

1994: NSF ceased direct support Now funded by “the market,” government, industry Internationally deployed

1998: ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

2004: WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance founded at the United Nations in Geneva

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Q4: Who controls it?—— the major organizations

ISOC (Internet Society) Official gatekeeper To promote evolution and growth of Internet http://www.isoc.org

IAB (Internet Architecture Board) Technical oversight and coordination ~15 international volunteers ISOC oversees IAB http://www.isi.edu/iab

ARIN/RIPE/APNIC/LacNIC/AfricNIC Regional Internet Registry (RIR) providing allocation and

registration services http://www.nro.net/ NRO (Number Registration Organizations)

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Q4: Who controls it?—— the major organizations

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Develops near-term Internet standards 9 areas, each with an area director Areas are routing and addressing, security, etc. Under the IAB http://www.ietf.org

IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) Focuses on long-term research projects Under the IAB http://www.irtf.org

IETF & IRTF develop official Internet standards Technical working in WGs (Working Group) Open to all Documents progress through stages: RFCs, drafts

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Q4: Who controls it?—— the major organizations

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Hands out globally unique Internet addresses Supported by U.S. government in the past http://www.iana.org/

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers) Replacement organization for IANA Not-for-profit organization with international board http://www.icann.org/

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Q5: Where is it going?

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Q5: Where is it going?—— information growth

55,000 new books annually > 1,000,000 magazine articles 9,600 periodicals: > 800 new per year (some all

digital) 40,000 scientific articles ( 1 every 30 seconds) 95% of all information is generated digitally Top libraries would have to double in size every 14

years Over 1 billion websites worldwide according to online

tracker Internet Live Stats

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Q5: Where is it going?—— language of Internet growth

Talk about exponential growth... 10 Ten Byte 103 Thousand Kilobytes 106 million megabytes 109 billion gigabytes 1012 trillion terabytes 1015 quadrillion petabytes 1018 quintillion exabytes

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Q5: Where is it going?—— are the original assumptions still tenable?

End-to-end

Host-centric

Best effort service

Trusty service stream

Unrelated to commercial application

Original assumptions

No, maybe Peer-to-peer

No, data-centric is proposed

No, QoS is important

No, security is important

No, appropriate profitable mode is needed

Tenable today ?

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IPv6: Motivation

Problems of IPv4 Insufficient addressing space Real-time application is not provided Short of security support Short of mobility support

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Q5: Where is it going?—— research works of Next Generation Internet

Patching on today’s network Resulting in more and more complexity

Designing new architecture for the next generation network, like SDN and future Internet technologies NewArch GENI FIND Ambient Network ANA HAGGLE … …

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Key words today

Local definition: A set of computer networks that are connected to each other (an internet)

Global definition: A world-wide set of networks that interoperate using TCP/IP protocols (the Internet)

Protocol: A set of rules to control the means by which information is communicated between entities

TCP/IP: A suite of protocols for transporting any data over an internet between access points

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Abbreviations (1)ARPA Advanced Research Projects AgencyAS Autonomous SystemBGP Border Gateway ProtocolCNGI China Next Generation InternetDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDNS Domain Name SystemDSL Digital Subscriber LineFTP File Transfer ProtocolHTML HyperText Markup LanguageHTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol IAB Internet Architecture Board IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers

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Abbreviations (2)IE Internet ExplorerIETF Internet Engineering Task Force IP Internet ProtocolIRTF Internet Research Task Force ISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkISO International Organization for StandardizationLAN Local Area NetworkMIME Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionsNSF National Science FoundationP2P Peer to PeerPOP3 Post Office Protocol RFC Request for Comments

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Abbreviations (3)RTCP Realtime Control ProtocolRTP Realtime Transport ProtocolSIP Session Initiation ProtocolSMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolTCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram ProtocolWGIG Working Group on Internet Governance WWW World Wide Web

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Questions

Internet/Intranet

What are the problems incurred by the traditional design principles of the Internet?

What contribution could you do for Internet?


1 IP: Internet Protocol Addresses. 2 Internet Protocol (IP) Only protocol at Layer 3 Fundamental in suite Defines –Internet addressing –Internet packet.

1 IP: Internet Protocol Addresses. 2 Internet Protocol (IP) Only protocol at Layer 3 Fundamental in suite Defines –Internet addressing –Internet packet.

UDP/IP User Datagram Protocol / Internet Protocol

UDP/IP User Datagram Protocol / Internet Protocol

TCP/IP TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL INTERNET PROTOCOL.

TCP/IP TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL INTERNET PROTOCOL.

Internet protocol stack

Internet protocol stack

Alcatel-Lucent INTERNET PROTOCOL MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM · PDF filealcatel-lucent internet protocol multimedia subsystem (ims) ... 7302 isam-v r3.4.01 ... alcatel-lucent internet protocol

Alcatel-Lucent INTERNET PROTOCOL MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM · PDF filealcatel-lucent internet protocol multimedia subsystem (ims) ... 7302 isam-v r3.4.01 ... alcatel-lucent internet protocol

TFTP and FTP Basics - mayan.cn · 2 Agenda n File transfer and access n TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) n FTP (File Transfer Protocol) n NFS (Network File System)

TFTP and FTP Basics - mayan.cn · 2 Agenda n File transfer and access n TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) n FTP (File Transfer Protocol) n NFS (Network File System)

INTERNET PROTOCOL TV

INTERNET PROTOCOL TV

Internet Protocol Multicast

Internet Protocol Multicast

The Internet Protocol Dr. Adil Yousif. 2 IP (Internet Protocol) is a Network Layer Protocol. Orientation.

The Internet Protocol Dr. Adil Yousif. 2 IP (Internet Protocol) is a Network Layer Protocol. Orientation.

Mobile Internet Protocol

Mobile Internet Protocol

Internet Transport Protocol

Internet Transport Protocol

Internet And Internet Protocol Suite

Internet And Internet Protocol Suite

Review of Internet Protocol Suite · Integrated Communication Systems Group Internet Protocol Suite TCP/IP = the “Internet protocol suite“ = a family of protocols for the “Internet”

Review of Internet Protocol Suite · Integrated Communication Systems Group Internet Protocol Suite TCP/IP = the “Internet protocol suite“ = a family of protocols for the “Internet”

Internet Protocol – Next Generation Internet Protocol ...

Internet Protocol – Next Generation Internet Protocol ...

PowerPoint Presentation - mayan.cn · 19 Q2: How does the Internet work? ——the components of the Internet Internet protocols Protocol = A set of rules for communicating Internet

PowerPoint Presentation - mayan.cn · 19 Q2: How does the Internet work? ——the components of the Internet Internet protocols Protocol = A set of rules for communicating Internet

RFC: 791 INTERNET PROTOCOL DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM ... · RFC: 791 INTERNET PROTOCOL DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION September 1981 prepared for ... Care must be taken

RFC: 791 INTERNET PROTOCOL DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM ... · RFC: 791 INTERNET PROTOCOL DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION September 1981 prepared for ... Care must be taken

Internet without Internet Protocol

Internet without Internet Protocol

RFC791 - Internet Protocol

RFC791 - Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol v4

Internet Protocol v4

02 Internet Protocol

02 Internet Protocol