INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW -...

Chapter-I Introduction & literature review

SHRI JAGDISHPRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY 1

INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW

The starting from early era, opportunistic Fungi and Bacteria causing infections and

immune compromised. The systemic antimicrobial was known to cause systemic

infections.Thus the reason for the curability of diseases various natural and synthetic

drugs had been selected in early life to treat infection all over the world but again the

matter of selecting the plants these six natural plants only was that it have active quantity

of constituent according to my search with a secure, friendly, natural, cheaper, compare

to synthetic and other medicinal compound and found that required activity of

antimicrobial had been not reported. In the light aim was to determine the efficacy of

medicinal drugs for fungal and bacterial diseases2.

The plant extracts showed the preferred in cure of fungal and bacterial infections. Plants

have their own defense mechanism against the microorganism and especially mycotic

infection. The plant derived antimycotics will create a revolution in the field of a new

generation of fungicidal and bactericidal for human mycotic diseases. In recent years,

many of the research activities in India and around the world are in search for developing

plant-based medicines. As a starting material for synthesis of different kinds of drugs or

as a prototype for developing new drugs.

Folk medicine identified the antimicrobial and other medicinal values of most of these

plants

Thus the present study was taken In-vitro screen on various extracts of plants using

different solvents and isolated compounds were used to evaluate on various fungal and

bacterial strains.

MIC Such as the CLSI, NCCLS, BSAC or EUCAST as a reference to the body of a

follow these guidelines Agar disk diffusion method or can be determined by the broth

dilution Methods in general. Commerce methods E-test or Oxoid MIC Evaluator method.



Figure1: MIC determination by disk diffusion method

Ref: www.chescientific.com/.../eng/mast/mastdiscs.jpg

Introduction to Fungus

In digests its food externally and fungal cells absorb nutrient molecules that are

eukaryotic organisms. Mycology is the study of fungi. Including fungi, yeasts, molds, and

fleshy,This is close to, live off organic matter obtainsaprophytes, or nutrientParasites;

Fungus.They eukaryotic, a rigid cell wall, both chemoheterotrophs (organic carbon and

energy sources) by the absorption of the nutrients that are necessary for the theOrganic

Compounds of the organic matter. 100,000 species of fungi, only 100 species are

pathogenic to animals. They decay and used by industry to produce a variety of useful

products theIs because by their ability to play a role in nutrient recycling amajor.

However, they alsoWaste and many undesirable economic effects, such as fruits, grains,

and vegetables, as well as the destruction of wood produces and unpreservedLeather

Products.

The most common fungi associated with a particular immunocompromisedpatients:

� Candida species, Aspergillus species, Phycomyces species

� Candida, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Histoplasma (Cellular immunity or tissue

transplants);

� Zygomyces, Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia (Diabetes); Zygomyces (steroid therapy);

� Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma (malignancies as in leukemia and lymphoma, and

Hodgkin's disease);

� Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma. (AIDS)

Some specific incidence and death rate of mycoses were also investigated. Candida

species, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Aspergillus, and Histoplasma following the



infection, was responsible for.Consistent with their role as opportunistic; fungi have

becomeimportant nosocomial pathogens.

Table 1: Estimation of different fungal disease in USA

Disease Incidence estimate US people

estimate

Stastic used for

calculation

Aspergillosis Approx 1in 100000 2720 1-2 per 100000 per year

Cryptococcal

meningitis

Appox 1 in 200000 1360 About 5 per million

Invasive

candidiasis

Approx 1 in 13,500 22,760 6 per 120,000 for

candidemia

Cryptococcosis

Approx 1in 500,000 544 0.5-0.8 cases per

130,000 in the general

population

Table 2: List of antifungal drugs with their use and side effect

Drug Common Uses Side Effects

Polyene

antifungals:

Amphotericin B Wide variety of fungal infections Chills, fever, headache, vomiting;

lowered blood potassium levels,

kidney damage, anemia

Nystatin

Oral Candidiasis. &

gut Candidiasis,

No

significant adverse effects

Natamycin

fungal

conjunctivitis, blepharitis and

keratitis

Fluconazole Candida and other fungal

infections, including

cryptococcus

Liver toxicity but less than that

with ketoconazole

Itraconazole Candida and other fungal Nausea, diarrhea, liver toxicity but



infections less than that with ketoconazole

Ketoconazole

Candida and other fungal

infections

Nausea and vomiting, blocked

production of testosterone and

cortisol, liver toxicity

Voriconazole Aspergillus and Candida Visual disturbance

Terbinafine

Treatment of onychomycosis of

the toenail or fingernail due to

dermatophytes.

Caspofungin Aspergillus and possibly

Candida

Fever, nausea, inflammation of

veins

Nucleoside

Antifungals:

Flucytosine Candida and Cryptococcus

infections

Bone marrow and kidney damage

Introduction to Bacteria

Bacteria, one celled, prokaryote microorganisms are a major group. Especially to a few

micrometers, bacteria are a wide range of shapes. Environment and with these steps,

depending on the organisms as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation bacteria fermentation,

nutrient recycling is important. However, most bacteria are classified, and only about half

of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of

bacteria, bacteriology, microbiology, and is known as a branch.

General Characteristics of Bacteria

Bacteria Actinobacteria, can be extended to form filaments. Filamentous bacteria, many

individual cells that are surrounded by the mantle. Genus Nocardia species such as

certain types, but similar in appearance to fungal mycelia complex, branched filaments,

forming.2, 3

Microbes as pathogens and parasites

Most bacteria are harmless or beneficial, however, a few pathogenic bacteria can cause

infectious diseases. The most common bacterial diseases in sub-Saharan Africa almost 2

million people affected by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TB disease.



Pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella can be caused by

bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas can be caused by bacteria such as

pneumonia and other globally important diseases, and contribute to food-based diseases.

Pathogenic bacteria and tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis and Hansen's disease

as a cause of infection. Sometimes bacteria can be killed by antibiotics. They usually

range between 1-5 micrometers off.

Human pathogenic bacteria species:

Sheep, species¬goats and horses in contact with spore-contaminated dust Bacillus

anthracis inhalation or skin penetration through abrasions causes anthrax. Pulmonary,

gastrointestinalanthrax¬ Brucella abortus, Brucella canis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella

suis species of oral contact with infected animals, unpasteurized milk or milk products by

taking Brucellosis causes Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria¬Respiratory

droplets of human flora species in contact with the ¬ Escherichia coli (usually) part of

the gut flora in contact with the species abundance extraintestinally spreading or GI tract

urinary tract infection (UTI), diarrhea, infants, meningitis causes With the species

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis droplet contact¬For example, ¬ aureus

species on the mucosa in contact with human flora Coagulase positive staphylococcal

infection through wounds enter the anterior nares and vagina, local skin infection, skin

infection Diffuse

Table 3: List of antibiotic drugs with their use and side effect

Drug Common Uses Side Effects

Amino glycosides

• Amikacin

• Gentamycin

• Kanamycin

• Neomycin

• Tobramycin

Infections caused by Gram-

negative bacteria, such as

Escherichia coli and

Klebsiella particularly

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Effective against Aerobic

bacteria (not

obligate/facultative anaerobes)

Hearing loss ,Vertigo,

Kidney



and tularemi

Cephalosporin

First generation

• Cefadroxil

• Cefazolin

• Cefalotin

• Cefalexin

Good coverage against Gram

positive infections

Gastrointestinal upset and

diarrhea, Nausea (if

alcohol taken

concurrently),Allergic

reactions

Second generation

• Cefaclor

• Cefamandole

• Cefoxitin

• Cefprozil

• Cefprozil

Less gram positive cover,

improved gram negative

cover.



alcohol taken


reactions

Third generation

• Cefixime

• Cefdinir

• Cefditoren

• Cefoperazone

• Cefpodoxime

Improved coverage of Gram

negative organisms, except

Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram

positive cover



alcohol taken


reactions

Fourth generation

• Cefepime

Covers pseudomonal

infections.



alcohol taken


reactions

Fifth generation

• Ceftobiprole

Used to treat MRSA Gastrointestinal upset and


alcohol taken


reactions



Macrolide

• Azithromycin

• Clarithromycin

• Dirithromycin

• Erythromycin

• Roxithromycin

Streptococcal infections,

syphilis, upper respiratory

tract infections, lower

respiratory tract infections,

mycoplasmal infections,

• Troleandomycin Lyme disease Nausea, vomiting, and

diarrhea (especially at

higher doses),Jaundice

Nitro furans

• Furazolidone

• Nitrofurantoin

Bacterial diarrhea ,

Urinary tract infections

β-lactam ring

Penicillins

• Penicillin G

• Penicillin V

• Oxacillin

• Cloxacillin

• Ampicillin

• Amoxicillin

Wide range of infections;

penicillin used for

streptococcal infections,

syphilis, and Lyme disease


diarrhea, Allergy with

serious reactions, Brain

and kidney damage (rare)

Tetracycline

• Oxytetracycline

• Minocycline

• Doxycycline

Syphilis, chlamydial

infections, Lyme disease,

mycoplasmal infections, acne

rickettsial infections, *malaria

Gastrointestinal upset

Sensitivity to sunlight

Potential toxicity to

mother and fetus during

pregnancy

Enamel hypoplasia

(staining of teeth;

potentially



Plant based antifungal and antibacterial drugs:

New Antifungal and antibacterial agent, the need for immune compromised patients,

opportunistic infections, and fueled by the development of resistance to existing agents,

continues. A virtually unlimited source of unique molecules, natural products, and fungal

and microbial biology to new potential drugs and drug tests for prototype work as a

collector, but not only.

Different plant having antifungal potency:

Garlic Allium sativum (Alliaceae): lipids and cholesterol lowering and antifungal activity

Bhungraja Eclipta alba (Asteraceae) :used for hair and skin care

Aloe Vera Aloe barbadensis Mill,Aloe vulgaris (Asphodelaceae): Hair and skin treatment

Neem Azadirachta Indica (Meliaceae): blood purifier, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal

treatment

Gaertn.Terminalia belerica. (Combertaceae): antimalarial and antifungal activity

Different plant having antibacterial potency:

Sandalwood Santalum album (Rutaceae): cosmetic industry and antibacterial activity

Neem Azadirachta Indica (Meliaceae): blood purifier, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial

activity treatment

Cloves Syzygium aromaticum(Myrtaceae): carminative, anthelmintic.aromatherapy and

antibacterial activity

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus occidentalis(Myrtaceae): natural insecticide, drain swamps ,anti

-bacterial activity

permanent)transient

depression of bone growth



1. Sapindus emarginatus

Botanical Name: Sapindus emarginatus VAHL.

Family: SAPINDACEAE

Habit: Tree

Threat Status: Low Risk-Least Concerned / Regional

Used In: Ayurveda, Folk and Unani

Distribution

The southern species is native to India, globally distributed in India, Sri Lanka and

Myanmar. Within India, it is common in peninsular India. It is also cultivated on avenues

or for ornamental purposes7, 8.

Common Uses

vomit, and laxation induces abortion. Useful headache, toxic love, skin diseases, itching,

boils and kapha diseases. A burning sensation in the body, burning sensation in the case

of fruit paste is applied externally headache Fruit juice is used as a Nasal drop in

headache /hemicranias

Trade Name

Aritha ,aritha, aritha bada (no.1), aritha dal, chal, aritha phal, reetha, ritha, ritha

naya,reetha, rita, soapnut,reetha, ritha, soapnuts

Table 4: Language and vernacular name of Sapindus emarginatus

Language

(No. of Names)

Vernacular Name

Arabic (2) findaqe-hindi or fandaqe-hindi, bandaqe-hindi



Hindi (4) ritha, rithah, ritha or rithah, reetha

Kannada (12) kookatakayi, kudale-kaye, kukate-kayi, noorekayi, urvanjik-kaya,

aralakai, andala, puchakotte, aratala, antaala, nore kaayoi, thogate mara

Malayalam (4) chavakayimaram, punnan-kotta, urvanjik-kaya, uruangi

Marathi (3) aritha, rimgi, rimthi Oriya (1)ritha Persian (1)ratah

Sanskrit (4) arishta, arishtaphalam, aristam, phenila

Tamil (20) ponnankottai, manipungan maram, poovandikottai, kottan,

manipunkam, ponnan-kittai, poongan-kottay, poongankottai,

punnangkottai, puvandi, manay poongung kai, poovandie cottay,

naikottai, pucha, bunthikottai, puvamkottai, poochi-kai, pungan-

kottaei, nalkottai, pounanga

Telugu (9) kukudu-kayalu, kungititkaya, kunkudu-chettu, kunkudu-kayalu,

kunkudu, rittachettu, kukudu, kookudu chettu, kunkudu chett

2. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Botanical Name: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Family: MALVACEAE

Habit: Shrub

Used In: Ayurveda, Folk, Unani and Sidha

Distribution

This species is a native to China, globally distributed in the Pantropics. Within India, it is

grown as an ornamental plant in gardens throughout and often planted as a hedge or fence

plant.

Common Uses



Hibiscus flower preparations are used for hair care. The flowers themselves are edible

and are used in salads in the Pacific Islands. The flowers are used to shine shoes in parts

of India.It a pH indicator indicator.China green magenta / dark pink solution turns acidic

and basic solutions of roses. It is also used to worship the goddess and especially red are

an important part of the system. Indonesia, the flowers literally "shoe flower" is the

"kembang sepatu", is called. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Chinese herbology is believed to

have a number of medical applications.

Trade Name

chemparathiveru, chemparathiyila, chemparathiyila pacha, jaasvanti phool (lal),

jashwanti, jaswand, japa, jasvanti phool (safed), javaphool, jawa phool / gurhal, jawaful ,

hibiscus flower

Table 5: Language and vernacular name of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Language

(No. of Names)

Vernacular Name

Arabic (3) angharae-hindi, angharaehindi, angharae--hindi

Hindi (10) gudhal, jassoon, jasum, jasund, jasut, java, odhul, guthur, jasun, gurhal

Kannada (16) dasanige, dasanihu, dasavala, dasavana, kempupundrika, nadeya,

dasalagida, daasaala, daasanige, daasari hoo, daasavaala,

kempupundrike, dasala, dasana, dasanapu, daswala

Marathi (7) jasund, jasavanda, dasindachaphula, jassvandi, jaasavand, darshan,

jasvand

Sanskrit (19) arkapriya, aruna, harivallabha, japa, japaapushpa, japapushpa,

japapushpam, java, joba, odhrapushpa, odrapuspa, ondrakhya,

ondrapuspi, oundrapuspa, pratika, raktapushpi, rogapuspi,

rudhrapushpa, trisandhya



3. Mirabilis jalapa L.

Botanical Name: Mirabilis jalapa L.

Family: NYCTAGINACEAE

Habit : Herb


Distribution

Distribute this species, native to Peru in the tropics, and cultivated in all tropical regions.

Within India, it is cutlivated throughout and is met with as an escape in many places.

Uses

The flowers are used in food coloring. The leaves are cooked and eaten, but only one can

be used as emergency food. An edible crimson color cake and jelly in herbal medicine are

derived from the flowers, plant parts, a diuretic, purgative, and for vulnerary (wound

healing) can be used as objectives. Root as well as a diuretic and purgative is considered

aphrodisiac. It is used to treat ascites. The leaves are used to reduce inflammation. A

decoction of them (mashing and boiling) is used to treat abscesses. Leaf juice can be used

to treat wounds. Powder, some varieties of seeds are used as a cosmetic and color. The

seeds are considered poisonous.

Table 6: Language and vernacular name of Mirabilis jalapa L.

Language

(No. of Names)

Vernacular Name

Arabic (1) zahr-ul-ajl

Assamese (1) godhuligopa

Bengali (1) krishnakeli



English (3) four-o clock plant, marvel of peru, false jalap

Hindi (5) gulabash, gulabbas, gule-aabbas, guleaabbas, gulabans

Kannada (20) chandra-mallige, chandramallige, gulamaji, madhyanha malligay,

madhyanhamallige, sanja-mallige, sanjamallige, sanjimallige, chandra

mallige, naalku ghante hoo, madhyaana mallige, vibhoothi gida, naalku

gante hoovu, sanje amllige, chandra mallige, gulabaasa, gullumunchi,

kalluli, madhyahna mallige, naalku gante hoo

Malayalam (6) andi-malleri, anthimalari, anti-malari, anti-mantaram, antimalari,

antimantaram

Manipuri (1) mugalei

Marathi (5) gulbas, gulbaashi, saayankaali, emdraks, meremdi

Mizoram (1) aratukkhuan

Tamil (53) antinarulu, pattarachi, pattarashu, antimalli, andimalligai,

andimandarai, andimalli, bhathrakshi, patrashi, anthi-mallikai,

antimantarai, anti, antippu, antimantaram, antimallai, antimallikai,

annmalarntan, antimalarakikam, antimalari, antimalakikacceti,

ammukkili, arukolacceti, arukolam, kanankacikam, kenta, cantira

mallikai, cannata vali, civappuantimalli, tivacttiyaceti, tivacattiyam,

tumpara mallikai, taimilamuli, taittilamulicceti, pattaracu, pattiratcam,

pattiratci, pattiraksi, paruvatikantam, malai antimalli,

malaiantimalligaicceti, ripuncakaceti, ripuncakam, antimalarantan,

cannatavali, cantiramallikai, kenta 2, malaiyantimalli,

malaiyantimallikaicceti, paruvaikkantam, ripuncakacceti, taittilamuli,

tivacattiyacceti, tumparamallikai

4. Euphorbia tirucalli L



Botanical Name: Euphorbia tirucalli L.

Family: EUPHORBIACEAE

Habit: Shrub


Distribution

African origin, this species, global Paleotropics distribution. Within India, it is especially

dry parts of Bengal and South India, is neutral, and mostly grown in defense.

Common uses

Their uses in traditional medicine in many cultures. The cancer, excrescences, tumors,

and Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Malabar, such as is used to treat warts in

different places. Also, asthma, cough, ear use, neuralgia, rheumatism, toothache and the

warts are applying. Cancer treatment9, 10 milk bush is some interest. Burkitt's lymphoma

is associated with the Euphorbia Tirucalli and treatment of disease rather than as a

cofactor has been

Table 7: Language and vernacular name of Euphorbia tirucalli L.

Language

(No. of Names)

Vernacular Name

Arabic (2) zaqqume-hindi, azfur zukkum

Bengali (2) siju, lanka sij

English (1) tirucalli rubber

Hindi (16) barki-sehund, barki-thohar, konpahlsehnd, konpal-sehnd, sehnd, sehnr,

sehud, sehund, sendh, shirthohar, sindh, thohra, konpal, angli thor,

gangli-thor, anglithor

Kannada (32) bonta-kalli, bottugalli, kalli, kodukalli, kolugalli, kolukalli, mondukalli,

nandugalli, pachanegalli, yellegulla, kolu kalli, kodugalli,

mundugalika, mundugalli, pacchaneballi, taria, bontakalli, bontekalli,

kadunevali, kodekalli, mondugalli, munukalli, nandukalli, nundugalli,

paccanegalli, pachan, bottu kalli, jiggalli, jiggu kalli, kodu galli, kolu

galli, nandu galli

Malayalam (11) guda, kalli, katerumakkalli, kol-kalli, kolkalli, tiruk-kalli, tirukalli,



kateruma, katterumakkalli, tirucalli, tirukkalli

Marathi (13) nevli, thuvar, shar, seyr, tej, kada nivali, nirval, nivla, seyrteg, shera,

vajraduhu, nival, portugali

Oriya (7) vajradruma

Sanskrit (14) bahukshira, dandasruha, dandathuhara, dugdhika, ganderi, kampillaka,

satala, snuhi, snuk, snuka, trikantaka, trikuntaka, vajradruma,

vajravrksah

Telugu (24) chemudu, jemudu, jemudu-kadalu, kada-jemudu, kadajamudi,

kadujemudu, kalli, kanjijemudu, sannajemudu, jamudu, manchi

jamudu, kanchi jemudu, sanna jemudu, cemudu, chemadu,

kancijemudu, kundigi, sannajamudu, kaadu jemmudu, kanji jemudu,

pullajeedikada, pullakada, thirugu jemmudu, thirukalli

5. Vitex negundo L.

Botanical Name: Vitex negundo L.

Variety: purpurascens

Family: VERBENACEAE

Used In: Ayurveda

Common uses

V. negundo leaves discutient features and arthritis in the joints and swellings sprains

apply. They swellings from rheumatic arthritis and sprains can be applied locally. The

juice of the leaves is used for the treatment of fetid discharges.

Table 8: Language and vernacular name of Vitex negundo L

Language

(No. of Names)

Vernacular Name



Malayalam (2) karinocci, nocci

Sanskrit (1) nirgundi

Hindi (5) Mewri,Nirgundi,Nisinda, Sambhalu, Sawbhalu

Malayalam(1) Indrani

Punjabi(4) Banna,Marwan, Maura, Mawa, Swanjan Torbanna

Tamil (5) Chinduvaram,Nirnochchi, Nochchi, Notchi, Vellai-nochchi

Telugu(4) Sindhuvara,Vavili, Nalla-vavili, Tella-vavili

6. Saussurea lappa C.B.CL

Botanical Name: Saussurea lappa C.B.CL.

Family: ASTERACEAE

Used In: Ayurveda, Folk, Tibetian, Unani and Sidha

Distribution:

This species is endemic to India between 2500-3600 meters high are found only in

Kashmir. It is grown in Kashmir valley and the Himalayan.

Uses

Their uses in traditional medicine in many cultures. The cancer, excrescences, tumors,

and Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Malabar, such as is used to treat warts in

different places. Also, asthma, cough, ear use, neuralgia, rheumatism, toothache and the

warts are applying. There is some interest in milk bush as a cancer treatment11, 12.

Trade Name

kooth, kottam, kuth, kuth / uplit, kuth meetha, pohkar mool, uplet, uplet (kuth), uplet

basal imphal, uplet basal moti, uplet meethi, kuth, kuth (sweet), pushkarmool

(pokharmool), kuth mota /barik, kuth (bitter),kutki



Table 9: Language and vernacular name of Saussurea lappa C.B.CL

Language

(No. of Names)

Vernacular Name

Malayalam (4) kottam, seppudday, sepuddy, simakkottam

Sanskrit (50) agada, amaya, apya, bhasura, dushta, gada, gadakhya, gadavha,

gadavhaya, haribhadraka, jarana, kadakhya, kakala, kashmirja,

kashtam, kasmira, kaubera, kinjalka, kushta, kushtam, kushtha, kustha,

kusthah, kustham, kuthika, kutsita, niruja, padmaka, pakala, pakalam,

palaka, paribhadraka, paribhavya, pauskara, pavana, puskara,

puskaramula, rama, roga, rogavhaya, ruja, ruk, ruka, utpala, utpalam,

vaniraja, vapya, vyadhi, vyapya, ja

Hindi (10) koostha, kootha, kot, kur, kust, kut, kuth, pachak, pokharmul, koot

Malayalam(4) kottam, seppudday, sepuddy, simakkottam

Persian (1) kust

Tamil (15) goshtam, gostham, kostam, kostum, putchuk, kottam, kura, oli, chagal

koshtam, gostan, jathikoshtam, koshtam, katakuvayam, kostam 2,

kutavapiritam

Telugu(7) cengala, changala, chengulva, kostamu, kostu, kustam, kushtamu

Urdu (7) qust, quest shirin, qust-shirin, karwa koth, qust shirin, qust talkh, qust-

i-talkh

Medicine, Ayurveda, the Indian system based on modern research and development and

less effort has been made to improve practice. Today, medicinal plants and associated

(mental illness of Management), Bala system (pediatrics), continued deforestation and

depletion of environmental Agada Tantra (Toxicology), Bhuta Vidya aggravated by the

expansion of modern education in various Ayurvedic formulations in various literature

reviews, the plant Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been hard to show

that.It is easier to protect patient repeadily.



1. L.V. Buwa et al [2006] carried out antimicrobial activity of natural plants used against

diseases on an Aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts in South Africa.

2. R. C. Jagessar et al [2007] reported antimicrobial activity of natural plants of Luffa

operculata against Peltophorum pterocarpum.

3. B. Mahesh et al [2008] carried out antibacterial and antifungal activity on Methanol

leaf Acacia nilotica, Sida cordifolia, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and

extract of Ziziphus mauritiana.

4. C. Delahaye et al [2009] patented out investigation Crude extracts from natural herb

leaves Callistemon viminalisa on a Methanol, hexane and aqueous extracts

5. G.Sashikala Devi et al [2009] carried out antimicrobial activities of Luffa Cylindrica

(Linn) ethanolic extracts was found to be the most effective and showed The Zone of

Inhibition (mm) at various concentrations of ethanolic extract of Luffa cylindrica was

found to the range 50 mg/ml to150 mg/ml on tested all the test organisms.

6. S. Sasidharan et al [2009] reported on Swietenia mahagoni crude methanol for

antifungal activity and antibacterial activity

7. N. Toudert et al [2009] reported on Ampelodesma mauritanica for Butanolic and

antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts

8. G.S. Chakraborthy et al [2009] reported out on Mirabilus jalap leaf extracts on five

different crude extracts for antimicrobial activity

9. K. Girija et al [2010] carried out investigation on Bombax Malabaricum for the

evaluation of antimicrobial activity of bark extracts

10. R. Vijaya bharathi et al [2010] reported out Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of

on various leaf extracts of Barringtonia acutangula.

11. G.Gunaselvi et al [2010] reported anti bacterial and antifungal Activity of leaves, on

a petroleum ether Hardwickia binata Roxb (Caesalpinaceae) extracts chloroform and

ethanolic leaves extracts of Hardwickia binataroxb (Caesalpinaceae).

12. J. Noor et al [2010] thuja occidentalis, vernonia anthelmintica, dryopteris

Chrysocoma and trachyspermum ammi methanolic extracts of natural plants conducted to

evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and Antifungal activities were tested



13. Akilandeswari .S et.al [2010] carried antimicrobial activity studies for leaf extracts

of Sida acuta L. Two common solvents i.e chloroform and ethanol (35%) were used

successively for extraction of active principles from the dried powdered leaves.

14. R.Mahajan et al [2010] carried out significance report Blumea lacera various

extracts were checked for possible microbial contamination

15. N.R. Bhalodia et al [2011] carried out significance report of Cassia fistula Lin for

the microbial activity.

16. W. Islam et al [2010] carried out significance report of Solanum torvum in two

different organic solvents chloroform and methanol for the microbial infections

17. Shibumon George et al [2010] carried out antimicrobial screening studies for

identifying a plant with potential antimicrobial activity of Flacourtia inermis Roxb were

used for studying their antibacterial property

18. Didem fiöhretolu et al [2007] reported antibacterial and antifungal activities of

Quercusmacranthera subsp. syspirensis; Q. cerris, Q. pubescens, and Q.coccifera were

investigated using broth microdilution.

19. Gupta raj Narayan et al [2010] Achryanthesaspera microbial activity report of the

holiday, Alternanthepungens, Cynodon dactylon against Bacillus subtilis was examined,

Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas agar diffusion technique using aeroginosa

20. Ranajit K. Banerjee et al [2002] carried out investigation on Azadirachta indica for

antimicrobial ctivity

21. Senthamarai R.S et al [2010] carried out. Antimicrobial activity studies for Sida

acuta L.to determine tne MIC and ZI

22. Bashir Ahmad et al [2010] carried out Antimicrobial activity of Polygonum

persicaria

23. Krishna a et al [2007] carried out investigation of Embelia ribes foe microbial

activity on of the ethanol extract of the leaves

24. R.B Vijaya et al [2010] carried out extraction and evaluation screening on various

extracts of acutangula Barringtonia for

25. Noor. J et al [2010] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the

determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.



26. Chowdhury et al [2009] screening of leaf extracts of Verbenaceae evaluated

Antibacterial and antifungal activity

27. Kalimuthu K. et al [2010] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the

determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity on Jatropha curcas L.

28. Al-Zoreky N. S. et al [2009] studied antimicrobial activity of Punica granatum L for

the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.

29. Hülya Orak H et al [2011] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for

the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity

30. Patil R. H. et al [2009] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the

determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity of Aegle marmelos Linn

31. Yadav N.P. et al [2009 reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the


32. Abba Danaldi et al [2009 reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the


33. Adenike Okunlola et al [2007] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for

the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.

34. Ajay K. Gautam et al [2009] was carried out on inspection herbal materials used in

Triphala preparation for the detection of fungal and bactiral strains activity for ZI and

MIC

35. A. Sharma et al [2008] was carried out on inspection on natural plants for the

stability and standardization of various natural plants used for extraction to determine the

fugal and bacterial activity

36. Archana Gautam et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants

to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

37. Aziz Nagy et al [1998] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to

analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

38. Bandaranayake M. W et al [2006] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants

for the determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.

39. Chitrarekha Kulkarni et al [2010] reviewed that according to WHO standards,

values of the microbial limits should not exceed 105/g for total aerobic bacteria, 103/g for



yeast and moulds, 10/g for E. coli whereas Salmonellae, Staphylococci and Pseudomonas

should totally be absent.

40. Hardik K. Soni et al [2010] analyzed Manjistha, Kokam and Punarnava for

Microbial analysis and revealed that these herbal drugs shown < 10 cfu/gm total bacterial

counts.

41. Kalaiselvan V. et al [2010] reviewed and suggested that as the use of herbal

preparations by patients is increasing, there is an urgent need for pharmacists and

physicians to have knowledge about the safety of these preparations.

42. Kedzia B. et al. et al [1989] reviewed that the antimicrobial activity of drug plants

had been studied in India and abroad but there is very less literature regarding microbial

contamination of herbal drugs however some workers have reported fungi from plants

part used in drug preparation.

43. Kunle et al [2012] was carried out on inspection on natural plants for the stability

and standardization of various natural plants used for extraction to determine the fugal

and bacterial activity

44. Mruthyumjaya meda rao et al [2011] investigated the herbal formulations for

heavy metals and pesticides residues and found that heavy metals and pesticides residues

are beyond the WHO specifications.

45. Nakajima K. et al [2005] stated that natural plants for the stability and

standardization of various natural plants used for extraction to determine the fugal and

bacterial activity

46. Nandna Khurana et al [2010] Investigated the five herbal formulation and found

that total Yeast and mould count in all five samples is beyond the prescribed limits of

WHO

47. Ogbonnia S. O, et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to


48. Okoko, F. J. et al [2010] studied the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and

Staphylococcus saereus from wound infections to the gel and ethanolic leaf extracts of

Aloe vera plants.

49. Okunlola Adenike et al [2007] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants




50. Oluyege J. O. et al [2010] investigated microbial contamination of some herbal

products hawked in Ado-Ekiti metropolis. They have hawked eight herbal medicines and

investigated to bacteriological examination.

51. Santosh Mk et al [2004] investigated the microbiological analysis of various

marketed herbal products using total plate count.

52. Parmar S et al [2011] analyzed the Zymodyne syrup for microbial content and found

that were absent while yeast, moulds and total aerobic viable were present below the

prescribed limit.

53. Sherikar A. S et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to


55. Soni Hardik K. et al [2010] analyzed the capsule containing herbal drug as per

procedures of Indian pharmacopoeia 2007 and WHO Guideline.

54. Sunita Panchawat et al [2009] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants


55. Ukani krunal A. et al [2010] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to


56. Cheterjee et al[1992] was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to analysis

antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

57. Gilani A et al [2005 was carried out on investigation on medicinal plants to analysis

antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

58. Shanmugakumar.S.D. et al [2008] was carried out on investigation on medicinal

plants to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

59. N. Toudert et al [2009] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the

determination of antifungal and antibacterial activity.of Ampelodesma mauritanica

60. G.S. Chakraborthy et al [2009] reported out antibacterial and antifungal studies of

Mirabilus jalap leaf extracts to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

61. K. Girija et al [2010] Fungal and bacterial analysis of the antimicrobial activity of

bark extracts of Bombax Malabaricum antimicrobial activity evaluation conducted

62. F. Hussain et al [2010] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the




63. B. Sharma et al [2008] reported antimicrobial evaluation of various plants for the


64. Bari M.A et al [2009] reported antimicrobial evaluation of Solanum torvum

65. N. Sarojini et al [2012] reported the to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and

bacteria

66. K. Komaleeswari et al [2012] Fungal and bacterial analysis of the antimicrobial

activity of the bark of Delonix elata antibacterial and antifungal potential to check out

with a purpose

67. R. Saravanan et al [2012] reviewed the to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal

and bacteria extracts of Euphorbia hirta

68. C. M Asif Iqbal et al [2012] Review the ethanol, distilled water, methanol and

chloroform roots of Tinospora Crispa vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts.

Extracts of Euphorbia hirta

69. D.Kanimozhi et al [2012] Ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, Hexane and

Cynodon dactylon (L.) individuals of the petroleum ether extract of the antimicrobial

activity were reviewed. (Family - Poaceae) for the analysis of fungal and bacterial

antimicrobial activity tested

70. S. A. Manjari et al [2012] reported benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate,

ethanol and Albizzia lebbek (L), methanol extracts of the leaves of the in vitro

antibacterial activity of fungal and bacterial analysis of the antimicrobial activity

71. G. P Singh et al [2012] carried out the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera tree

is known as a Miracle tree as almost every part of this tree possesses product useful for

humans. to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

72. P. Jain et al [2012] reported the to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

antibacterial activity of a new flavone glycoside from the seeds of cassia sophera linn

gainst Bacillus coagulas, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas

aerugenosa

73. C. Baskaran et al [2012] reported antimicrobial evaluation of Acalypha indica was

tested to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

74. S.S Narayan et al [2012] reviewed the methanolic extract of leaf, flower and stem of

Leonotis nepetifolia was analyzed for antibacterial activity



75. S G. Killeda at al [2012] reported the nine different solvents based on extractive

values were used for extraction to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

76. M. B .Cyriac et al [2012] reported the husk fibres of Areca catechu (areca nut) are

reported to be used by the people of rural areas of Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka for

cleaning their teeth to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and bacteria

78. M. Chitraa et al [2003] tested Embelin to analysis antimicrobial activity for fungal and

bacteria they showed Embelin showed significant antibacterial activity mostly in the

higher concentration.

INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW -...

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