INTRODUCTION - Highland Township · Death by Black Hole and other Cosmic Quandaries – Neil...
Transcript of INTRODUCTION - Highland Township · Death by Black Hole and other Cosmic Quandaries – Neil...
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INTRODUCTION● Lawrence Halstead ● Email: [email protected] ● Cell: 810-449-1357
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ASTRONOMY BASICS● Planets, stars, galaxies – an issue of scale● Most celestial objects can be found by locating two
roughly flat, circular planes● Ecliptic plane (Solar System)● Galactic plane (Milky Way)
● Distances are usually measured in light years● 1 light year = distance light travels in 1 year● Speed of light = 186,000 miles / second● 1 light year = a little less than 6 trillion miles
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Plane #1 : The Ecliptic Plane
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The Solar System
The Ecliptic Plane
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THE ECLIPTIC PLANE
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moon
venus
saturn
mars
sun
THE ECLIPTIC PLANE
This is where you can see the Sun, the Moon and all the planets
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Views from the Ecliptic Plane
Al Bates - FAAC
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Mercury
NASA
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Venus
NASA / JPL
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The Moon
LICK OBSERVATORY
NASA
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Mars (+2 moons)
NASA / JPLNASA / USGS
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Jupiter (+67 moons)
NASA / CASSINI
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Saturn (+62 moons)
NASA / JPL / CASSINI / ESA
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Uranus (+27 moons)
NASA/ESA/STSClESO
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Neptune (+14 moons)
15NASA / VOYAGERNASA / JPL
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Pluto (+5 moons)
NASA-JHUAPL-SWRI -
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Dwarf Planets
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LEXICON
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Kuiper Belt (out to about .001 LY)
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ASA/ESA/G. Bacon
WilyD on English Wikipedia
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Oort Cloud (out to about 0.7 LY away)
19NASA
w/ User / Mkfairdpm
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The Planets and the Sun
Most stars are smaller than the Sun….
But most stars that we can see are larger than the Sun.
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Our Sun to AntaresRigel is 50,000 times more luminous than the Sun.
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Sun/Ecliptic
Plane #2:
THE MILKY WAY GALAXY (artist’s concept, not a photo) – 80,000 light years across
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The ecliptic plane and the Milky Way galaxy
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THE MILKY WAY GALAXY as seen from within
This is where you can find nebulae and star clusters in abundance
Kerry-Ann Lecky Hepburn - http://www.weatherandsky.com/
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THE MILKY WAY GALAXY – The big picture
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Views from the Galactic Plane
Kerry-Ann Lecky Hepburn - http://www.weatherandsky.com/
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Beyond Plane #2: Andromeda Galaxy (M31) – 2.3 million light years away
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Views from beyond the Galactic Plane
Kerry-Ann Lecky Hepburn - http://www.weatherandsky.com/
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Virgo Galaxy Cluster – 60 million light years away
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As far as we can see (Hubble Deep Field) – about 10 billion light years
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Astronomy BasicsSummary● Celestial objects appear to rise and set in roughly circular
paths.● The sun is a larger than average star about halfway out
along a small spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.● The positions of various celestial objects are predictable.● Once you know where to look, it all makes sense.
● Sun, Moon, and planets in the ecliptic plane.● Star clusters and nebulae in the galactic plane.● Galaxies above or below the galactic plane.
● The scales are daunting.
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A telescope is a light bucket
REU program, N.A.Sharp/NOAO/AURA/NSF
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Different types of scopes
REFRACTOR
REFLECTOR
SCHMIDT-CASSEGRAIN
Messer Woland
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Setting up the rental scopes
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Finder
Main eyepiece
Do not touch knobs on back of the scopeFocus knob
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Setting up your finder
Al Bates - FAAC
EYEPIECE FINDER - ADJUSTFINDER
EYEPIECEFINDER
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Turn on the red dot finder
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Turn this dial CW (click) to turn on the red dot. Turn it farther to make it brighter.
Look through here to see the red dot.
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Align the red dot finder
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Turn this knob to move the red dot from side to side
Turn this knob to move the red dot up and down
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Tonight’s targets:
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● The Moon ● Jupiter ● Saturn ● Mars ● ISS (10:02 PM for 3 minutes) ● Albireo ● Hercules Cluster ● Ring Nebula
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Why do constellations change during the year?
Spring Virgo, Leo
Summer Sagittarius, Scorpius
Fall Pegasus, Pisces
Winter Orion, Gemini
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Summer guidepostslooking high toward southeast
SCORPIUS
AQUILA
LYRA
HERCULES
CYGNUS
SAGITTARIUS
THE SUMMER TRIANGLE OF BRIGHT STARS: DENEB IN CYGNUS, VEGA IN LYRA, ALTAIR IN AQUILA
CYGNUS THE SWAN FLIES ALONG THE SUMMER MILKY WAY TOWARD THE GALACTIC CENTER. .
THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY LOOKS LIKE STEAM RISING FROM THE TEAPOT OF SAGITTARIUS.
ECLIPTIC PLANE
GALACTIC PLANE
HERCULES IS A TRAPEZOID LYING 1/3 OF THE WAY FROM VEGA TO ARCTURUS.
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Moon’s path Milky Way
Looking Southwest mid-summer to early fall 2016
Horizon
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Looking southeast high overhead mid-summer to early fall
Milky Way The “Northern Cross”
Hercules Star Cluster
Albireo: Blue and Gold Double Star
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Seeing the ISS● Go to NASA Human Space Flight
Tracking website: ● http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/tracking/
● Click “sighting opportunities” ● Input your location ● Find sighting times and
directions. ● Remember that satellites
generally fly west to east.
Mike Tyrell – astrospider.com
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Neutron Stars● Massive star undergoes
supernova. ● Remnants collapse into highly
dense core. ● 1 tsp of material would weigh about
12,000,000,000,000 lbf on Earth. ● As electron capture occurs, protons
become neutrons. ● As collapse occurs, spin becomes
very rapid. ● May appear to us as a pulsar.
NASA/ESA/Hubble
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Black Holes● If the initial star is sufficiently
massive, the collapse does not stop at the neutron level.
● The core collapses to a singularity.
● Such a severe distortion in space and time that light cannot escape - i.e. escape velocity is greater than c.
● Space and time effectively face a threshold at the event horizon.
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● Millions – or billions of solar masses
● Occur at the center of most galaxies.
● Ingest matter in a disk shape and eject what escapes in polar jets.
Supermassive Black Holes
NASA/JPL/CalTech
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The Supermassive Black Hole in Our Galaxy
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Supermassive Black Holes● Most are fairly “quiet.” ● When they become active, the gas
/ dust / stars streaming into the hole become very hot and very bright.
● When they become active, the jets become very hot and very bright.
Ker
ry-A
nn L
ecky
Hep
burn
- ht
tp:/
/w
ww
.wea
ther
ands
ky.co
m/
NA
SA
/ES
A/H
ubbl
e
QUIET
ACTIVE
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Quasars
● Originally thought to be very energetic, nearby stars. ● Found to be beyond – way beyond – the reaches of our
galaxy. ● This meant that these objects were as bright as entire
galaxies, but very small and very far away. ● More numerous at great distances – i.e. very long ago. ● Now thought to be galaxies in the process of formation,
with active black holes gathering mass and producing enormous energy.
NASA/ESA/Hubble
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Gravitational Lensing
● Extreme gravity around massive objects distorts space and time.
● This can cause light to bend as it follows the curvature of spacetime.
● Such a phenomenon can act like a lens.
NASA/ESA/Hubble
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Gravitational Waves● Detected in September 2015 at two locations almost
simultaneously. ● These two instruments measured tiny (1/1000 the
size of a proton) distortions in spacetime by measuring the stretching of the Earth as the waves pass through it.
● The results matched Einstein’s predictions precisely for the merging of two medium sized black holes at ~ 1/2 c about 1.3 billion years ago.
● The energy difference between the merging black holes and the final black hole was 3 solar masses!!
● If gravitons were involved, they were limited to less than 10 e - 55 kg 51
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Recommended Reading● Nightwatch – Terence Dickinson – (Firefly) – Absolutely the best
source book for beginners.● Astronomy Hacks – Robert Bruce Thompson and Barbara
Fritchman Thompson – (O’Reilly) – Great tips for observing, describes what is generally learned only by experience.
● The Universe from your Backyard – David J. Eicher – (Astromedia) – Excellent reference for amateur observers.
● Death by Black Hole and other Cosmic Quandaries – Neil DeGrasse Tyson – (Norton) – Interesting description of current state of the art.
● Burnham’s Celestial Handbook Volumes 1 – 3 – Robert Burnham Jr. – (Dover) In depth reference, includes fascinating details, technical.
● Bad Astronomy – Philip Plait – (Wiley) – funny and accurate description of astronomy hoaxes and the arguments against them.
● Cosmos – Carl Sagan – (Random House) – still one of the best books on the subject, slightly outdated.
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Picture Credits● Celestron ● Robert Nemiroff and JerryBonnell – Astronomy Picture of the Day● Jerry Lodriguss - http://www.astropix.com/● Kerry-Ann Lecky Hepburn - http://www.weatherandsky.com/● Guillaume Dargaud - http://www.gdargaud.net● Mike Tyrell – astrospider.com● National Optical Astronomy Observatory/Association of Universities for
Research in Astronomy/National Science Foundation ● REU program, N.A.Sharp/NOAO/AURA/NSF● NASA, ESO, JPL● Messer Woland – Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 2.5● David Snyder - University Low Brow Astronomers● Al Bates - Ford Amateur Astronomy Club● Greg Burnett – Ford Amateur Astronomy Club● Paul Walkowski - University Low Brow Astronomers
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Summer scope targets
THE CYGNUS REGION IS ONE OF THE RICHEST STAR FIELDS IN THE MILKY WAY. THOUSANDS OF STARS CAN BE SEEN IN BINOCULARS
ALBIREO – BEAUTIFUL BLUE AND GOLD DOUBLE STAR
M57 RING NEBULA – REMAINS OF A DYING STAR LOOKS LIKE A DONUT 1400 LY
M92 GLOBULAR CLUSTER SLIGHTLY SMALLER THAN M13 26 KLY
M13 – STUNNING GLOBULAR CLUSTER ROUGHLY ½ MILLION STARS IN ONE SPHERICAL GROUP 21KLY DENEB 1600 LY
VEGA 25 LY
HERCULESCYGNUS
LYRA
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More summer scope targets
THE REGION SURROUNDING THE MILKY WAY GALACTIC CENTER IS PACKED WITH MILLIONS OF STARS AND HUNDREDS OF STAR CLUSTERS.
M17 SWAN NEBULA BRIGHT 6 KLY
M11 WILD DUCK CLUSTER 6 KLY
M22 GLOBULAR CLUSTER BRIGHT 10 KLY
M8 LAGOON NEBULA BRIGHT 4 KLY
M20 TRIFID NEBULA 5 KLY
JEWEL BOX CLUSTER
M4 GLOBULAR CLUSTER 14 KLY
ANTARES – RED SUPERGIANT STAR 600 LY
ALTAIR 17 LY
AQUILA
SAGITTARIUS
SCORPIUS
OPHIUCHUS