CHAMBER: SPECIALITY CHEMICALS AND SURFACE COATINGS

SUBSECTOR: SPECIALITY CHEMICALS

MARCH 2014

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Please Note:

The CHIETA developed subsector skills plans for the first time in 2013/2014, to achieve the mandate of the Chambers in terms of schedule 9(a) of the SDA 97 of 1998; to consult with the 9 sub-sectors of the Chemical Sector in areas of skills development and planning. The objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, and skills supply.

The CHIETA subsector skills plans are a great start but will continue to be strengthened going forward as work in progress with particular emphasis on detailed planning.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................1

1.2 FORMAT OF THE SUBSECTOR SKILLS PLAN..................................................................................1

1.3 SCOPE OF THE SUBSECTOR..........................................................................................................2

2 PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR...............................................................................................................4

2.1 ORGANISATIONS IN THE SUBSECTOR..........................................................................................4

2.1.1 EMPLOYERS..........................................................................................................................4

2.1.2 EMPLOYER ASSOCIATIONS...................................................................................................5

2.1.3 TRADE UNIONS....................................................................................................................5

2.2 EMPLOYEES REPRESENTED BY THE CHAMBER.............................................................................6

2.2.1 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT..........................................................................................................6

2.2.2 EMPLOYMENT IN THE SUBSECTOR......................................................................................6

2.2.3 AGE....................................................................................................................................11

2.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................13

3 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR............................................14

3.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH.................................................................................................................14

3.2 FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON THE SECTOR...................................................................................15

3.2.1 LINKAGES WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES..................................................................................15

3.2.2 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES AND PLANS ..............................................16

3.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................17

4 THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR...................................................................................18

4.1 TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT..........................................................................................................18

4.2 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................24

5 THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR.......................................................................................25

5.1 NEW ENTRANTS TO THE LABOUR MARKET................................................................................25

5.2 THE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES.................................................................25

5.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................27

6 SKILLS SHORTAGES............................................................................................................................28

6.1 SCARCE SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR............................................................................................28

6.2 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................30

7 SKILLS PLAN FOR THE SUBSECTOR.....................................................................................................31

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Scope of the Speciality Chemicals Subsector...............................................................................2

Table 2-1 Levy-paying companies and WSP submissions according to subsector.......................................4

Table 2-2 Highest qualifications of employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector................................9

Table 2-3 Unidentified qualifications in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.............................................10

Table 2-4 Age distribution of employees per occupational category in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..................................................................................................................................................................12

Table 4-1 Managers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.......................................................................19

Table 4-2 Professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..................................................................20

Table 4-3 Technicians and associate professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.......................20

Table 4-4 Clerical support workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector................................................21

Table 4-5 Service and sales workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..............................................22

Table 4-6 Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..................................................................................................................................22

Table 4-7 Plant and machine operators and assemblers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector...............23

Table 4-8 Elementary occupations in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.................................................24

Table 5-1 Training opportunities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector...................................................26

Table 6-1 Scarce Skills in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector....................................................................29

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Total employment in the Chemical Sector.................................................................................6

Figure 2-2 Employment Type......................................................................................................................7

Figure 2-3 Employment: Race.....................................................................................................................7

Figure 2-4 Employment: Gender.................................................................................................................8

Figure 2-5 Percentage employees with disabilities per subsector: March 2012..........................................9

Figure 3-1 Average percentage change of Gross Value Added: 1970-2020: Other chemicals and man-made fibres................................................................................................................................................15

Figure 4-1 Employment: Occupations.......................................................................................................18

Figure 5-1 Proportion of employees who received training opportunities according to occupational category: March 2012...............................................................................................................................26

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABET Adult Basic Education and Training

AECI African Explosives and Chemical Industries

BET Basic Education and Training

CAIA Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association

CEPPWAWU Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union

Chemserve Chemical Services

CHIETA Chemical Industries Education and Training Authority

FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods

GIWUSA General Industries Workers Union of South Africa

HET Higher Education and Training

IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan

NIPF The National Industrial Policy Framework

OFO Organising Framework for Occupations

SACWU South African Chemical Workers Union

SHE&Q Safety, Health, Environment and Quality

UASA United Association of South Africa

US United States

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The Chemical Sector Education and Training Authority (CHIETA) consists of five chambers that represent the nine subsectors of the Chemical Sector. The five chambers are:

Petroleum and Base Chemicals Fast Moving Consumer Goods and Pharmaceuticals Explosives and Fertilisers Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Glass.

Skills planning is a core function of all SETAs and according to CHIETA’s constitution, this function cascades down to its constituent chambers. According to the CHIETA constitution the chambers are (among other things) responsible to consult with the nine subsectors in areas of skills development and planning. The ultimate objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the Chemical Sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, skills supply, and scarce and critical skills as they manifest in the respective subsectors and a strategic plan that addresses the needs of the total Chemical Sector and its subsectors.

In 2013 the CHIETA commissioned subsector skills plans for each of the nine subsectors. These documents provide detailed analyses of each of the subsectors and are meant to assist the respective chambers in skills planning and to reflect the skills needs of and skills planning for each of the subsectors.

In June 2013 nine workshops were held with representatives of each of the nine subsectors. The workshops were meant to inform the subsector skills plans and covered the following topics:

• The skills planning process and chambers’ responsibilities in this regard.• The profiles of the subsectors.• Economic growth of the subsectors and factors that influence the growth of the subsectors.• The demand for skills in the respective subsectors.• The supply of skills and supply-side challenges and constraints.• Skill shortages.• Key interventions taking place and needed in the respective subsectors.

Unfortunately the workshop for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector was cancelled because of a lack of interest from the stakeholders. For this reason, this subsector skills plan is mainly based on desk top research and a detailed analysis of the workplace skills plans (WSPs) and annual training reports (ATRs) submitted to CHIETA by employers in the sector in June 2012. In 2012 employers for the first time submitted individual employee records to CHIETA. For the purpose of this report, the data were weighted to extrapolate it to subsectoral totals.

Further information was obtained from desktop research and national data sources such as national accounts data. (National accounts data series were obtained from Quantec.)

PROFILE OF THE SPECIALITY CHEMICALS SUBSECTOR

In the 2011/2012 financial year there were 266 levy-paying companies in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, which forms 17.3% of levy-paying companies in the Chemical Sector as a whole). The levy contribution of the 266 companies is 7.9% of the total levies paid in the Chemical Sector. Only 113 of

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these companies submitted WSPs in 2011/2012. Seventeen (6.4%) of the 266 companies are categorised as large (employing 150 and more people), 42 (15.8%) as medium (employing between 50 and 149 people), another 72 (27.1%) as small (employing between 20 and 49 people) and 135 (50.8%) as micro (employing between 1 and 19 people).

In terms of employment the Speciality Chemicals Subsector employed 15 381 people – 9.9% of the employees in the total Chemical Sector. Most (87.5%) of the employees were permanently employed, while 8.9% were temporary workers and 3.6% were working as contractors at the end of March 2012. In terms of equity the majority of workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were African (52.3%) and males (73.4%) and 0.6% were people living with disabilities. Stakeholders who participated in the series of workshops in 2013 noted that it is difficult to employ disabled people (depending on their disability) in certain occupations in the Chemical Sector, due to health and safety requirements.

Africans were well represented in all the occupational categories except for managers and professionals. The total proportion of Africans employed in management positions was only 15.7% and for professionals only 20.4%. Females formed 59.6% of clerical support workers, 47.0% of service and sales workers, and 40.7% of professionals. About 44% of employees held qualifications at NQF Level 4 and about a third (32.6%) held post-school qualifications. Only 4.5% had very limited schooling and had not reached NQF Level 1. The average age for employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in 2012 was 41. A third (33.0%) were categorised as Youth (younger than 35), with 13.2% between 55 and 64. The data also showed that the oldest contingent of workers was managers. Their average age was 46. About a tenth (9.3%) of all workers in the subsector were close to retirement. The subsector needs to plan for the replacement of artisans sufficiently.

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR

There is no industry specific economic data for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in South Africa. The subsector falls within the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres Subsector in terms of economic data. Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres showed positive growth in every five-year period since 1970. Although the growth percentages differ from one five-year period to the next, there has not been a period of negative growth. The period 1975-1980 shows the best growth at more than 10%. The period of smallest growth was 2005-2010. This may have been a result of the onset of the global recession. The onset of the global recession, which began in 2008, and the resulting decline in production led to the loss of more than a million jobs in South Africa, over 200 000 of which were in the manufacturing sector. The manufacturing sector came under increasing levels of stress and declined by almost 20% between 2008 and 2009 and then recovered slightly with growth of 5% in 2010 and 2,5% in 2011.1 The projected figures show an average growth of 2.8% for the 2010-2015 period and 4.0% for the 2015-2020 period. These figures are lower than the projections for the total economy.

Due to the nature of the activities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector is subjected to the standard legislation and regulations in terms of occupational health and safety, and environmental conservation and management.

THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR

Due to the nature of the subsector 56.1% of the workforce worked as plant and machine operators and assemblers, technicians and associate professionals, and workers in elementary occupations. Another tenth were professionals. The main activities of the subsector relate to production of speciality chemicals and sales. Occupations in the production field that were in demand ranged from chemists and chemistry technicians to production supervisors and controllers and chemical production machine

1 The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa, The Industrial Policy Action Plan, 2012-2015.

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operators. In the sales field occupations such as marketing practitioners, sales representatives and sales clerks were in demand. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector has to compete with the other subsectors in the Chemical Sector for the mentioned skills.

THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR

The formation of skills starts with general education and training (i.e. the school system). The output from this system remains a concern to the Chemical Sector, mainly because the system seems to be unable to supply adequate numbers (and quality) of school leavers with mathematics and physical science passes that can pursue studies to become engineers, technologists, technicians and artisans. The general standard of education of school leavers who enter the labour market without any further training is also insufficient.

The supply of new skills from the FET colleges into the Chemical Sector has traditionally been very limited. However, Government’s recent focus on increasing both the quality and quantity of output from FET colleges holds the promise that these institutions can play a more significant role in skills supply to the Chemical Sector in future.

In respect of the supply of higher level skills to the sector, there has been substantial growth in the numbers of new graduates from universities and universities of technology in certain engineering fields. In terms of average annual output of national diplomas, growth is reported at 7% for diplomas in chemical engineering and technology and 6% for first degrees in the same field. Despite these positive growth trends, increases have not yet been sufficient to meet the needs of the national economy and the Chemical Sector in particular. In order to ensure future growth, it will be necessary to support higher education institutions through a variety of initiatives..

Companies in the Chemical Sector are involved in a range of training and development initiatives that focus on developing the skills of their employees. Such initiatives not only supplement, but also build on the training that supplies new skills to the sector. This training and development of the current workforce forms a critical source of skills supply. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector has invested in training quite extensively. In 2011/2012 training opportunities were afforded to 69.2% of employees in the subsector in total. About 71% of skilled and trade workers and 70.9% technicians and associate professionals received training. Large contingents of employees in the other occupational categories were also trained. The type of training opportunities that were afforded to employees related to short courses (33.9%), 27.2% to induction training, 21.1% to job specific development programmes and 11.6% to skills programmes.

Despite the initiatives to build the skills base of the industry and to stimulate and support the supply-side of the labour market, certain skills deficiencies still remain.

SKILLS SHORTAGES IN THE SUBSECTOR

In 2012 employers were for the first time required to provide information on scarce skills in their WSP submissions. In total a relatively small percentage of employers reported that they experienced skills shortages. This leaves the impression that the subsector is not severely affected by skills shortages. Nevertheless, some evidence of shortages of managers and professionals was received.

Of the 113 organisations whose WSPs were approved by the CHIETA, 35 (30.9%) indicated that they experienced a scarcity of skills. The total number of people needed to fill the vacancies that existed at that time in these organisations is 113; this equates to 0.7% of total employment in the subsector. The data showed that professionals such as chemists and technical representatives/salespersons were hard

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to find. Employers indicated that they planned on using interventions such as job specific development programmes, skills programmes and mentorships to address the scarcity of skills.

The CHIETA is currently engaged in a range of partnerships, agreements and plans to contribute to both the development of new skills for the sector, as well as the development of skills within the existing workforce. These initiatives range from support for further and higher education institutions, and partnerships with Government and industry associations.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Chemical Sector Education and Training Authority (CHIETA) consists of five chambers that represent the nine subsectors of the Chemical Sector. The five chambers are:

Petroleum and Base Chemicals Fast Moving Consumer Goods and Pharmaceuticals Explosives and Fertilisers Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Glass.

Skills planning is a core function of all SETAs and according to CHIETA’s constitution, this function cascades down to its constituent chambers. According to the CHIETA constitution the chambers are (among other things) responsible to consult with the nine subsectors in areas of skills development and planning. The ultimate objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the Chemical Sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, skills supply, and scarce and critical skills as they manifest in the respective subsectors and a strategic plan that addresses the needs of the total Chemical Sector and its subsectors.

In 2013 the CHIETA commissioned subsector skills plans for each of the nine subsectors. These documents provide detailed analyses of each of the subsectors and are meant to assist the respective chambers in skills planning and to reflect the skills needs of and skills planning for each of the subsectors.

In June 2013 nine workshops were held with representatives of each of the nine subsectors. The workshops were meant to inform the subsector skills plans and covered the following topics:

• The skills planning process and chambers’ responsibilities in this regard.• The profiles of the subsectors.• Economic growth of the subsectors and factors that influence the growth of the subsectors.• The demand for skills in the respective subsectors.• The supply of skills and supply-side challenges and constraints.• Skill shortages.• Key interventions taking place and needed in the respective subsectors.

Unfortunately the workshop for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector was cancelled because of a lack of interest from the stakeholders. For this reason, this subsector skills plan is mainly based on desk top research and a detailed analysis of the workplace skills plans (WSPs) and annual training reports (ATRs) submitted to CHIETA by employers in the sector in June 2012. In 2012 employers for the first time submitted individual employee records to CHIETA. For the purpose of this report, the data were weighted to extrapolate it to subsectoral totals.

Further information was obtained from desktop research and national data sources such as national accounts data. (National accounts data series were obtained from Quantec.)

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1.2 SCOPE OF THE SUBSECTOR

The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes that are applicable to the Speciality Chemicals Subsector are listed in the table below. The scope includes the following: manufacture, sale and/or distribution of diversified speciality chemicals for industrial use; and manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries.

Table 1-1 Scope of the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

SIC Code Scope of Coverage/Description

33502 Manufacture, sale and/or distribution of diversified speciality chemicals for industrial

use

36400 Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries

Speciality chemicals are chemicals that serve specific purposes. In South Africa there are more than 50 categories of speciality chemicals including textile dyes and chemicals, leather dyes and chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, intermediates for pesticides and herbicides, pigments, additives, electronic chemicals, adhesives, plastics, paints and water treatment chemicals, to mention just a few.2

1.3 FORMAT OF THE SUBSECTOR SKILLS PLAN

Chapter 2 provides a profile of the subsector. This profile includes the most important organisations in the subsector, as well as the employees working in the subsector.

Chapter 3 deals with the economic performance of the subsector and the factors that influence its performance. These factors include Government interventions specifically aimed at stimulating the growth of the Chemical Sector, containing pollution and promoting a green economy.

Chapter 4 of this subsector skills plan focuses on the demand for labour. The demand for labour is analysed from the perspective of the occupations that make up the subsector. The occupational information in turn provides insight into the type and level of skills needed.

Chapter 5 describes the supply of skills. As the subsector shares in the broader supply of skills to the Chemical Sector as a whole and to the total South African labour market, it is not possible to give a detailed analysis of supply as it would meet the demand for skills in the subsector. Instead a broad overview of supply trends are given.

Chapter 6 hones in on the mismatches that exist between the demand and supply sides of the labour market. Typically, these mismatches manifest in skills shortages and in skills deficiencies in the current workforce.

The last chapter of the sector skills plan should include the strategic planning of skills interventions aimed specifically at this subsector. This chapter will be completed once the Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Chamber has engaged with the content of the report and has attended to its own strategic plan.

2http://www.vut.ac.za/metadot/index.pl?id=79631&isa=Item&field_name=item_attachment_file&op=download_file . Accessed 6 June 2013.

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2 PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR

There are many manufacturers of speciality chemicals in South Africa. This includes integrated manufacturers that form part of large chemical complexes such as Sasol, diverse companies that has various manufacturing divisions and produce a variety of products and smaller companies that focus on specific products.3.

This chapter provides an overview of the organisations in the subsector as well as the employees of the subsector.

2.1 ORGANISATIONS IN THE SUBSECTOR

The role-players in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector are private companies (employers), industry associations, employer associations and trade unions.

2.1.1 EMPLOYERS

There are 266 levy-paying companies in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, which forms 17.3% of levy-paying companies in the Chemical Sector as a whole (see Table 2-1). The levy contribution of the 266 companies is 7.9% of the total levies paid in the Chemical Sector. Only 113 of these companies submitted WSPs in 2011/2012.

Table 2-2 Levy-paying companies and WSP submissions according to subsector

Subsector Number ofLevy-payingcompanies

% WSPsubmissions

% of totalcompanies

in sector

% of totalcompanies

in subsector

% of total levies paid

Base Chemicals 314 20.4 127 8.2 40.4 13.2Explosives 7 0.5 2 0.1 28.6 1.8Fertilisers 89 5.8 23 1.5 25.8 8.2FMCG 162 10.5 72 4.7 44.4 3.5Glass 124 8.0 19 1.2 15.3 5.4Petroleum 251 16.3 85 5.5 33.9 43.2Pharmaceuticals

131 8.5 64 4.2 48.9 12.9

Speciality Chemicals

266 17.3 113 7.3 42.5 7.9

Surface Coatings

118 7.7 60 3.9 50.8 3.5

Other 80 5.2 6 0.4 7.5 0.4Total 1 542 100.0 571 37.0 100.0

Source: SARS Levy data, 2011/2012; WSP data, 2011/2012.

3 Van Zyl, R. (2008). South African Chemical Sector Report on Skills Development and the Government’s New Economic Policy Priorities, March 2008.

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Seventeen (6.4%) of the 266 companies are categorised as large (employing 150 and more people), 42 (15.8%) as medium (employing between 50 and 149 people), another 72 (27.1%) as small (employing between 20 and 49 people) and 135 (50.8%) as micro (employing between 1 and 19 people) (see Table 2-2).

Table 2-2 Size of levy-paying companies that submitted WSPs

Size Levy-paying companies WSP submissions

N % N % of levy-paying companies

Large 17 6.4 16 94.1

Medium 42 15.8 32 76.2

Small 72 27.1 37 51.4

Micro 135 50.8 28 20.7

Total 266 100.0 113 42.5

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

2.1.2 EMPLOYER ASSOCIATIONS

Employers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector form part of the employers’ organisations in the Chemical Sector as a whole such as the Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association (CAIA). The South African chemical industry is represented by the CAIA, which has 172 members including chemical manufacturers, traders and industry service providers. Members are mainly large and medium size companies from base chemicals, fertilisers, plastics in primary form, pesticides and other agricultural products, explosives and speciality chemicals. CAIA’s primary goals are to promote responsible care, earn public trust for the chemical industry, improve the efficiency of its efforts, support education initiatives in science, engineering and technology and create maximum value for member companies. The association interacts with a number of employer bodies, including CHIETA, various professional societies and other associations representing subsections of the industry.4

2.1.3 TRADE UNIONS

Employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector belong to the following trade unions:

Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union (CEPPWAWU)

General Industries Workers Union of South Africa (GIWUSA)

Solidarity

South African Chemical Workers Union (SACWU)

United Association of South Africa (UASA)

These trade unions are all active in the CHIETA structures and the first four are members of the National Bargaining Council for the Chemical Industry.

2.2 EMPLOYEES IN THE SUBSECTOR

4 http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za. Accessed 23 May 2013.

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2.2.1 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT

Figure 2-1 below shows the total employment in the Chemical Sector on 31 March 2012. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector employed 15 381 people – 9.9% of the employees in the total Chemical Sector (Figure 2-1).

Base Chemicals 14.4% (22 466)

Explosives3.4% (5 287)

Fast Moving Consumer Goods15.2% (23 794)

Fertilisers3.6% (5 651)

Glass5.1% (8 002)

Petroleum28.4% (44 371)

Pharmaceuticals 14.2% (22 100)

Speciality Chem-icals

9.9% (15 381)

Surface Coatings5.3% (8 261)

Other0.5% (786)

Figure 2-1 Total employment in the Chemical Sector according to subsectorSource: WSP submissions, June 2012.

2.2.2 TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT

In 2012 most employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector (87.5%) were employed permanently, while 8.9% were temporary workers and 3.6% were working as contractors (Figure 2-4).

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Contractor3.6% (558)

Permanent87.5%

(13 453)

Temporary8.9%

(1 369)

Figure 2-2 Employment in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector according to employment type

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

2.2.3 EQUITY PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR

Race and Gender

The majority of workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were African (52.3%). White workers accounted for 28.9% of the employees and Coloureds for 10.8%. Indians constituted 7.9% of the workforce (Figure 2-3). In terms of gender the majority (73.4%) of workers in the subsector were male (Figure 2-4).

African52.3% (8 048)

Coloured10.8% (1 664)

Indian7.9% (1 217)

White28.9% (4 452)

Figure 2-3 Employment in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector according to race

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

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Female26.6% (4 091)

Male73.4% (11 290)

Figure 2-4 Employment in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector according to Gender

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Annexure 1 reports the race and gender distribution across the different occupational categories. Africans were well represented in all the occupational categories except for managers and professionals. The total proportion of Africans employed in management positions was only 15.7% and for professionals only 20.4%. Females formed 59.6% of clerical support workers, 47.0% of service and sales workers, and 40.7% of professionals.

Disability

There are 892 employees with disabilities working in the Chemical Sector. This equates to 0.6% of all employees in the sector. Figure 2-5 below displays the proportion of disabled employees by subsector. Only 0.6% of the employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were people living with disabilities.

Stakeholders who participated in the series of workshops in 2013 noted that it is difficult to employ disabled people (depending on their disability) in certain occupations in the Chemical Sector, due to health and safety requirements. It is particularly difficult in key production occupations. However, there was an acknowledgement that more effort needs to be made to identify those occupations in which people with disabilities can be employed and to recruit people with disabilities for these occupations. In addition, CHIETA will work with stakeholders on training around disability awareness. CHIETA is supporting projects aimed at people with disabilities through the discretionary grants.

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Base Chem

icals

Explosiv

es

Fast M

oving C

onsumer Goods

Fertilise

rsGlas

s

Petroleu

m

Pharmace

uticals

Speci

ality

Chemica

ls

Surfa

ce Coati

ngsOther

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.7%

0.9%

0.3%

0.4%

1.1%

0.6%0.5%

0.6%

0.4%

0.3%

Figure 2-5 Percentage employees with disabilities per subsector: March 2012

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

2.2.4 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS

In the 2011/2012 WSP submissions employers provided information on the qualifications of the workers employed in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. Regrettably a total of 5 542 of employees’ qualification levels were not identified. However, based on the information that was available 44.5% of employees held qualifications at NQF Level 4 and only 4.5% had very limited schooling and had not reached NQF Level 1. About a third (32.6%) held post-school qualifications (Table 2-2).

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Table 2-3 Highest qualifications of employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

NQF Level N %

Below NQF Level 1 439 4.5

NQF Level 1 332 3.4

NQF Level 2 746 7.6

NQF Level 3 737 7.5

NQF Level 4 4 376 44.5

NQF Level 5 721 7.3

NQF Level 6 1 226 12.5

NQF Level 7 579 5.9

NQF Level 8 550 5.6

NQF Level 9 117 1.2

NQF Level 10 15 0.2

Total 9 838 100.0

Unspecified 5 542

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Of the workers whose educational levels were not provided in the WSP data, 28.1% worked in elementary occupations and 19.9% as plant and machine operators and assemblers. A further 13.3% were technicians and associate professionals and 10% were in management positions (Table 2-3).

Table 2-4 Occupations of people in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector whose educational levels were not specified

Occupation N %Managers 552 10.0Professionals 509 9.2Technicians and associate professionals 739 13.3Clerical support workers 447 8.1Service and sales workers 176 3.2Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers 396 7.1Plant and machine operators and assemblers 1 100 19.9Elementary occupations 1 556 28.1Learners 48 0.9Occupation unknown 19 0.3Total 5 542 100.0

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

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2.2.5 AGE

The average age for employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in 2012 was 41. A third (33.0%) were categorised as Youth (younger than 35), with 13.2% between 55 and 64. The data also showed that the oldest contingent of workers was managers. Their average age was 46. About a tenth (9.3%) of all workers in the subsector were close to retirement. When looking at the occupational categories individually it seems that 12.0% of skilled and trades workers, 11.8% of managers, 10.6% of plant and machine operators and assemblers, and 9.5% of the technicians and associate professionals were close to retirement. The subsector needs to plan for the replacement of these workers in good time.

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Table 2-5 Age distribution of employees per occupational category in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

Occupations

Age groups

Total Average age

Close to retirement

(55-60)15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %

Managers18 0.8 273 12.

3742 33.

4683 30.

8404 18.

210

14.5

2 220 100.0 46 261 11.8

Professionals 22 1.4 563 35.3

482 30.2

298 18.7

171 10.7

60 3.8

1 596 100.0 41 105 6.6

Technicians and associate professionals

73 2.7 774 29.0

795 29.8

621 23.3

351 13.2

54 2.0

2 669 100.0 42 254 9.5

Clerical support workers 77 4.5 547 31.9

507 29.6

333 19.4

212 12.4

38 2.2

1 714 100.0 41 144 8.4

Service and sales workers 13 3.0 159 37.2

143 33.6

60 14.1

44 10.3

8 1.8

426 100.0 39 34 8.0

Skilled related trades workers 35 4.7 223 29.6

165 21.9

207 27.5

109 14.5

14 1.9

752 100.0 42 90 12.0

Plant and machine operators and assemblers

99 3.2 876 28.0

935 29.9

725 23.2

447 14.3

43 1.4

3 125 100.0 42 332 10.6

Elementary occupations 185 6.7 1 055 38.2

742 26.9

450 16.3

295 10.7

34 1.2

2 762 100.0 38 206 7.5

Learners 36 36.9 49 50.1

10 10.6

2 2.4 0 0.0 0 0.0

98 100.0 28 0 0.0

TOTAL 558 3.6 4 519 29.4

4 521 29.4

3 379 22.0

2 033 13.2

352

2.3

15 362 100.0 41 1 426

9.3

19

Subsector Total employment 15 381

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

12

13

2.3 CONCLUSION

Employees in the subsector were described in terms of their racial classification, gender distribution, employment type (i.e. permanent, contract or temporary), qualification levels and age. Employees are further described according to their occupation category relative to their gender and race, as well as their occupation category relative to their age grouping. Employees in this subsector were mostly male. The largest racial category in this subsector was African. The average age of employees was 41.

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3 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR

This section looks at the economic performance of the Chemical Sector as a whole, as well as the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in particular. It also provides information on the factors that impact on the Speciality Chemicals industry.

3.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH

The global chemical industry has grown with output valued at USD171 billion in 1970 to USD4.12 trillion in 2010. Projections show that the industry will follow global GDP for the next couple of years. The expectation is that by 2020 developing countries will be responsible for almost a third (31%) of global chemical production. Annual chemical production growth rates for Africa and the Middle East are predicted to be just over 6% per year through 2013, and over 5% per year from 2014 to 2021.5

In Africa, the chemical industry is well established in northern African countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Nigeria is the primary producer and user of chemicals in West Africa. Although the South African Chemical Sector (including Petrochemicals) produces only 1% of the total global market’s consumption, it is the largest of its kind in Africa. The Chemical Sector is of considerable significance to the South African economy and a key constituent of the country's industrial base. Locally it contributes to about 5% of GDP and employs approximately 156 000 people. In 2011 petroleum, chemical products, rubber and plastic products contributed R318 million to the GDP. This forms about a quarter (23%) of total manufacturing sales.6

There is no industry specific economic data for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in South Africa. The subsector falls within the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres Subsector in terms of economic data.

Figure 3-1 below reports on the economic growth of the subsector. It shows the average percentage change in GDP over five-year periods from 1970 to 2010 in comparison with the total Petroleum, Chemical and Glass Sector/Subsectors, as well as the total economy. It also shows the projections up to 2020. Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres showed positive growth in every five-year period since 1970. Although the growth percentages differ from one five-year period to the next, there has not been a period of negative growth. The period 1975-1980 shows the best growth at more than 10%. The period of smallest growth was 2005-2010. This may have been a result of the onset of the global recession. The onset of the global recession, which began in 2008, and the resulting decline in production led to the loss of more than a million jobs in South Africa, over 200 000 of which were in the manufacturing sector. The manufacturing sector came under increasing levels of stress and declined by almost 20% between 2008 and 2009 and then recovered slightly with growth of 5% in 2010 and 2,5% in 2011.7 The projected figures show an average growth of 2.8% for the 2010-2015 period and 4.0% for the 2015-2020 period. These figures are lower than the projections for the total economy.

5 United Nations Environment Programme, (2013). Global Chemicals Outlook - Towards Sound Management of Chemicals. UNEP: www.unep.org. 6 Statistics SA, (2012).7 The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa, The Industrial Policy Action Plan, 2012-2015.

15

1970

-197

5

1975

-198

0

1980

-198

5

1985

-199

0

1990

-199

5

1995

-200

0

2000

-200

5

2005

-201

0

2010

-201

5

2015

-202

0

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

Other chemicals & man-made fibres Total petroleum, chemicals & glassTotal economy

Figure 3-6 Average percentage change of Gross Value Added: 1970-2020: Other chemicals and man-made fibres

Source: Quantec data, July 2013.

3.2 FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON THE SECTOR

3.2.1 THE SCALE OF PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION INEFFICIENCIES

There are two major issues facing South Africa’s speciality chemicals industry. Firstly, the cost of production is on average 30% higher than the global average, mostly due to process inefficiencies. Secondly, the major manufacturing activity happens at the small and medium scale, which cannot afford a high level of investment in research and development in order to become globally competitive.

3.2.2 LINKAGES WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES

This subsector is highly diverse in terms of products made and industries with which it has linkages. Some of the products are used within the Chemical Sector for downstream manufacturing – for example in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products or household chemicals. Others are used in mining or in other manufacturing processes and in the agricualtural industry.

It is, for example, estimated that over 1,000 different chemicals are used in the manufacturing of electronic devices such as mobile phones and personal computers. These include among others solvents, polymers and flame retardants. The demand for these chemicals is directly linked to the

16

electronics manufacturing industry which has grown globally, and is expected to continue to grow at between 5% and 12% per year in developed countries and at an even higher rate in developing countries.8

Another example of linkages between speciality chemicals and other industries is that with the textile industry which uses a variety of speciality chemicals such as dyes, oils, starch, waxes, surfactants, pescides, flame retardants and water repellants.9 As a result of world trade liberalisation, South African textile, clothing and footwear manufacturers are operating under extreme pressure against low-cost imports and the local industry has lost market considerable market share to imports in recent years. However, a concerted effort is being made by industry and Government to turn this trend around and to regain market share.10

Another group of speciality chemicals are flame retardants which includes a variety of chemicals, such as brominated and chlorinated organic compounds and various inorganic compounds. The largest use of flame retardants is in the plastics industry, and as additives to textiles, adhesives, elastomers and paper.11 The demand for flame retardents is influenced by regulations such as fire safety regulations as well as health and environmental regulations.

These few examples serve to illustrate the complex nature of the speciality chemicals industry and its interwovenness with other industries.

3.2.3 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES AND PLANS

Due to the nature of the activities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector it is subjected to legislation and regulations in terms of occupational health and safety, and environmental conservation and management.

Occupational health and safety

Nearly all workers today are exposed to some sort of chemical hazard because of the pervasive use of chemicals in most industries. It stands to reason, however, that workers in the Chemicals Sector are potentially more at risk of exposure than workers in most other sectors. For this reason occupational health and safety is of paramount importance to this sector and legislation and regulations in this regard need to be adhered to.

Environmental conservation and management

The chemicals industry is subject to a number of requirements aimed at minimising the release of chemical substances to the environment during manufacturing and processing. With greater trade in chemical products and pollutants travelling across national borders, there has been an increase in international efforts by governments to manage chemicals.12

South Africa has adopted first-world standards in its environmental policies, introducing regulations to promote co-operative environmental management and providing guidelines for the disposal of hazardous waste. Key milestones in the plastics, pharmaceuticals and chemicals industries have been set

8 UNEP, (2013). The Global Chemical Outlook.9 Ibid.10 The dti (2013). Trade, Exports and Investment. http://www.thedti.gov.za/trade_investment/textiles.jsp. Accessed 22 September 2013.11 UNEP, (2013). The Global Chemical Outlook.12 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2001. Environmental Outlook for the Chemicals Industry. www.oecd.org.

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relating to envrionemntal conservation and management:13 For example, much has been done in terms of amending the compulsory specifications for disinfectants and detergent disinfectants, publishing of guidelines on the measurement of toxicity for nano-particle manufacturers and users, and benchmarking capability to provide analytical support to manufacturers/ importers/exporters of plastic materials and consumer products for compliance with environmental regulations on the presence and content of hazardous substances.

Environmental conservation and management regulations applicable to the Speciality Chemicals Subsector include the following:14

The Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 45 of 1965; The Environment Conservation Act, 73 of 1989 provides for the effective protection and

controlled utilization of the environment and for matters incidental thereto; The National Road Traffic Act, 93 of 1996 in providing regulations regarding the safe transport of

chemicals; The National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 39 of 2004, providing emissions

control; and The National Water Act, 36 of 1998, providing for local water regulations. The National Climate Change Response White Paper of 2011 presents the South African

Government’s vision for a climate change response and for the long-term transition to a climate-resilient and lower-carbon economy and society.

Government interventions to stimulate economic growth

The South African Government’s developmental strategy aims to promote and accelerate economic growth along a path that generates sustainable, decent jobs in order to reduce poverty and inequalities that characterise South African society and economy. The National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF) is a central component of this strategy. The NIPF seeks to encourage value-added, labour-absorbing industrial production and diversify the economy away from its current over reliance on traditional commodities and non-tradable services, in order to conduce employment growth. Broader based industrialisation will assist in growing participation of people in the mainstream of the industrial economy.15 Furthermore, the Industrial Policy Action Plan IPAP 2013/14-2015/16 outlines initiatives to leverage South Africa’s resource wealth into a beneficiation effort that can turn around the country’s unsustainable dependence on the export of unprocessed commodities, while at the same time providing a competitive advantage to domestic manufacturing. The Chemical Sector is one of the strategic IPAP sectors.16 However, the programmes that form part of IPAP 2013/14-2015/16 are not specifically directed at the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, but any development and investment in the Chemical Sector as a whole will have an impact on the subsector.

3.3 CONCLUSION

The economic data that is available showed that the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres component of the economy (of which speciality chemicals forms part) showed positive growth in every five-year

13 DTI. 2013. Industrial Policy Action Plan: Economic Sectors and Employment Cluster IPAP 2013/14 – 2015/16. Pretoria: DTI.14 Mavuso Z. 2013. Small market share challenge for SA sector. Engineering News, 22 March 2013. 15 dti, (2010). A South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework.16 The dti, (2013). Industrial Policy Action Plan: Economic Sectors and Economic Cluster. IPAP 2013/14 – 2015/16. Pretoria.

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period for the 1970 to 2010 period. It seems that the linkages with industries such as agricultural, construction, industrial cleaning, pulp and paper, and textiles have an impact on the performance of the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. It is also expected that development and investment in the Chemical Sector as a whole will have an impact on the subsector.

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4 THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR

This section looks at the demand for skills in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. It shows the trends in employment, as well as the occupational composition of demand in the subsector.

4.1 TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT

In 2011/2012 the largest occupational category in the subsector (21.9%) was plant and machine operators and assemblers, followed by elementary occupations (19.3%) and technicians and associate professionals (18.7%). Service and sales workers accounted for the lowest percentage of employees (3%) (Figure 4-1).

Managers15.6% (2 220)

Professionals4.2% (596)

Technicians and associate profes-sionals

18.7% (2 669)

Clerical support workers12% (1 714)

Service and sales workers3% (426)

Skilled agricultural, trade workers, etc.5.3% (752)

Plant and machine opera-tors and assemblers

21.9% (3 125)Elementary occupations

19.3% (2 762)

Figure 4-7 Employment: Occupations

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Occupations in each of the eight main occupational groups in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector with a count of 10 or higher are shown in the following tables (Table 4-1 to 4-8). Specialist titles used by employers for these occupations are provided in Annexure 2.

For managers, the occupation with the largest number of employees was sales managers. Occupations such as sales and marketing managers, production/operations managers (manufacturing), finance managers, general managers, quality system managers and engineering managers were also sought after (Table 4-1). This clearly reflects the manufacturing and sales activities in the industry.

20

Table 4-6 Managers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Managers N122102 Sales Manager 375122101 Sales and Marketing Manager 213112101 Director (Enterprise/Organisation) 207132102 Production/Operations Manager (Manufacturing) 206121101 Finance Manager 182121901 Corporate General Manager 102143902 Cleaning Services Manager 101121908 Quality Systems Manager 84132401 Supply and Distribution Manager 64132104 Engineering Manager 53132404 Warehouse Manager 47122103 Director of Marketing 41121201 Personnel/Human Resource Manager 40132101 Manufacturer 38132402 Logistics Manager 36134902 Laboratory Manager 36122105 Customer Service Manager 33121206 Health and Safety Manager 32121905 Programme or Project Manager 27143901 Facilities Manager 25134903 Small Business Manager 20121202 Business Training Manager 20122301 Research and Development Manager 20133101 Chief Information Officer 19134904 Office Manager 18121902 Corporate Services Manager 16142101 Importer or Exporter 15121103 Credit Manager 14132201 Production/Operations Manager (Mining) 13

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Sales representatives/salespersons (industrial products), sales representatives (medical and pharmaceutical products), and marketing practitioners formed the largest number of employees in the professionals category. Again this reflects the importance of sales and marketing activities in the subsector. Some of the other key professions in the subsector were chemists, industrial engineers, and safety, health, environment and quality (SHE&Q) practitioners (Table 4-2).

Table 4-7 Professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Professionals N

21

243301 Sales Representative/Salesman (Industrial Products) 529243302 Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products) 149243103 Marketing Practitioner 147211301 Chemist 95241101 Accountant (General) 68214101 Industrial Engineer 62226302 Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner 54242303 Human Resource Advisor 50226202 Industrial Pharmacist 39252201 Systems Administrator 30241107 Financial Accountant 25242101 Management Consultant 22243201 Communication Coordinator 19243102 Market Research Analyst 17214401 Mechanical Engineer 16214102 Industrial Engineering Technologist 16242401 Training and Development Professional 16242102 Organisation and Methods Analyst 16241102 Management Accountant 14213205 Food and Beverage Scientist 13213108 Microbiologist 12

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

The largest number of employees in the technicians and associate professionals category were chemistry technicians and production/operations supervisors (manufacturing). Chemical sales representatives were also in demand. Other key occupations in this category included chemical plant controllers, engineering technicians, and purchasing and sales officers (Table 4-3).

Table 4-8 Technicians and associate professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Technicians and associate professionals N311101 Chemistry Technician 479312201 Production/Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing) 447332207 Chemical Sales Representative 258313401 Gas or Petroleum Controller 165313301 Chemical Plant Controller 159331201 Credit or Loans Officer 123334302 Personal Assistant 104332302 Purchasing Officer 90313901 Integrated Manufacturing Line Process Control Technician 67331301 Bookkeeper 66311102 Physical Science Technician 60334102 Office Administrator 58333903 Sales Representative (Business Services) 40333910 Business Support Coordinator 39

22

OFO Code Technicians and associate professionals N335402 Import-export Administrator 36312202 Maintenance Planner 32332301 Retail Buyer 31325705 Safety Inspector 27311301 Electrical Engineering Technician 24311201 Civil Engineering Technician 23312101 Production/Operations Supervisor (Mining) 23325703 Agricultural/Horticultural Produce Inspector 21332203 Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods) 19311501 Mechanical Engineering Technician 19312102 Miner 18315203 Ship's Surveyor 18334101 Office Supervisor 17311801 Draughtsperson 17313501 Metal Manufacturing Process Control Technician 16352106 Production Assistant (Film, Television or Radio) 16333908 Marketing Coordinator 14321201 Medical Laboratory Technician 13313202 Waste Materials Plant Operator 12311904 Manufacturing Technician 12313201 Water Plant Operator 10

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Among the clerical support workers component, the largest number were general clerks followed by production coordinators. Other key occupations were accounts clerks, stock clerks/officers, receptionists (general), and dispatching and receiving clerks/officers (Table 4-4).

Table 4-9 Clerical support workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Clerical support workers N411101 General Clerk 310432201 Production Coordinator 307431101 Accounts Clerk 244432101 Stock Clerk/Officer 218422601 Receptionist (General) 123432102 Dispatching and Receiving Clerk/Officer 104432104 Warehouse Administrator/Clerk 74431301 Payroll Clerk 44422501 Enquiry Clerk 43432103 Order Clerk/Officer 38422202 Outbound Contact Centre Consultant 33441903 Programme or Project Administrators 31412101 Secretary (General) 26441601 Human Resources Clerk 19

23

OFO Code Clerical support workers N422201 Inbound Contact Centre Consultant 17431102 Cost Clerk 13422701 Survey Interviewer 12413201 Data Entry Operator 10432301 Transport Clerk 10

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

The typical service and sales workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were sales clerks/officers, sales assistants (general), and sales demonstrators (Table 4-5). Security and safety are important in the subsector hence the employment of special forces operators, fire fighters and security officers (Table 4-5).

Table 4-10 Service and sales workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Service and sales workers N524903 Sales Clerk/Officer 158522301 Sales Assistant (General) 91524201 Sales Demonstrator 71542203 Special Forces Operator 29541101 Fire Fighter 16523102 Office Cashier 15541401 Security Officer 13515301 Caretaker 12

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Central to manufacturing is the component skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers. Electricians were the most in demand followed by mechanical fitters, mechanical equipment repairers, metal machinists, fitter and turners, toolmakers and fitter-welders. Other typical trades workers included boilermakers, welders and millwrights (Table 5-6).

Table 4-11 Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers N671101 Electrician 92653303 Mechanical Fitter 87653302 Mechanical Equipment Repairer 74652301 Metal Machinist 67652302 Fitter and Turner 66652201 Toolmaker 60651203 Fitter-welder 54643101 Painter 41651302 Boilermaker 25651202 Welder 21653301 Industrial Machinery Mechanic 19641101 House Builder 17

24

OFO Code Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers N672105 Instrument Mechanician 17671202 Millwright 15662106 Process Engraver 14641502 Carpenter 12682303 Wood Machinist 10

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Chemical production machine operators formed the majority of plant and machine operators and assemblers in the subsector. Truck drivers, forklift drivers and mineral processing machine operators were also in demand. Some of the other crucial occupations in this category were delivery drivers, filling line operators and product assemblers (Table 4-7).

Table 4-12 Plant and machine operators and assemblers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Plant and machine operators and assemblers N713101 Chemical Production Machine Operator 1 397733201 Truck Driver (General) 281734402 Forklift Driver 268711201 Mineral Processing Machine Operator 206732101 Delivery Driver 195718303 Filling Line Operator 186721901 Product Assembler 110716108 Seed Processing Machine Operator 79718304 Packaging Manufacturing Machine Minder 77714101 Rubber Production Machine Operator 61734206 Loader Operator 48734201 Earthmoving Plant Operator (General) 29714204 Plastics Production Machine Operator (General) 22716104 Dairy Products Machine Operator 22718906 Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator 21711404 Cement Production Plant Operator 16721101 Machinery Assembler 15718301 Labelling Machine Operator 12718907 Weighbridge Operator 12

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

Elementary occupations most common in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were chemical plant workers (Table 4-8). Some of the other key occupations in this category were packers (non perishable products) and store persons.

Table 4-13 Elementary occupations in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code Elementary occupations N832907 Chemical Plant Worker 1 249832101 Packer (Non Perishable Products) 409833402 Store Person 335

25

811201 Commercial Cleaner 136833401 Shelf Filler 126862915 Chemical Mixer 84833302 Truck Driver's Offsider 77862202 Handyperson 76832902 Plastics, Composites and Rubber Factory Worker 64832901 Metal Engineering Process Worker 45831310 Surveyor's Assistant 29811203 Tea Attendant 26833301 Freight Handler (Rail or Road) 23862918 Electrical or Telecommunications Trades Assistant 21831301 Builder's Worker 14811101 Domestic Cleaner 10

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

4.2 CONCLUSION

Due to the nature of the subsector 56.1% of the workforce worked as plant and machine operators and assemblers, technicians and associate professionals, and workers in elementary occupations. Another tenth were professionals. The main activities of the subsector relate to production of speciality chemicals and sales. Occupations in the production field that were in demand ranged from chemists and chemistry technicians to production supervisors and controllers and chemical production machine operators. In the sales field occupations such as marketing practitioners, sales representatives and sales clerks were in demand. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector has to compete with the other subsectors in the Chemical Sector for the mentioned skills.

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5 THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR

The supply of skills is viewed from different perspectives in this section. The supply of skills refers in the first instance to new entrants to the labour market from basic education, FET colleges and HET institutions (new skills). However, it is also important to consider the skills needs of the current workforce and the training initiatives aimed at developing their skills levels.

The first part of this chapter deals with new entrants to the labour market. Key trends and supply-side constraints are highlighted. The second part of the chapter describes the inputs of employers to train their current staff.

5.1 NEW ENTRANTS TO THE LABOUR MARKET

The formation of skills starts with general education and training (i.e. the school system). The output from this system remains a concern to the Chemical Sector, mainly because the system seems to be unable to supply adequate numbers (and quality) of school leavers with mathematics and physical science passes that can pursue studies to become engineers, technologists, technicians and artisans. The general standard of education of school leavers who enter the labour market without any further training is also insufficient.

The supply of new skills from the FET colleges into the Chemical Sector has traditionally been very limited. However, Government’s recent focus on increasing both the quality and quantity of output from FET colleges holds the promise that these institutions can play a more significant role in skills supply to the Chemical Sector in future.

In respect of the supply of higher level skills to the sector, there has been substantial growth in the numbers of new graduates from universities and universities of technology in certain engineering fields. In terms of average annual output of national diplomas, growth is reported at 7% for diplomas in chemical engineering and technology and 6% for first degrees in the same field. Despite these positive growth trends, increases have not yet been sufficient to meet the needs of the national economy and the Chemical Sector in particular. In order to ensure future growth, it will be necessary to support higher education institutions through a variety of initiatives. These include: bridging programmes to promote access and success; increased physical and teaching resources to engineering departments; and programmes that promote workplace training opportunities for students from the universities of technology.

5.2 THE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES

Companies in the Chemical Sector are involved in a range of training and development initiatives that focus on developing the skills of their employees. Such initiatives not only supplement, but also build on the training that supplies new skills to the sector. This training and development of the current workforce forms a critical source of skills supply. The graph below shows that the Speciality Chemicals Subsector has invested in training quite extensively. In 2011/2012 training opportunities were afforded to 69.2% of employees in the subsector in total. About 71% of skilled and trade workers and 70.9% technicians and associate professionals received training. Large contingents of employees in the other occupational categories were also trained (Figure 5-1).

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52.0

54.0

56.0

58.0

60.0

62.0

64.0

66.0

68.0

70.0

72.0Pe

rcen

tage

Figure 5-8 Proportion of employees who received training opportunities according to occupational category: March 2012

In total 19 672 training opportunities were afforded to employees (one employee could have accessed more than one training opportunity). The type of training opportunities is listed in the table below. A third (33.9%) of these opportunities related to short courses, 27.2% to induction training, 21.1% to job specific development programmes and 11.6% to skills programmes (Table 5-1).

Table 5-14 Training opportunities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

Qualification/learning type N %Short Course 6 659 33.9Induction and other training 5 360 27.2Job Specific Development Programme 4 151 21.1Skills Programme 2 274 11.6Learnership 504 2.6Work Placement 335 1.7Below NQF Level 1 291 1.5NQF Level 6 31 0.2NQF Level 4 18 0.1CHIETA Learning Programme 16 0.1NQF Level 7 9 0.0NQF Level 9 9 0.0NQF Level 5 6 0.0

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Qualification/learning type N %NQF Level 1 5 0.0NQF Level 8 4 0.0Total 19 672 100.0

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

5.3 CONCLUSION

This chapter provides a short overview of the most pertinent supply-side issues relevant to the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. For any industry a constant and sufficient supply of suitably qualified people is of critical importance. For the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, that is heavily reliant on scientists and other technical staff, the throughput of skills from school level to specialised postgraduate qualifications is crucial. In this chapter some of factors that stifle this pipeline of skills formation have been highlighted.

Another facet of the supply of skills to the subsector is training that is offered in the workplace by employers. As this chapter indicated, employers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector invest huge amounts of time and money in the training and development of their own staff.

Despite the initiatives to build the skills base of the industry and to stimulate and support the supply-side of the labour market, certain skills deficiencies still remain.

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6 SKILLS SHORTAGES

There are various ways of identifying and monitoring skills shortages in a particular labour market. One of these is to ask employers about their experiences when recruiting people for positions in their organisations. Another way is by monitoring vacancy rates in that sector, because skills shortages are bound to lead to unusually high vacancy rates. Skills shortages will also drive up the costs of the skills that are in short supply and therefore the monitoring of remuneration trends can also shed light on trends in relation to skills shortages.

CHIETA attempts to glean an understanding of skills shortages in the Chemical Sector by asking employers to identify these shortages when they submit their mandatory grant applications to the SETA. This information was requested for the first time in June 2011 – i.e. in the WSPs submitted for the 2011/2012 financial year. The information submitted by employers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector is analysed in this chapter.

It has become customary in South Africa to use the term “scarce skills” to refer to quantitative shortages in the labour market – in other words there are not enough people with the necessary qualifications available to be appointed in positions that become available in the market. This term is also used in this chapter. Another aspect of skills shortages has to do with the qualitative components of the labour market – there may be people available to appoint, but they do not have the appropriate skills, abilities or other attributes that employers are looking for. Skills deficiencies can also develop among the workers that are already employed, because of the introduction of new technologies, new legislative requirements, etc. These aspects are not discussed at this stage as they are generally taken care of by employers through in-service training.

6.1 SCARCE SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR

As mentioned above, the information on scarce skills was obtained by analysing the WSPs submitted in June 2012. This information reflects the situation as experienced by employers at the end of March 2012.

In the scarce-skills table that employers completed, they first had to name the occupation in which they experienced scarcity, and then had to select from two possible descriptions the one that best described the scarcity they experienced – i.e. “relative scarce skill” (referring to a situation where people are available in the labour market, but cannot easily be attracted to the sector); and “absolute scarce skill” (where people are generally in short supply in the labour market). For all the occupations in which scarcity was experienced, employers also had to indicate how many vacant positions were available at the time they completed the WSP. In addition, they were requested to identify what type of learning interventions they were planning to use to address the skills shortages.

Of the 113 organisations whose WSPs were approved by the CHIETA, 35 (30.9%) indicated that they experienced a scarcity of skills. The number of people that employers said they would need can be seen in Table 6-1. The total number of people needed to fill the vacancies that existed at that time in these organisations is 113; this equates to 0.7% of total employment in the subsector. The data showed that professionals such as chemists and technical representatives/salespersons were hard to find.

Employers indicated that they planned on using training interventions such as induction training, job specific development programmes, learnerships, mentorships, short courses, skills programmes and formal training to address the scarcity of skills.

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Table 6-15 Scarce Skills in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector

OFO Code

Occupation Number of vacancies

211301 Chemist 25243301 Technical Representative/Salesman 19311202 Surveying Technician 5311704 Geological Technician 5243103 Product Manager 4243302 Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products) 4332207 Chemical Sales Representative 4672105 Instrument Mechanician 4214101 Process Engineer 3132201 Mine Manager 3216502 Surveying Technologist 3216502 Surveyor 3313201 Water Treatment Plant Operator 3313301 Chemical Process Technician 3214401 Mechanical Engineer 2214501 Chemical Engineer 2226202 Industrial Pharmacist 2653303 Mechanical Fitter 2671101 Electrician (General) 2122301 Research and Development Manager 1311401 Electronic Engineering Technician 1122101 Key Account Manager 1214201 Water and Wastewater Engineer 1215201 Electronics Engineer 1243103 Sales Account Manager 1243301 Technical Sales Consultant/Coordinator/Manager 1312201 Production/Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing) 1332302 Purchasing and Logistics Officer 1422601 Receptionist (General) 1652302 Fitter and Turner 1132102 Operations Manager (Production) 1122103 Marketing Manager 1132202 Technical Services Manager (Mining) 1213202 Agricultural Scientist 1Total 0% of employment in subsector 0.7

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

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6.2 CONCLUSION

In 2012 employers were for the first time required to provide information on scarce skills in their WSP submissions. In total a relatively small percentage of employers reported that they experienced skills shortages. This leaves the impression that the subsector is not severely affected by skills shortages. Nevertheless, some evidence of shortages of managers and professionals was received.

The CHIETA is engaged in a range of partnerships, agreements and plans to contribute to both the development of new skills for the sector, as well as the development of skills within the existing workforce. These initiatives may serve to keep the development of serious skills shortages at bay.

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7 SKILLS PLAN FOR THE SUBSECTOR

The Speciality Chemicals Subsector Workshop was cancelled due to lack of attendance. The last chapter of the sector skills plan should include the strategic planning of skills interventions aimed specifically at this subsector. This chapter will be completed once the Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coating Chamber has engaged with the content of the report and has attended to its own strategic plan.

33

References

dti, (2010). A South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework.

Government of South Africa, (2011). National Climate Change Response Paper. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Van Zyl, R. (2008). South African Chemical Sector Report on Skills Development and the Government’s New Economic Policy Priorities, March 2008.

Statistics SA, 2012.

The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa, The Industrial Policy Action Plan, 2012-2015.

United Nations Environment Programme, (2013). Global Chemicals Outlook - Towards Sound Management of Chemicals. UNEP: www.unep.org.

Mavuso, Z. Small market share challenge for SA sector, Engineering News.

http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/small-market-share-challenge-for-sa-petrochemicals-sector-2013-03-22. Accessed 4 June 2013.

http://www.acts.co.za. Accessed 24 May 2013.

http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za. Accessed 4 June.

http://www.labour.gov.za/legislation/acts/skills-development/skills-development-act-and-amendments . Accessed 23 May 2013.

http://www.lexisnexis.co.za. Accessed 23 May 2013.

http://www.novas.co.za/index.php/employer-associations. Accessed 8 June 2013.

http://www.photius.com/countries/south_africa/economy/south_africa_economy_consumer_goods.html . Accessed 6 June 2013.

34

ANNEXURE 1 OCCUPATIONS BY RACE AND GENDER IN THE SPECIALITY CHEMICALS SUBSECTOR

Equity Managers Professionals

Technicians

and associate

professionals

Clerical

support

workers

Service and

sales workers

Skilled and

trade workers

Plant and

machine

operators and

assemblers

Elementary

occupationsLearners

African Female 72 132 219 273 45 24 246 315 33

% 3.2 8.3 8.2 15.9 10.5 3.2 7.9 11.4 33.9

African Male 277 194 950 380 136 344 2 234 2 112 48

% 12.5 12.2 35.6 22.2 31.9 45.7 71.5 76.5 49.6

Total African 349 326 1 169 653 181 368 2 480 2 427 81

% 15.7 20.4 43.8 38.1 42.4 49.0 79.3 87.9 83.4

Coloured Female 24 39 84 141 37 4 142 33 3

% 1.1 2.4 3.2 8.2 8.7 0.5 4.5 1.2 2.7

Coloured Male 92 78 182 98 37 99 362 203 5

% 4.1 4.9 6.8 5.7 8.6 13.1 11.6 7.4 5.3

Total Coloured 116 117 266 239 74 103 504 236 8

% 5.2 7.3 10.0 14.0 17.3 13.6 16.1 8.5 7.9

Indian Female 71 93 108 126 22 0 1 5 1

% 3.2 5.8 4.0 7.3 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.1

Indian Male 204 132 251 88 13 24 63 17 0

% 9.2 8.3 9.4 5.1 3.0 3.2 2.0 0.6 0.0

Total Indian 275 225 359 214 35 24 64 22 1

% 12.4 14.1 13.4 12.5 8.0 3.2 2.0 0.8 1.1

White Female 386 387 414 483 97 5 12 15 2

35

Equity Managers Professionals

Technicians

and associate

professionals

Clerical

support

workers

Service and

sales workers

Skilled and

trade workers

Plant and

machine

operators and

assemblers

Elementary

occupationsLearners

% 17.4 24.2 15.5 28.2 22.8 0.7 0.4 0.5 2.1

White Male 1 094 542 461 126 40 252 66 63 5

% 49.3 34.0 17.3 7.3 9.5 33.5 2.1 2.3 5.5

Total White 1 480 929 875 609 137 257 78 78 7

% 66.7 58.2 32.8 35.5 32.3 34.2 2.5 2.8 7.6

Total Female 553 651 825 1 023 201 33 401 368 39

% 24.9 40.7 30.9 59.6 47.0 4.4 12.8 13.3 39.7

Total Male 1 667 946 1 844 692 226 719 2 725 2 395 59

% 75.1 59.3 69.1 40.4 53.0 95.6 87.2 86.7 60.3

TOTAL 2 220 1 597 2 669 1 715 427 752 3 126 2 763 98

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.

36

ANNEXURE 2: OCCUPATIONS AND SPECIALISATIONS OR ALTERNATIVE TITLES FOUND IN THE SPECIALITY CHEMICALS SUBSECTOR

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

111204 Senior Government Official Chief Operating Officer (Government Department)

111204 Senior Government Official Senior Government Official

111207 Senior Government Manager Head of Department

111402 Trade Union Representative Shop Steward

112101 Director (Enterprise / Organisation) Alternative Director

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

Company Director

Director (Enterprise / Organisation)

Executive Director

Independent Non-executive Director

Managing Director

Managing Director (Enterprise / Organisation)

Non-executive Director

Senior / Lead Independent Non-executive Director

121101 Finance Manager Account Systems Manager

Chief Accountant

Chief Financial Officer (CFO)

Finance Director

Finance Manager

Financial Administration Manager

Financial Administrator

Financial Controller

121102 Payroll Manager Payroll Manager

121103 Credit Manager Credit Manager

121201 Personnel / Human Resource Manager Employee Relations Manager

Personnel / Human Resource Manager

121202 Business Training Manager Education Training and Skills Development Manager

Human Resources Development Manager

Learning and Development Manager

Technical Training Manager

Training & Development Manager

Training Manager

121203 Compensation and Benefits Manager Compensation and Benefits Manager

Employee Benefits Manager

121205 Employee Wellness Manager Employee Wellness Manager

121206 Health and Safety Manager Health and Safety Manager

Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) Manager

121301 Policy and Planning Manager Corporate Planning Manager

Planning & Development Manager

121901 Corporate General Manager Business Operations Manager

Corporate General Manager

121902 Corporate Services Manager Administrative Services Manager

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Business Services Manager

Corporate Services Manager

121905 Programme or Project Manager Programme or Project Manager

Project Director

121906 Franchise Manager Franchise Manager

121908 Quality Systems Manager ETQA Manager

Management System Auditor

Quality Assurance / Systems Auditor

Quality Auditor

Quality Certification Manager

Quality Control Manager

Quality Manager

Quality Systems Coordinator

Quality Systems Manager

122101 Sales and Marketing Manager Business Development Manager

Business Support Manager

Key Account Manager

Sales and Marketing Manager

122102 Sales Manager Sales Director

Sales Executive

Sales Manager

122103 Director of Marketing Director of Marketing

Market Research Manager

Marketing Director

Marketing Manager

122105 Customer Service Manager Client Services Advisor

Customer Care Manager / Representative

Customer Service Manager

122201 Advertising and Public Relations Manager Chief Communications Manager / Officer

Media & Communications Manager

Public Relations Manager

122301 Research and Development Manager Product Development Manager

Research and Development Manager

Research Director

Research Manager

132101 Manufacturer Factory Manager

Manufacturer

132102 Production / Operations Manager (Manufacturing)

Operations Manager (Production)

Plant Manager (Manufacturing)

Processing Manager

Processing Unit Manager

Production / Operations Manager (Manufacturing)

Works / Workshop Manager (Manufacturing)

132104 Engineering Manager Engineering Maintenance Manager

ii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Engineering Manager

132201 Production / Operations Manager (Mining) Production / Operations Manager (Mining)

132202 Mineral Resources Manager Technical Services Manager (Mining)

132301 Construction Project Manager Construction Project Manager

Construction Site Manager

132401 Supply and Distribution Manager Depot Manager

Freight Forwarding Customs Clearing Manager

Freight Manager

Procurement Manager

Supply and Distribution Manager

Supply Chain Executive

Supply Chain Manager

132402 Logistics Manager Dispatch Logistics Manager

Logistics Manager

132403 Road Transport Manager Cargo Manager

Road Transport Manager

Transport Company Manager

132404 Warehouse Manager Storage and Warehousing Manager

Warehouse Manager

132405 Fleet Manager Fleet Manager

133101 Chief Information Officer Chief Information Officer

ICT / IT Manager

133102 ICT Project Manager ICT / IT / Computer Marketing Executive

ICT / IT / Computer Support Manager

ICT Project Manager

133103 Data Management Manager Data Management Manager

Data Processing Manager

133104 Application Development Manager Technical Policy Manager

Technical Solutions Manager

133105 Information Technology Manager Information Technology Manager

134201 Medical Superintendent Health Service Coordinator

Medical Manager

134401 Social Services Manager Social Services Project Manager

134507 Head of Department (Teacher) Head of Department (Teacher)

134602 Credit Bureau Manager Credit Control Manager

134901 Environmental Manager Environmental Manager

134902 Laboratory Manager Laboratory Manager

134903 Small Business Manager Entrepreneurial Business Manager

Owner Manager

Small Business Manager

134904 Office Manager Centre Manager

Office Manager

134906 Practice Manager Accounting Practice Manager

134915 Operations Manager (Non Manufacturing) Field Production Manager (Seed)

iii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Operations Manager (Non Manufacturing)

Operations Foreman (Non Manufacturing)

142101 Importer or Exporter Export Manager

Importer or Exporter

142103 Retail Manager (General) Retail Manager (General)

Retail Store Manager

Shop Manager

143109 Club Membership Manager Membership Relations Manager

143901 Facilities Manager Campus Administrator / Supervisor

Facilities Manager

Facilities Supervisor

143902 Cleaning Services Manager Cleaning Contractor

Security Services Manager

143905 Call or Contact Centre Manager Call or Contact Centre Manager

Call or Contact Centre Supervisor

Telesales Manager

211301 Chemist Analytical Chemist

Chemist

Industrial Chemist

Laboratory Chemist

Manufacturing Chemist

211401 Geologist Mine Geologist

212102 Mathematician Operations Research Analyst

213104 Biochemist Biological Chemist

213108 Microbiologist Microbiologist

213110 Medical Scientist Medical Laboratory Scientist

213201 Agriculture Consultant Agriculture Extension Officer

213202 Agricultural Scientist Agricultural Scientist

Agronomist

213205 Food and Beverage Scientist Food Technologist

213306 Water Quality Analyst Water Quality Technician

214101 Industrial Engineer Industrial Engineer

Plant Engineer

Process Engineer

Production Engineer

Quality Management Engineer

214102 Industrial Engineering Technologist Operations Research Technologist

PROCESS TECHNOLOGIST

Supply Chain Technologist

Textile Production Technologist

214202 Civil Engineering Technologist Concrete Technologist

Water and Wastewater Technologist

214401 Mechanical Engineer Maintenance Management Engineer

Mechanical Engineer

iv

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Mechanical Engineer (Mines)

214402 Mechanical Engineering Technologist Maintenance Technologist

Mechanical Engineering Technologist

214501 Chemical Engineer Chemical Engineer

214502 Chemical Engineering Technologist Chemical Engineering Technologist

Cosmetics Technologist

214605 Metallurgist Metallurgist

214907 Materials Engineer Materials Engineer

Electrical Engineer

Power Systems Engineer

215103 Energy Engineer Energy Services Engineer

215201 Electronics Engineer Computer Engineer

Electronics Engineer

215202 Electronics Engineering Technologist Instrumentation Technologist

215303 Telecommunications Network Engineer Communications Specialist (ICT)

216302 Industrial Designer Commercial Product Designer

216401 Urban and Regional Planner Traffic and Transport Planner

216402 Transport Analyst Logistics Analyst

216601 Graphic Designer Graphic Designer

216602 Illustrator Illustrator

Technical Illustrator

222104 Registered Nurse (Community Health) Occupational Health Nurse

222112 Registered Nurse (Surgical) Oncology Nurse

226202 Industrial Pharmacist Industrial Pharmacist

226203 Retail Pharmacist Pharmacist Assistant

226302 Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner

Health and Safety Officer / Coordinator / Professional

Occupational Health and Safety Advisor

Occupational Safety Advisor

Occupational Safety Practitioner / Officer

Risk and Safety Manager

Safety Coordinator

Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner

231101 University Lecturer Lecturer

241101 Accountant (General) Accountant (General)

241102 Management Accountant Cost Accountant

Management Accountant

241106 Accountant in Practice Accountant in Practice

241107 Financial Accountant Business Group Accountant

Company Accountant

Financial Accountant

242101 Management Consultant Business Analyst

Business Consultant

Business Support Project Manager

v

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Corporate Planner

Operations Analyst

242102 Organisation and Methods Analyst Change Management Facilitator

Organisation and Methods Analyst

Organisation and Methods Official

Organisational Performance Improvement Manager

242202 Policy Analyst Commerce Projects Advisor

Policy Advisor

Research Consultant

Special Projects Analyst

Strategy Analyst

242203 Company Secretary Company Secretary

242204 Corporate Treasurer Treasurer

242207 Compliance Officer Compliance Officer

242208 Organisational Risk Manager Organisational Development Manager / Practitioner

242208 Organisational Risk Manager Risk Compliance Manager

242209 Accounting Officer Accounting Officer

242210 Business Administrator Business Administrator

242211 Internal Auditor Internal Auditor

242302 Skills Development Facilitator / Practitioner Enterprise Resource Planner

Human Resources Planner

Skills Development Facilitator / Practitioner

242303 Human Resource Advisor Business Unit Advisor

Hr Administrator

Hr Coordinator

Hr Officer

Human Resource Advisor

Human Resource Consultant

Human Resources Development Coordinator

Personnel Consultant

Personnel Officer

Professional Development Advisor

Remuneration and Benefits Specialist

242304 Workplace / Industrial Relations Advisor Employee Relations Advisor

Workplace / Industrial Relations Advisor

242401 Training and Development Professional Training Advisor

Training and Development Practitioner

Training Coordinator

Training Officer

242402 Occupational Instructor / Trainer Business Skills Trainer

243101 Advertising Specialist Advertising Coordinator / Specialist

243102 Market Research Analyst Market Research Analyst

Market Research Project Manager / Project Leader

Marketing Analyst

vi

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Marketing Research Accounts Manager / Key Account Manager

243103 Marketing Practitioner Brand Manager

Business Strategy Manager

Marketing Consultant

Marketing Officer

Marketing Practitioner

Marketing Specialist

Product Manager

Retail Advisor

Sales Account Manager

Sales Coordinator

243201 Communication Coordinator Communication Coordinator

243201 Corporate Affairs Officer / Coordinator

243201 Customer Relations Officer

243202 Marketing / Communication Strategist Marketing / Communication Strategist

243203 Corporate Communication Manager Account Manager (Communications Consultancy)

Corporate Communication Manager

Manager Corporate Communications

243301 Sales Representative / Salesman (Industrial Products)

Customer Services Engineer / Processor

Engineering Salesman

Sales Representative / Salesman (Industrial Products)

Service Delivery Analyst / Coordinator

Technical Representative / Salesman

Technical Sales Consultant / Coordinator / Manager

Technical Service Advisor / Salesman

243302 Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products)

Medical Representative

Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products)

243403 ICT Sales Representative Computer Systems Consultant

251101 ICT Systems Analyst ICT Business Systems Analyst

Systems Programmer

251201 Software Developer Information Architect Software

Software Engineer

251202 Programmer Analyst Engineer (Applications / Content / IT / Software / Systems / WAN)Programmer Analyst

251203 Developer Programmer Applications Developer

251301 Multimedia Specialist Graphical Programmer

252101 Database Designer and Administrator Data Administrator

252201 Systems Administrator Advisor Systems Management

IT Information Systems Administrator

Network / Computer System Coordinator

Network Administrator

Systems Administrator

vii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Systems Administrator (Computers)

252301 Computer Network and Systems Engineer Computer Systems / Service Engineer

Systems Engineer

252302 Network Analyst Network Analyst

252901 ICT Security Specialist Information Technology Security Manager

261901 Adjudicator Facilitator

262202 Information Services Manager Information System Consultant

Knowledge Management Officer

264103 Technical Writer Technical Writer

265405 Technical Director Technical Director

311101 Chemistry Technician Chemical Laboratory Technician / Analyst

Chemical Manufacturing Technician

Chemical Process Analyst

Chemical Technician (Food, Fuel, Gas, Paint, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Leather)

311101 Chemistry Technician Chemistry Technical Officer

Chemistry Technician

Paint Maker

311102 Physical Science Technician Physical Science Technician

Product Quality Laboratory Technician

311201 Civil Engineering Technician Construction Design Technician

Work Site Engineering Technician

311301 Electrical Engineering Technician Electrical Engineering Technician

Electrical Instrument Technician

311302 Electric Substation Operations Manager Distribution Control Operator

311501 Mechanical Engineering Technician Mechanical Engineering Technician

Mechanical Instrument Technician

Mobile Plant Technician

311601 Chemical Engineering Technician Chemical Engineering Technician

311702 Metallurgical or Materials Technician Heat Treatment Technician

Metallurgy Laboratory Technician

Pressure Testing Technician

311801 Draughtsperson Architectural Draughtsperson

Chemical Engineering Draughtspersons

Design and Manufacturing Draughtsperson

Draughtsperson

Technical Draughting Officer

Technical Draughtsperson

311904 Manufacturing Technician Cable Manufacturing Technician

Manufacturing Technician

312101 Production / Operations Supervisor (Mining) Mine Operations Foreman

Mine Superintendent

Production / Operations Supervisor (Mining)

Shift Foreman / Boss (Mining)

Shift Supervisor (Mining)

viii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

312102 Miner Blasting Assistant

Box Controller

312201 Production / Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing)

Assembly Supervisor

Manufacturing Foreman

Production / Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing)

Production Plant Supervisor

Shift Manager (Production)

312202 Maintenance Planner Maintenance Planner

Maintenance Scheduler

313201 Water Plant Operator Water Treatment Plant Operator

313202 Waste Materials Plant Operator Waste Materials Plant Operator

313301 Chemical Plant Controller Chemical Plant Controller

Chemical Process Technician

Chemical-still and Reactor Operator

313401 Gas or Petroleum Controller Gas or Petroleum Controller

Gas Plant Operator

Oil and Gas Well Treatment Controller

Petroleum Blending Plant Controller

Petroleum Process Operator

Petroleum Terminal Plant Controller

313501 Metal Manufacturing Process Control Technician

Blast Furnace Operator

Metal Processing Control Operator

313901 Integrated Manufacturing Line Process Control Technician

Automated Assembly Line Operator

313912 Mineral Beneficiation Process Controller Burner

314101 Life Science Technician Life Sciences Laboratory Technologist

314102 Environmental Science Technician Environmental Technical Officer

314201 Agricultural Technician Agricultural Technical Officer

Agriculture Technical Assistant

Agronomy Technician

Field Production Officer

315203 Ship's Surveyor Ship's Surveyor

321201 Medical Laboratory Technician Medical Laboratory Assistant

325703 Agricultural / Horticultural Produce Inspector Agricultural / Horticultural Produce Inspector

Produce Inspector

325705 Safety Inspector Lifting Machinery Inspector

Safety Health Environment Quality Inspector

Safety Inspector

325707 Mines Safety Inspector Mines Safety Officer

331101 Securities Dealer Financial Marketer

331201 Credit or Loans Officer Credit Clerk

Credit Controller

Finance Clerk / Officer

331301 Bookkeeper Bookkeeper

ix

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Financial Administration Officer

331302 Accounting Technician Accounting Technician

331501 Valuer Asset Protection Manager

331503 Insurance Loss Adjuster Claims Assessor

332201 Commercial Sales Representative After-Sales Service Adviser

Commercial Sales Representative

332202 Sales Representative (Building and Plumbing Supplies)

Sales Representative (Building and Plumbing Supplies)

332203 Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods)

Sales Representative (Detergents)

Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods)

332207 Chemical Sales Representative Agricultural Chemicals Sales Representative

Chemical Sales Representative

Crop Protection Product Sales Representative

332301 Retail Buyer General / Company Buyer

Retail Buyer

332302 Purchasing Officer Procurement Administrator / Coordinator / Officer

Procurement Clerk

Procurement Officer (Consumer Sensitive Consumables)

Purchasing Agent / Assistant / Buyer / Clerk / Controller

Purchasing and Logistics Officer

Purchasing Officer

333101 Clearing and Forwarding Agent Shipping Agent Coordinator

333301 Recruitment Consultant / Officer Recruitment Officer

333401 Property Manager Property Administrator

Property Business Support Manager

333903 Sales Representative (Business Services) Business Services Officer

Sales Representative (Business Services)

333904 Business Broker Commercial Property Specialist

333905 Supply Chain Practitioner Supply Chain Administrator

Supply Chain Practitioner

333908 Marketing Coordinator Marketing Coordinator

333910 Business Support Coordinator Business Support Coordinator

334101 Office Supervisor Clerical Supervisor

Data Entry Supervisor

Filing Clerks Supervisor

Office Supervisor

334102 Office Administrator Office Administrator

Administrative Secretary

Executive Assistant

Personal Assistant

Private Secretary

334401 Medical Secretary Medical Office Administrative Assistant

335402 Import-export Administrator Export Agent / Clerk

Import-export Administrator

x

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Shipping Tally Clerk

335906 Environmental Practices Inspector Environmental Practices Inspector

335907 Weights and Measures Inspector Weights and Measures Inspector

341102 Legal Executive Legal Executive

341107 Law Clerk Inland Revenue Technical Advisor

341110 Associate Legal Professional Legal Advisor

351201 ICT Communications Assistant Computer Database Assistant

351301 Computer Network Technician Computer Network Technician

Network Support Technician

351302 Geographic Information Systems Technicians GIS Assistant / Consultant / Officer /Operator / Specialist / Technician

351302 Geographic Information Systems Technicians Technical Support Specialist

352106 Production Assistant (Film, Television or Radio) Production Assistant (Film, Television or Radio)

411101 General Clerk Administration Clerk / Officer

Administrative Assistant

Clerical Assistant / Officer

Client Services Administrator

Community Services Clerk

General Clerk

Girl Friday

Lab Administrator

Office / Field Assistant

Recording Clerk

412101 Secretary (General) Secretary (General)

413101 Word Processing Operator Typist

413201 Data Entry Operator Computer Clerk

Data Capturer

Data Control / Input Clerk

Data Entry Operator

Data Processing Operator

421102 Bank Worker Credit Support Officer

421401 Debt Collector Regional Manager Debt

422201 Inbound Contact Centre Consultant Inbound Call Centre Customer Service Representative

Inbound Contact Centre Team Leader

422202 Outbound Contact Centre Consultant Call Centre Customer Service Representative (Outbound)

Call or Contact Centre Sales Agent / Consultant

422204 Contact Centre Resource Planner Contact Centre Workforce Scheduler

422301 Switchboard Operator Switchboard Operator

422501 Enquiry Clerk Corporate / Front Office Receptionist

Customer Centre Support Officer

Customer Services Clerk / Officer / Reception Officer

Information Clerk / Officer / Advisor / Assistant

422601 Receptionist (General) Front Desk Coordinator

Receptionist (General)

422701 Survey Interviewer Clerical Field Officer

xi

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Field Assistant / Coordinator

Field Worker

431101 Accounts Clerk Account Coordinator / Controller

Accounting Clerk

Accounts Clerk

Accounts Payable or Receivable Clerk

Assets Clerk / Coordinator

Creditors Clerk

Debtors Clerk

431102 Cost Clerk Cost Clerk

Costing Clerk

Pricing Clerk / Analyst / Estimator

431204 Insurance Claims Administrator Claims Analyst

431301 Payroll Clerk Payroll Assistant / Consultant / Coordinator

Payroll Clerk

Payroll Officer / Administrator / Advisor / Analyst

Salaries Clerk / Officer / Administrator

Wage Clerk

432101 Stock Clerk / Officer Inventory Clerk / Controller / Administrator

Packaging Material Stores Clerk-Perishable Produce

Purchasing and Inventory Officer

Stock Clerk / Officer

Stock Control Clerk

Storekeeping Officer

Stores Clerk / Officer

Stores Controller

Stores Coordinator

Stores Maintenance Clerk

Supply Clerk / Assistant / Officer / Scheduler

432102 Dispatching and Receiving Clerk / Officer Dispatch Clerk / Officer / Operator / Assistant / Worker

Dispatching and Receiving Clerk / Officer

Distribution Officer

Goods Receiving Clerk

Inwards Goods Clerk

Receiving Clerk

Shipping and Receiving Clerk

Workshop Clerk

432103 Order Clerk / Officer Customer Orders Clerk

Order Clerk / Officer

432104 Warehouse Administrator / Clerk Ca / Ra Storage Manager / Controller (Perishable Produce)

Warehouse Administrator / Clerk

432201 Production Coordinator Distribution Controller

432201 Production Coordinator Logistics Clerk / Assistant / Controller / Coordinator / Planner / Officer

432201 Production Coordinator Manufacturing Distributor

xii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Material and Production Planning Clerk

Planning and Liaison Officer

Production Clerk

Production Coordinator

Production Foreman

Production Leader

Production Planner / Officer

Production Planning Officer

Production Recorder / Scheduler

Shift Controller

432301 Transport Clerk Transport Clerk

Transport Coordinator / Dispatcher

Truck Dispatcher

441101 Library Assistant Documentation Officer

441201 Courier Courier

Parcel Contractor

441202 Postal Delivery Officer Messenger

441301 Coding Clerk Medical Record Clerk

441501 Filing or Registry Clerk Document Control Officer

Documentation Clerk / Officer

Filing or Registry Clerk

Information Services Assistant

441502 Office Machine Operator Office Assistant Photocopying

441601 Human Resources Clerk Human Resources Clerk

Human Resources Records Clerk

Human Resources Systems Administrator

Personnel Records Clerk

441603 Compensation and Benefits Clerk Benefits Administrator

Remuneration and Benefits Clerk

441902 Contract Administrator Contract Administrator

441903 Program or Project Administrators Administration Officer

Administrator

Program or Project Administrators

Programme / Project Coordinator

Project Coordinator

Project Planner

Project Programme Specialist

441905 Account Clerk (Public Relations / Communication)

Communication Clerk / Assistant

512101 Cook Cook

515103 Commercial Housekeeper Commercial Housekeeper

515301 Caretaker Caretaker

Maintenance Officer

522201 Retail Supervisor Retail Supervisor

Sales Department Supervisor

xiii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

522301 Sales Assistant (General) Cosmetic Sales Assistant

Sales Assistant (General)

Sales Person / Consultant

Shop Assistant

522303 Automotive Parts Salesperson Sales Representative (Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories)

522304 ICT Sales Assistant Communications Sales Assistant

523101 Checkout Operator Cash Register Operator

523102 Office Cashier Cash Accounting Clerk

Cash Receipting Clerk

Cashier

Office Cashier

524201 Sales Demonstrator Merchandiser

Sales Demonstrator

524501 Service Station Attendant Service Station Attendant

524901 Materials Recycler Scrap Materials Buyer

Scrap Merchant / Metal Dealer

Waste Recycler

524903 Sales Clerk / Officer Engineering Sales Clerk

Internal Salesperson

Sales Clerk / Officer

541101 Fire Fighter Fire Safety Officer

541401 Security Officer Security Guard

Security Officer

542203 Special Forces Operator Team Leader (Tm Ldr)

611101 Agronomy Farmer Agronomy Production Supervisor

611202 Horticultural Farmer Horticultural Production Supervisor

611302 Landscape Gardener Gardener

612102 Dairy Farmer Dairy Production Supervisor

612201 Poultry Farmer Poultry Farm Production Supervisor

613101 Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmer Biodynamic Farmer/ Farm Foreman / Production Supervisor

641101 House Builder Civil Construction Worker

641501 Carpenter and Joiner Building Maintenance Repairman

Carpenter and Joiner

Shopfitter

Woodworker

641502 Carpenter Carpenter Contractor

Fixing Carpenter

642501 Glazier Window Glass Fitter

642601 Plumber Maintenance Plumber

642701 Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanic Air Conditioning Technician

643101 Painter Painter

643201 Industrial Spraypainter Industrial Spraypainter

643202 Vehicle Painter Spraypainter

651101 Moulder Moulder

xiv

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

651202 Welder Arc Welder

Welder

651203 Fitter-welder Fitter-welder

651302 Boilermaker Boilermaker

Boilermaker-welder

652201 Toolmaker Die Cutter

Toolmaker

652301 Metal Machinist Fitter-machinist

Machine Setter

Machine Tool Fitter

Machine Tool Operator

Machine Tool Setter

Metal Machinist

Milling Machinist

Turner Machinist

Turner Machinist (Automotive)

652302 Fitter and Turner Fitter and Turner

652402 Tool Grinder and Sharpener Tool Grinder and Sharpener

653101 Automotive Motor Mechanic Automotive Mechanic

Vehicle Mechanic

653301 Industrial Machinery Mechanic Industrial Machinery Mechanic

Plant Maintenance Mechanic

653302 Mechanical Equipment Repairer Mechanical Equipment Repairer

653303 Mechanical Fitter General Fitter

Machine Fitter

Maintenance Fitter

Mechanical Fitter

653306 Diesel Mechanic Diesel Mechanic

662106 Process Engraver Block Maker

662202 Small Offset Printing Machine Operator Instant Printer Operator

Printer's Assistant

671101 Electrician Electrical Fitter

Electrician

Electrician (Engineering)

Electrician (General)

Winder Electrical Technician

671202 Millwright Millwright

Millwright (Electromechanician)

671203 Mechatronics Technician Mechatronics Technician

671301 Electrical Line Mechanic Linesman

672105 Instrument Mechanician Electronic Service Technician

Instrument Fitter

Instrument Mechanician

Instrument Mechanician (Industrial)

xv

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Instrument Mechanician (Process Control Systems)

681505 Fruit and Vegetable Grader / Classer Picker Grader

682203 Wood Model Maker Wood Model Maker

682303 Wood Machinist Automatic Profile Sander Operator

Wood Products Machine Operator

711101 Mining Operator Continuous Miner Operator

Mining Plant Operator

711201 Mineral Processing Machine Operator Crusher Operator

Machine Operator (Stone Cutting or Processing)

711301 Driller Drilling Plant Operator

711401 Concrete Products Machine Operator Concrete Products Machine Operator

711404 Cement Production Plant Operator Cement Despatch Operator

Central Concrete Mixing Plant Operator

711405 Concrete Batching Plant Operator Premix Concrete Batcher

713101 Chemical Production Machine Operator Chemical Crusher / Grinder

Chemical Extractor / Reactor / Still Operator

Chemical Production Machine Operator

Cleaning Materials Machine Operator

Cosmetics Machine Operator

Paint Tinter / Mixer

Petroleum and Natural Gas Refining (Ethyl) Operator / Blender

714101 Rubber Production Machine Operator Rubber Compounder

Rubber Production Machine Operator

714204 Plastics Production Machine Operator (General)

Plastics Laminator

714204 Plastics Production Machine Operator (General)

Plastics Production Machine Operator (General)

714205 Reinforced Plastic and Composite Production Worker

Resin Transfer Moulding Machine Operator

714301 Paper Products Machine Operator Cutting Machine Operator

715701 Laundry Machine Operator Laundry Machine Operator

716104 Dairy Products Machine Operator Dairy Plant / Process Operator

716108 Seed Processing Machine Operator Seed Bagger

716109 Milling Process Machine Operator Milling Process Machine Operator

717201 Wood Processing Machine Operator Saw Operator

718102 Glass Production Machine Operator Furnace Operator (Glass Production)

718301 Labelling Machine Operator Labelling Machine Operator

718302 Packing Machine Operator Wrapping Machine Operator

718303 Filling Line Operator Bottle Filler

Container Filler

Filling Line Operator

Filling Machine Operator

Sealing and Capping Machine Operator

718304 Packaging Manufacturing Machine Minder Packaging Machine Operator

718905 Engineering Production Systems Worker Automated Machine Operator

xvi

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

Engineering Production Systems Worker

718906 Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator

Tank Farm Operator (Petroleum)

718907 Weighbridge Operator Licensed Weigher

Weighbridge Operator

721101 Machinery Assembler Machinery Assembler

Turbine Assembler

721901 Product Assembler Assembler, Wood Products

Product Assembler

731201 Railway Signal Operator Railway Shunter

732101 Delivery Driver Delivery Driver

Driver-messenger

Light Utility Vehicle (LUV) Driver

Van Driver

732201 Chauffeur Chauffeur

733201 Truck Driver (General) Freight Operator

Logging Truck Driver

Lorry Driver

Truck Driver (General)

733204 Tanker Driver Tanker Driver

733208 Mobile Mining Equipment Operator Utility Vehicle Operator

734101 Agricultural Mobile Plant (Equipment) Operator

Farm Equipment / Machinery Operator

734201 Earthmoving Plant Operator (General) Construction Plant Operator (General)

Earthmoving Plant Operator (General)

734203 Bulldozer Operator Bulldozer Operator

734204 Excavator Operator Excavator Driver

734205 Grader Operator Grader Driver

734206 Loader Operator Loader Operator

Skid-steer-loader Operator

734301 Crane or Hoist Operator Crane or Hoist Operator

734402 Forklift Driver Forklift Driver

Forklift Operator

811101 Domestic Cleaner Domestic Cleaner

811201 Commercial Cleaner Building Exterior / Interior Cleaner

Cleaner (Non-domestic)

Commercial Cleaner

Factory Cleaner / Sweeper

Office Cleaner

Workshop Cleaner

811202 Healthcare Cleaner High Risk Area Cleaner

811203 Tea Attendant Tea Attendant

Tea Lady

Tea Person

811204 Caretaker / cleaner Caretaker / cleaner

xvii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

812101 Laundry Worker (General) Laundry Worker (General)

812201 Vehicle Detailer (Valet Servicer) Wash bay Attendant

812902 Swimming Pool Cleaner Swimming Pool Cleaner

821104 Harvester / Picker Flower Buncher or Picker

821401 Garden Workers Garden Workers

831101 Mining Support Worker Mine Sampler / Worker

831301 Builder's Worker Artisan Aide Building Trade

Builder's Worker

Maintenance Person / Coordinator

Pipe Layer

831310 Surveyor's Assistant Geotechnical Assistant

Mineral Resource Assistant

Sampler/ MRM Sampler/ MRT Grade Controller

832101 Packer (Non Perishable Products) Chocolate Packer

Packer (Non Perishable Products)

832102 Meat Packer Shrinkwrap Operator

832901 Metal Engineering Process Worker Boilermaker's Assistant / Aide

Fitter's Assistant

Metal Engineering Process Worker

832902 Plastics, Composites and Rubber Factory Worker

Plastics Mixing Plant Worker

Plastics Packer

Plastics Process Worker

Rubber Factory Worker

832903 Timber and Wood Process Worker Pulp, Paper Making and Paper Products Labourer

832907 Chemical Plant Worker Chemical Plant Worker

Chemical Tester (Physical/ Routine)

832910 Component Fitter Component Fitter

833301 Freight Handler (Rail or Road) Freight Loader

Yard Attendant

833302 Truck Driver's Offsider Truck Driver's Offsider

833303 Waterside Worker Wharf Labourer

833401 Shelf Filler Shelf Filler

Storeperson Packer / Shelver

Warehouse Worker / Shelver

833402 Store Person Manufacturing Storeperson

Order Picker / Assembler

Store Person

Stores Assistant

Warehouse Assistant

841201 Kitchenhand Kitchen Assistant (Non-domestic)

862202 Handyperson Handy Man

Handy Person

Handyperson

862914 Sheltered Workshop Worker Sheltered Workshop Worker

xviii

OFO Code

Occupation Specialisation name

862915 Chemical Mixer Chemical Mixer

862918 Electrical or Telecommunications Trades Assistant

Artisan Aide Electrical

Auto Electrician's Assistant

Electrical Helper

Instrument Artisan Assistant

900000 Learner

Changed

Remap

Total

Source: WSP submissions, June 2012

xix