Notes

Introduction: Casting a New Look at the Origins of the Cold War

1. For good recent reviews of Cold War historiography, see M. P. Leffler, ‘TheCold War: What Do “We Now Know”?’, The American Historical Review,vol. 104, no. 2 (Apr. 1999), pp. 501–24; M. P. Leffler and D. S. Painter (eds),Origins of the Cold War: An International History, 2nd edn (New York andLondon: Routledge, 2005); D. Reynolds (ed.), The Origins of the Cold War inEurope: International Perspectives (New Haven, Conn. and London: YaleUniversity Press, 1994); A. Varsori and E. Calandri, The Failure of Peace inEurope, 1943–48 (Basingstoke: Palgave, 2002) and O. A. Westad, Reviewing theCold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (London: Frank Cass, 2000).

2. Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, p. 503.3. Ibid.4. G. Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945 (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 32.5. Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe.6. Ibid., pp. 46–7, 55.7. Ibid., p. 58.8. H. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, 3rd edn (London: Methuen,

1956), p. 167.9. S. Mikolajczyk, The Pattern of Soviet Domination (London: S. Low, Marston,

1948).10. H. Ripka, Czechoslovakia Enslaved: The Story of the Communist Coup d’Etat

(London: Gollancz, 1950).11. N. Dolapchiev, Bulgaria, the Making of a Satellite: Analysis of the Historical

Developments, 1944–1953 (Foyer Bulgare, Bulgarian Historical Institute, 1971).12. M. R. Myant, Socialism and Democracy in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).13. J. Coutouvidis and J. Reynolds, Poland, 1939–1947 (Leicester: Leicester

University Press, 1986).14. C. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986).15. M. Isusov, Politicheskite Partiii v Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia, 1978) is the best

pre-1989 study of Bulgaria’s postwar political transformation.16. V. Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York:

Oxford University Press, 1996).17. V. Mastny, Russia’s Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and Politics of

Communism, 1941–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979).18. V. M. Zubok and K. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to

Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996).19. N. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation,

1945–1949 (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1995).

205

20. A. J. Prazmowska, Civil War in Poland, 1942–1948 (Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan, 2004).

21. B. F. Abrams, The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation: Czech Culture and the Riseof Communism (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004).

22. M. Mevius, Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Communist Party and the Originsof Socialist Patriotism, 1941–1953 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005).

23. R. Levy, Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist (Berkeley and LosAngeles, CA: University of California Press, 2001).

24. J. L. Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1997); Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, pp. 501–7.

25. Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, pp. 503–4.26. Ibid., pp. 507–11.27. Ibid., pp. 506–7.28. See J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe,

1933–1939 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 213–14.29. E. H. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, 1930–1935 (London: Macmillan, 1982),

p. 125.30. Dimitrov’s diary was first published in Bulgarian in 1997, with the title:

Georgi Dimitrov: Dnevnik (9 mart 1933–6 fevruari 1948) (Georgi Dimitrov:Diary, 9 March 1933–6 February 1948) (Sofia, 1997). In 2003, it was pub-lished in English, with the title: The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949,edited by Ivo Banac (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).

31. J. Haslam, ‘Stalin’s Postwar Plans’, in A. Lane and H. Temperley (eds), TheRise and Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–1945 (Basingstoke: Macmillan,1995).

32. F. Chuev, Sto sorok besed s Molotovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (Moscow, 1991),pp. 101–3.

33. For a powerfully argued case of special American interest in Bulgaria see M.M. Boll, Cold War in the Balkans: American Foreign Policy and the Emergence ofCommunist Bulgaria, 1943–1947 (Lexington, Ky.: University Press ofKentucky, 1984).

34. Hugh De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence: The American Foreign Service, theSoviet Union, and the Cold War, 1933–1947 (Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1980), pp. 127–8, 135–6, 147–8, 163–4, 180–1, 192–3, 206, 208.

1 Prelude: Stalin, Dimitrov and the Nazi Threat (1933–41)

1. Jonathan Haslam (The Soviet Union, p. 5) characterized the relationshipbetween Stalin and Litvinov as follows: ‘Litvinov was acting director, butonly on Stalin’s sufferance.’

2. See ibid., pp. 213–14.3. Georgi Dimitrov: Dnevnik (9 mart 1933–6 fevruari 1948) (Georgi Dimitrov:

Diary, 9 March 1933–6 February 1948) (Sofia, 1997), entry for 28.5.39 [trans-lation from Bulgarian – Vesselin Dimitrov]. The diary will henceforth bereferred to in the notes as ‘Dimitrov’s diary’.

4. Haslam, The Soviet Union, pp. 195–232.5. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.9.39.6. Mastny, Russia’s Road to the Cold War.

206 Notes

7. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.11.39.8. Haslam, ‘Stalin’s Postwar Plans’.9. L. Bezymensky (ed.) ‘Direktivy I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi v

Berlin v noiabre 1940 goda’, Novaia i Noveishaia Istoriia 4 (1995), pp. 76–9.10. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, p. 27.11. Dimitrov’s diary, 25.11.40.12. Ibid.13. S. Rachev, Churchill, Bulgaria i Balkanite, 1939–1944 (Sofia, 1995), pp. 100–1.14. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.11.39.15. Haslam, The Soviet Union, pp. 1–5.16. For Stalin’s confidence in Litvinov, see ibid., p. 1. For Stalin’s appreciation of

Dimitrov, see n. 42 below.17. J. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria: Origins and Development

1883–1936 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), p. 96.18. For a largely sympathetic account of the BANU’s development and its years

in government, see J. Bell, Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and theBulgarian National Agrarian Union, 1899–1923 (Princeton and Guildford:Princeton University Press, 1977).

19. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, pp. 101–2.20. Ibid., p. 114.21. Ibid., pp. 105–16.22. Ibid., p. 115.23. Ibid., p. 120.24. Ibid., pp. 128–9.25. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 406.26. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 259.27. Ibid., p. 262.28. Ibid., p. 292.29. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 130.30. Ibid., p. 88.31. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 276.32. Ibid., pp. 276–7.33. M. Dimitrov, ‘Bulgarskata ikonomika v navecherieto na Vtorata svetovna

voina (1934–1939), in D. Sazdov et al. Problemi ot stopanskata istoria naBulgaria (Sofia, 1996), p. 157.

34. Ibid.35. N. Oren, Revolution Administered: Agrarianism and Communism in Bulgaria

(Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), pp. 13–14.36. Ibid., p. 20.37. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 88.38. Ibid., p. 124.39. Ibid., p. 125.40. Dimitrov’s diary, 3.4.34.41. Ibid., 7.4.34.42. Ibid., 25.4.34.43. Stalin’s comments on Dimitrov’s letter to him of 1.7.34, in A. Dallin and

F. I. Firsov (eds), Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943: Letters from the Soviet Archives(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 13.

44. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.4.34.45. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, pp. 423–4.

Notes 207

46. Ibid., p. 405.47. Ibid, p. 406.48. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 169.49. Oren, Revolution Administered, p. 37.50. Document No. 60, Stalin i bulgarskiat komunizum: iz sekretnite ruski i bulgarski

arhivi. Protokoli, stenogrami, dnevnitsi, pisma (Sofia, 2002), p. 197.51. Ibid., p. 195.52. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 298.53. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, pp. 159–207.54. D. A. L. Levy, ‘The French Popular Front, 1936–37’, in H. Graham and

P. Preston (eds), The Popular Front in Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987),pp. 58–83.

55. Haslam, The Soviet Union, p. 10556. Ibid., p. 106.57. Ibid., pp. 106, 165–6, 181–3, 230–1.58. Dimitrov’s diary, 26.4.39.59. Ibid., 1.5.39.60. Ibid., 22.8.39.61. Ibid., 24.8.39.62. Ibid., 7.9.39.63. Ibid., 8.9.39.64. Ibid., 7.11.39.65. Ibid., 20.4.41.66. Ibid., 21.4.41.67. Ibid., 12.5.41.

2 Great Power Diplomacy, Resistance and Popular Front in Bulgaria (June 1941–September 1944)

1. The information on the commissions’ work is drawn from A. Filitov,Conceptions of Postwar Order in Soviet Policy Making, a paper presented at theNinth International Colloquium, The Soviet Union and the Cold War in Europe,1943–1953, Cortona, Italy, 23–24 September 1994.

2. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, pp. 95–9.3. Dimitrov’s diary, 22.6.41.4. Ibid., 24.6.41.5. Ibid., 25.6.41.6. Ibid., 6.7.41.7. Ibid., 3.7.41.8. Ibid., 7.11.41.9. Ibid., 8.5.43.

10. Ibid., 11.5.43.11. Ibid., 13.5.43.12. Ibid., 19.5.43.13. Ibid., 20.5.43.14. Ibid., 21.5.43.15. Ibid., 12.6.43.

208 Notes

16. See N. Oren, Bulgarian Communism: The Road to Power, 1934–1944 (New York:Columbia University Press, 1971), for the most comprehensive English-language treatment.

17. R. J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 2nd edn (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005), p. 167.

18. Ibid., pp. 62–319. D. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava: zadgranichnoto biuro i antifashistkata borba v

Bulgariia (Sofia, 1991), p. 22.20. Ibid., p. 33.21. Ibid., p. 29.22. Ibid., p. 30.23. Dimitrov’s diary, 4.8.41.24. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, p. 36.25. Opening report by Traicho Kostov, first secretary of the BWP Central

Committee (CC), at the 8th CC plenary session, February–March 1945,Tsentralen Partien Arhiv na Bulgarskata Sotsialisticheska Partiia (TsPA) (CentralParty Archive of the Bulgarian Socialist (formerly Communist) Party)),fond 1,opis 5, arhivna edinitsa 2, list 9.

26. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, p. 37.27. Ibid., pp. 218–9.28. Ibid, pp. 219–20.29. Ibid., pp. 220–1.30. Ibid., pp. 221–2.31. Ibid., p. 222.32. Ibid.33. Ibid., p. 223.34. Ibid., pp. 223–4.35. Dimitrov to Stalin, 6.9.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1748, 6.36. Oren, Bulgarian Communism, p. 219.37. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, pp. 22–5.38. Ibid., p. 105.39. I. Dimitrov, Burzhoaznata opozitsiia, 1939–1944 (Sofia, 1997) is the most thor-

ough survey of the loyal opposition.40. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, p. 102. According to a minute by a Foreign Office

official (Clutton?) of 6.6.44, British policy was ‘to support the FatherlandFront, which includes all parties from communists to liberals’, Public RecordOffice (PRO), Foreign Office General Correspondence, FO371/43589.

41. Dimitrov to Stalin, 31.8.43, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 39–40.42. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, pp. 192–4.43. I. Dimitrov, Ivan Bagrianov. Tsaredvorets. Politik. Durzhavnik (Sofia, 1995), p. 56.44. CC to Dimitrov, 12.7.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 69.45. Dimitrov to CC, 16.7.44,TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 65.46. Dimitrov to Stalin, 18.7.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 62.47. Dimitrov to Tito, 26.7.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1770, 6.49. Dimitrov to a visiting BWP Politburo (PB) delegation, February 1945, TsPA,

146, 5, 209, 74.49. Dimitrov, Burzhoaznata Opozitsiia, p. 176.50. Dimitrov, Burzhoaznata Opozitsiia, p. 177.

Notes 209

51. Ibid.52. E. Barker, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War (London

and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976), p. 116.53. Ibid., p. 120; W. S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 5, Closing the Ring

(London: Cassell 1952), pp. 303–16.54. Barker, British Policy, p. 215.55. Ibid., p. 216.56. Ibid., pp. 215–6.57. Ibid., p. 216.58. Ibid.59. Ibid., p. 219.60. Dimitrov’s diary, 9.1.44.61. Although some hopes that British troops could enter Southeastern Europe

persisted as late as August 1944 – see Barker, British Policy, p. 121.62. Minute by A. Cadogan on memorandum by Steel, March 1944, PRO,

FO371/43588.63. W. S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, Triumph and Tragedy (London:

Cassell, 1954), p. 63.64. Prime Minister to Foreign Secretary, 4.5.44, PRO, PREM 3 66/7.65. FO to Moscow, 18.5.44, ibid.66. Ibid.67. Barker, British Policy, pp. 140–1.68. President to Prime Minister, 11.6.44, PRO, PREM 3 66/7.69. Prime Minister to President, 12.6.44, ibid.70. President to Prime Minister, 13.6.44, ibid.71. Prime Minister to Foreign Secretary, 1.8.44, ibid.72. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, p. 7173. Memorandum to the War Cabinet, 7.6.44, PRO, FO371/43646.74. Aide-memoire to Clark-Kerr, 23.9.44, Arhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii

(AVP RF) (Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation), fond 074, opis 33,papka 113, delo 3, list 18.

75. Boll, Cold War.76. Ibid., pp. 8–9.77. Ibid., pp. 11–12.78. Ibid., p. 13.79. Ibid., p. 15.80. Ibid., pp. 15–16.81. Ibid., p. 16.82. Ibid., pp. 16–19.83. Ibid., p. 21.84. Ibid., pp. 22–3.85. Ibid., p. 23.86. Ibid.87. Eden to Churchill, 29.2.44, PRO, FO371/43596.88. Boll, Cold War, p. 23.89. Ibid.90. Ibid.91. Ibid., pp. 25–6.92. Barker,British Policy, p. 218.93. Boll, Cold War, p. 43.

210 Notes

94. Lavrishchev’s diary, 30.7.43, AVP RF, 074, 32, 112, 2, 3.95. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Stamenov, July 1943, AVP RF, 06, 5, 21, 233, 5–6.96. Memorandum to Zorin and Molotov (unsigned), 13.6.44, AVP RF, 6, 34,

402, 4.97. Zorin and Lavrishchev to Vyshinsky, 7.7.44, AVP RF, 074, 33, 113, 6, 20.98. Dimitrov to Stalin and Molotov, 2.6.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 53.99. Memorandum to Vyshinsky (unsigned), August 1944, AVP RF, 074, 33, 113,

3, 27–9.100. Eden to Churchill, 30.8.44, PRO, FO371/43590.101. Dimitrov, Ivan Bagrianov, p. 78.102. Ribbentrop to Beckerle, 12.8.44, Beckerle to Ribbentrop, 19.8.44, Ribbentrop

to charge d’ affairs Dr. A. Morman, 26.8.44, Beckerle to Ribbentrop, 31.8.44,Tainite na Tretiia raih, Sofia– Berlin–Sofia, mai - septemvri 1944 godina (Sofia,1992), pp. 108, 116, 130, 155.

103. Dimitrov, Ivan Bagrianov, p. 63.104. Ibid., pp. 60–4, 68–81.105. Dnevnik na Purvan Draganov, bivsh minister na vunshnite raboti ot 12 iuni do 1

septemvri 1944 (Sofia, 1993), entry for 6.8.44; S. Moshanov, Moiata misiia vKairo (Sofia, 1991), pp. 243, 247–8.

106. Moshanov, Moiata misiia, p. 262.107. Ibid., p. 321.108. Ibid., pp. 321–3.109. Ibid., pp. 324–7.110. Ibid., pp. 349–50.111. Ibid., pp. 349–50.112. Boll, Cold War, p. 45.113. Moyne to FO, 4.9.44, PRO, PREM 3 79/3.114. Prime Minister to Foreign Secretary, 4.9.44, ibid.115. Moyne to FO, 4.9.44, ibid.116. Dimitrov to Stalin, 3.9.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 86–8.117. Dimitrov’s diary, 5.9.44. Molotov telephoned Dimitrov on 5 September

1944 and informed him of the intended declaration of war. The two dis-cussed the content of the Soviet note to the Bulgarian government, indicat-ing that even at this stage, the note had not been finalized.

118. Meeting of Vinogradov, Soviet ambassador to Turkey, with Balabanov,Bulgarian ambassador to Turkey, 5.9.44, AVP RF, 074, 33, 113, 5, 9.

119. Howard’s minute on the State Department’s reply of 3.9.44. The Departmenthad replied that it would be wise to wait for the outcome of the Moshanovtalks before undertaking anything else. PRO, FO371/43583.

120. Harriman to Hull, 7.9.44, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1944,vol. 3, p. 402.

3 Wartime Coalition: Unity and Conflict (September 1944–April 1945)

1. See G. Swain and N. Swain, Eastern Europe since 1945 (New York: St. Martin’sPress, 1993), pp. 47, 50–1, and Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, pp. 84–5, forthe Czechoslovak and Hungarian cases.

2. Isusov, Politicheskite partii, p. 24.

Notes 211

3. M. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot v Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia, 2000), p. 22.4. P. Ostoich, BKP i izgrazhdaneto na narodnodemokraticheskata durzhava, 9

septemvri 1944–dekemvri 1947 (Sofia, 1967), pp. 76–7.5. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 22.6. Speech of R. Hristozov, Director of the People’s Militia, at the 8th CC plenary

session, February–March 1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 241.7. Rabotnichesko Delo (the BWP’s newspaper), 17.9.44.8. P. Meshkova and D. Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina: tainite mechanizmi na nar-

odniia sud (Sofia, 1994), p. 20.9. Ibid., p. 27.

10. Ibid., p. 28.11. T. Stoianov, Teniu Stoianov progovori: shpionazh, prevrati, protsesi, ubiistva

(Sofia, 1994), pp. 133–4.12. Meeting of Levichkin (political advisor to the Soviet vice-chairman of the

ACC for Bulgaria, General Biriuzov), with Lieut. Colonel Futakiev, Burgasoblast militia commander and Chankov, state security commander, 30.1.45,AVP RF, 074, 34, 115, 10, 61; Meeting of Levichkin with Penev, Plovdiv oblastmilitia commander and Ichev, state security commander, 1.2.45, AVP RF,074, 34, 115, 10, 67.

13. Letter by party members of 10th Sofia police district headquarters, to GeorgiDimitrov, November 1946, TsPA, 146, 4, 729, 80.

14. Resolution of the BWP Central Control Commission, 3.12.46, ibid., list 82.15. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 25.16. Ibid., pp. 25–6.17. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.10.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 17, 2.18. Dimitrov’s diary, 6.12.48.19. Report by Pravda war correspondents V. Kozhevnikov and M. Sivolobov to

Dimitrov, 24.9.44, Bulgariia: nepriznatiiat protivnik na Tretiia raih. Dokumenti(Sofia, 1995), Doc. 36, p. 54.

20. Memorandum to Vyshinsky by Zorin and Kirsanov, 18.9.44, AVP RF, 074, 33,113, 4, 15. Kirsanov had served in the Soviet embassy in wartime Bulgariaand was soon to return to the country in the capacity of a political advisor toGeneral Biriuzov, and from August 1945, as Soviet ambassador.

21. Dimitrov’s diary, 22.9.44.22. Ibid., 21.9.44, 25.9.44.23. Kostov’s concluding report at the 8th CC plenary session, February–March

1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 272.24. Ibid., list 268.25. Eden and Churchill to FO, 17.9.44, PRO, PREM 3 79/5, GUNFIRE 247.26. Eden to Churchill, 19.9.44, ibid., CORDITE 365.27. Winant to Hull, 10.10.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 446.28. Ibid., p. 443.29. Memorandum to Prime Minister, 6.10.44, PRO, FO371/43601.30. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, p. 181.31. Barker, British Policy, pp. 146–7.32. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, p. 198.33. Winant to Hull, 18.10.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 455.34. Winant to Hull, 18.10.44, ibid., p. 463.35. Foreign Secretary to FO, 15.10.44, PRO, FO371/43601, HEARTY 112.

212 Notes

36. Hull to Winant, 18.10.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 463.37. Winant to Hull, 22.10.44, ibid., p. 473.38. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 28.39. Council of Ministers’ decree on setting up a ‘People’ Court’, 30.9.44, in

L. Ognianov, M. Dimova and M. Lalkov, Hristomatia po istoria na Bulgaria1944–1948: Narodna demokratsia ili diktatura (Sofia, 1992), Doc. 5, pp. 17–18;Document setting out the grounds for the Council of Ministers’ decree, inMeshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, Appendix 1, pp. 168–71.

40. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 39.41. Politburo meeting, 25.10.44, 1, 6, 4, 3–7.42. Politburo meeting, 20.10.44, TsPA, 146, 5, 191, 4.43. Statistical Report, 8th CC plenary session, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 6.44. Ibid.45. L. Ognianov, Durzhavno – politicheskata sistema na Bulgariia, 1944–1948

(Sofia, 1993), p. 54.46. Report by A. Kostov to CC, 25.3.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 23, 138.47. Report of a CC instructor on the Stara Zagora oblast, 25.3.45, ibid., list 164.48. Kostov to Dimitrov, October 1944, TsPA, 146, 4, 168, 5.49. Ibid., list 5–6.50. Ibid., list 3–4.51. TsPA, 146, 4, 337.52. Kostov to Dimitrov, October 1944, TsPA, 146, 4, 168, 1–4.53. Ibid., list 6.54. Kostov to Dimitrov, 4.11.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 169, 1.55. Kratki nahvurleni belezhki za rabotata na stopanskiia otdel (Brief notes on the

work of the economic department), prepared by its head, Petko Kunin, forDimitrov; March 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 224, 1–12.

56. The information on the development of the BANU in late 1944 and early1945 is drawn largely from I. Zarchev, BZNS i izgrazhdaneto na sotsializma vBulgariia, 1944–1962 (Sofia, 1984), pp. 25–41.

57. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 168.58. Report by the head of the OSS mission to Sofia, Harry Harper, 17.9.44,

Bulgariia: nepriznatiiat protivnik, Doc. 24, p. 36.59. Politicheskie partii, vhodiashtie v OF (FF (Fatherland Front) political parties)), a

report prepared by Levichkin, 2.4.45, AVP RF 074, 34, 114, 6, 47–9.60. Ibid., list 44.61. Ibid.62. T. Volokitina, Programma revoliutsii u istokov narodnoi demokratsii v Bolgarii,

1944–1946 gg. (Moscow, 1990), p. 53.63. Politicheskie partii, AVP RF 074, 34, 114, 6, 72–3.64. R. Bogdanova, ‘Ideiniiat zhivot v Bulgariia prez vtorata polovina na 40 – te

godini’, in M. Isusov et al. Stranitsi ot bulgarskata istoriia. Subitiia, razmisli,lichnosti (Sofia, 1993), pp. 144–5.

65. Konferentsii s oblastni deitsi (Conferences with oblast functionaries)30.11–2.12.44, Tsentralen Durzhaven Arhiv na Republika Bulgariia (TsDA)(Central State Archive of the Republic of Bulgaria), fond 68, opis 1, arhivnaedinitsa 2, list 10–20.

66. Ibid., list 53–7.67. Bogdanova, ‘Ideiniiat zhivot’, pp. 145–6, 149.

Notes 213

68. Kostov to Dimitrov, 15.10.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 37, 1.69. Ibid.70. Barnes to Hull, 1.12.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 495–6.71. Barnes to Hull, 5.12.44, ibid., p. 498.72. Barnes to Hull, 7.12.44, ibid., p. 49973. De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence, p. 61.74. E. Barker, Truce in the Balkans (London, 1948), p. 51.75. Barnes to Hull, 29.12.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 513.76. Barnes to Hull, 13.12.44, ibid., p. 503.77. Boll, Cold War, p. 113.78. Kostov to Dimitrov, 4.11.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 169, 2.79. Kostov to Dimitrov, 18.11.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 170, 1.80. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 63.81. G. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, 1941 – 1946 (Sofia, 1991), pp. 81–4.82. Meeting of the Bulgarian armistice delegation with Molotov, 16.10.44,

Bulgariia: nepriznatiiat protivnik, Doc. 89, pp. 112–13.83. Kostov to Dimitrov, 19.10.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 62, 1.84. Molotov’s meeting with Stainov, 16.10.44, AVP RF, 06, 6, 34, 404, 8.

Molotov is presented as simply acquiescing to Stainov’s words that most ofthe officers are loyal and should in any case be tested at the front.

85. Kostov to Dimitrov, 27.11.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 140, 5.86. Kostov to Dimitrov, 26.11.44, ibid., list 1–4.87. Kostov to Dimitrov, 28.11.44, ibid., list 6–8.88. Kostov to Dimitrov, 28.11.44, ibid., list 9.89. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, p. 80.90. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, pp. 65–6.91. Kostov to Dimitrov, 28.11.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 140, 9.92. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 68.93. Data given by the head of the CC’s military department, G. Damianov, at

the 8th CC plenary meeting, February–March 1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 237–8.94. Dimitrov to Kostov, 16.12.44, in Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata

gilotina, Appendix 2, pp. 174–5.95. Karatel’naiia politika OF (FF purges), by Levichkin, April 1945, AVP RF, 074,

34, 114, 6, 185–6 and 231.96. Molotov’s meeting with Stainov, 16.10.44, AVP RF, 06, 6, 34, 404, 8.97. Report of Bulgarian ambassador, 7.1.46, TsPA, 1, 5, 5, 104.98. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 76.99. CC secretariat meeting, 28.12.44, in Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata

gilotina, Appendix 5, p. 185.100. Politburo meeting, 20.1.45, in L. Ognianov, M. Dimova and M. Lalkov,

Hristomatia po istoria na Bulgaria, Doc. 10, pp. 24, 26–7.101. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 121–2.102. Ibid., p. 126.103. Ibid.104. Ibid., pp. 148–9.105. Ibid., p. 125.106. Ibid., pp. 125–6.107. Ibid., pp. 126–7.108. Ibid., p. 130.109. Ibid., pp. 158–63.

214 Notes

110. Oren, Revolution Administered, p. 89.111. Niakoi Stalinovi vizhdaniia (Some of Stalin’s views), Kolarov’s minutes,

January 1945, TsPA, 147, 2, 1025, 1–6. Stalin expressed similar sentiments toDimitrov, Dimitrov’s diary, 28.1.45.

112. M. Isusov, Stalin i Bulgaria (Sofia, 1991), p. 17.113. Boll, Cold War, pp. 81–2.114. Ibid., pp. 79–81.115. Ibid., p. 82.116. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, p. 76.117. Boll, Cold War, p. 82.118. Ibid., pp. 82–3.119. Ibid., p. 83.120. ‘Stocktaking after V.E.-Day’, by Sir Orme Sargent, 11.7.45, Documents on

British Policy Overseas (DBPO), series 1, volume I, Doc. 102.121. Kostov to Dimitrov, 11.12.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 157, 1–3.122. Kostov to Dimitrov, 5.12.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 171, 11–12.123. H. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, pp. 167–71.124. Dimitrov’s diary, 13.12.44.125. Dimitrov to Kostov, 13.12.44, TsPA, 1,7, 190, 1–2.126. Meeting of Soviet attaché to the governments-in-exile in London with the

Bulgarian journalist Michail Padev, 29.3.43, AVP RF, 074, 32, 112, 4, 2.Padev subsequently wrote a valedictory book about Nikola Petkov, DimitrovWastes No Bullets: The Trial of Nikola Petkov (London, 1949).

127. Barnes to Hull, 27.12.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 512. In his report on the purge of‘fascist elements’, Levichkin noted that the latter were merging with G. M.(Dr. G. M. Dimitrov), clearly implying that the agrarian leader should betreated in the same way. Karatel’naiia politika OF, April 1945, AVP RF, 074,34, 114, 6, 185–6 and 231.

128. Kostov to Dimitrov, 14.12.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 162, 1–2.129. Letter to A. Obbov, 22.12.44, TsPA, 146, 5, 924, 11.130. Meeting of National Committee of the Fatherland Front (FF) with the lead-

erships of the four coalition parties, 10.1.45, TsPA, 1, 6, 23, 7.131. Politburo meeting, 17.1.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 209, 24.132. N. Nedev, Milan Drenchev – ideologiia i borbi (Sofia, 1995), p. 62.133. Kostov to Dimitrov, 21.1.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 238, 1–2.134. See interview in I. Dimitrov, Minaloto, koeto beshe blizko, a stava vse po –

dalechno. Sreshti i razgovori (Sofia, 1992).135. Soviet intelligence report (in Russian) on Dr. G. M. Dimitrov’s conversations

in the American mission in Sofia, 1.8.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 1125, 3.136. Kostov to Dimitrov, 2.2.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 240, 1–2.137. Conference resolution, April 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 924, 79.138. Conference resolution, March 1945, ibid., list 40.139. PB meeting, 4.4.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 209, 226–30.

4 The Break-up of the Wartime Coalition (May–August 1945)

1. Politburo (PB) meeting, 24.4.45, TsPA, 1, 6, 47, 3–10. The Soviet demandsescalated progressively, from about a billion Bulgarian leva a month in late1944–early 1945, to three billion in June 1945, and six billion the following

Notes 215

month. The sum from September 1944 to September 1945 amounted to overtwenty billion leva, nearly half the country’s regular annual budget.(I. Stefanov, governor of the Bulgarian National Bank, to Dimitrov,September 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 467, 5) The shortfall was largely coveredthrough an internal ‘Freedom Loan’. The local BWP organizations and FFcommittees used all and any means to enforce ‘voluntary’ subscriptions tothe loan, sometimes resorting to imprisoning wealthy individuals until theexpected contribution was forthcoming. Many workers enthusiasticallypledged more than they could deliver, thus finding themselves in arrears.The budget deficit also resulted in rising inflation. Although less extremethan in most European countries, it still bore heavily on the population. Inany case, the need for budget restraint left few resources to provide for theincreased social welfare sanctioned by a barrage of new laws.

2. Dimitrov to Kostov, 26.4.45, 27.4.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 306, 1–3.3. Politicheskie partii, AVP RF 074, 34, 114, 6, 31–49.4. Memorandum to Vyshinsky by Lavrischev, 6.4.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 116, 17, 1.5. Memorandum to Vyshinsky by Lavrischev, 3.5.45, ibid., list 4.6. Meeting of BWP oblast secretaries, 27.4.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 217, 10–48.7. Ibid., list 17–18.8. Kostov to Dimitrov, 3.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 310, 1.9. Kostov to Dimitrov (reporting delivery of message), 9.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 318, 1.

10. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 317, 2.11. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 14.12. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 6, 8.13. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 10.14. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 22.15. Dimitrov to Kostov, 11.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 319, 1–4.16. Kostov to Dimitrov, 19.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 333, 1.17. Kostov to Dimitrov, 22.5.45, ibid., list 3; Plovdiv oblast committee to CC,

4.6.45, TsPA, 1, 12, 136, 1–2.18. ‘Kakvo stana i zashto stana’ (What happened and why it happened), 1.8.45,

TsPA, 146, 5, 926, 30–5. This extensive report, produced by a member of theousted BWSDP leadership, is the best factual account of the vicissitudes ofNeikov’s takeover campaign.

19. Kostov to Dimitrov, 23.6.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 378, 1–2.20. Kostov to Dimitrov, 7.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 395, 1–2; Kostov to Dimitrov, 9.7.45,

TsPA, 1, 7, 397, list 1 and 3.21. Dimitrov to Kostov, 10.7.45, ibid., list 6.22. Dimitrov to Kostov, 11.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 399, 3.23. Politburo meeting, 12.7.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 210, 139.24. Ibid., list 5; Dimitrov to Kostov, 13.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 398, 5.25. Kostov to Dimitrov, 11.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 399, 2–5.26. Kostov to Dimitrov, 11.7.45, ibid., list 6.27. PB meeting, 12.7.45, TsPA, 1, 6, 63, 1–20.28. Kostov to Dimitrov, 13.7.45, 14.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 399, 14–15.29. Dimitrov to Kostov, 16.7.45, 18.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 404, 1–4.30. Kostov to Dimitrov, 19.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 403, 1–2.31. Politburo meeting, February 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 209, 80.32. Central Committee meeting, 20.7.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 210, 166–84.

216 Notes

33. Dimitrov to Kostov, 26.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 420, 1–2.34. Kostov to Dimitrov, 25.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 417, 2.35. Kostov to Dimitrov, 27.7.45, ibid., list 5.36. D. S. Churachkin, ‘S diplomaticheskoi missiei v Albanii, 1946–1952’, Novaia

i Noveishaia Istoriia, 1 (1995), pp. 138–41.37. Boll, Cold War, pp. 113–20.38. Ibid., p. 128.39. Ibid., pp. 113–20, 129–31.40. Ibid., pp. 130–4, 137–42.41. Ibid., pp. 113–20.42. Brief for the United Kingdom delegation to the conference at Potsdam. Peace

treaties with Soviet-controlled Balkan countries, undated but probably July1945, DBPO, series 1, vol. I, Doc. 82, pp. 152–3.

43. Ibid., p. 153.44. D. L. Stewart’s minute of 21.7.45 on a telegram from the Earl of Halifax

(Washington) to Eden, 15.7.45, ibid., Doc. 143, p. 289.45. Eden’s, Sargent’s and Stewart’s minutes in ibid.46. ‘Stocktaking after VE-Day’, ibid., Doc. 102, pp. 181–7.47. Meeting of Foreign Secretaries, 22.7.45, ibid., Doc. 224, pp. 518–22.48. Sir A. Clark Kerr to Bevin, 6.9.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 17, p. 63.49. Ibid., p. 64.50. Boll, Cold War, p. 141.51. Ibid.52. Byrnes to Barnes, 11.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, pp. 282–3.53. Boll, Cold War, pp. 142–3.54. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Michalchev, 13.8.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 8, 14.55. Dimitrov to Kostov, 16.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 440, 1.56. Barnes to Byrnes, 16.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 289–90.57. Byrnes to Barnes, 18.8.45, ibid., p. 294.58. Barnes to Byrnes, 22.8.45, pp. 302–3.59. Boll, Cold War, pp. 144–5.60. Ibid., p. 147.61. Minutes of meeting at ACC Headquarters, 22.8.45, in M. M. Boll (ed.), The

American Military Mission in the Allied Control Commission for Bulgaria,1944–1947: History and Transcripts (Boulder, Colo: East European Monographs:New York: distributed by Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 90–6.

62. Biriuzov and Kirsanov to deputy foreign commissar Dekanozov, 22.8.45, AVPRF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 3.

63. Boll, Cold War, p. 145.64. Barnes to Byrnes, 22.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 304.65. Houstoun-Boswall to F.O., 22.8.45, PRO, F.O. 371/48129.66. Barnes to Byrnes, 23.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 305.67. Barnes to Byrnes, 23.8.45, ibid., p. 305.68. Barnes to Byrnes, 25.8.45, ibid., pp. 311–12.69. Biriuzov and Kirsanov to Dekanozov, 22.8.45, AVP RF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 3.70. Kirsanov to NKID, 20.8.45, ibid., list 1.71. Biriuzov and Kirsanov to NKID, 22.8.45, ibid., list 2.72. Kostov to Dimitrov, 22.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 456, 2.73. Kostov to Dimitrov, 4.45 p.m. on 24.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 464, 1–2.

Notes 217

74. See interview with Stainov in Dimitrov, Minaloto, koeto beshe blizhko.75. Molotov and Stalin to Dimitrov and Kostov, Dimitrov’s diary, 15.3.46,

16–20.3.46.76. Barnes to Byrnes, 24.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 306–7; Minutes of meetings at ACC

Headquarters at 8.30 p.m. and midnight on 23.8.45, in Boll,The AmericanMilitary Mission, pp. 97–111.

77. Minutes of meeting at ACC Headquarters at midnight on 23.8.45, in ibid.,pp. 101–11.

78. Minutes of meeting at ACC Headquarters at 11.00 p.m. on 24.8.45, in ibid.,pp. 112–14.

79. PB meeting, 26.8.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 210.80. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Michalchev, 24.8.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 8, 18–20.81. Dimitrov to Kostov, 1.30 a.m. on 25.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 466, 6.82. Stalin’s advice to Bulgarian delegation, August 1945, TsPA, 146, 4, 639, 26–8.83. Ibid.84. British Embassy (Washington) to F.O., 25.8.45, P.R.O. F.O. 371/48129.85. Byrnes to Barnes, 24.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 308–9.86. Barnes to Byrnes, 25.8.45, ibid., p. 312.87. Minute by Sir Orme Sargent on Houstoun-Boswall’s telegram to F.O. of

22.8.45, P.R.O. F.O. 371/48129.

5 The Search for Common Ground (September 1945–March 1946)

1. Isusov, Stalin i Bulgaria, p. 36.2. Kostov to Dimitrov, 10.9.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 480, 1–2.3. Byrnes to Barnes, 25.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 311–13.4. Foreign Office to Houstoun-Boswall, 25.8.45, P.R.O., F.O. 371/48129.5. Foreign Office to Washington, 27.8.45, P.R.O., F.O. 371/48129.6. Houstoun-Boswall to F.O., 22.9.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 36, footnote

3, p. 133.7. Houstoun-Boswall to FO, 9.9.45, ibid., Doc. 15, appendix i, p. 57.8. Bevin to Houstoun-Boswall, 10.10.45, ibid., Doc. 36, p. 134.9. Unsigned report, April 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 1125, 34–45.

10. Zarchev, BZNS i izgrazhdaneto na sotsializma, pp. 102–4.11. Report on the elections to the Bulgarian National Assembly, Rossiiskii

Gosudarstvennyi Arhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii (RGASPI) (Russian StateArchive of Social and Political History, the former archive of the CentralCommittee of the Soviet communist party), fond 17, opis 128, delo 759, list 221.

12. Dimitrov to Kostov, 2.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 498, 2.13. Memorandum by T. Brimelow, 29.8.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. II, Doc. 14, pp. 37–8.14. Memorandum by Sir R. Campbell, 16.9.45, ibid., Doc. 63, pp. 192–4.15. Balfour to Bevin, 6.9.45, ibid., Doc. 26, pp. 66–7.16. Minute by Dixon, 16.9.45, ibid.17. Boll, Cold War, p. 154.18. Dimitrov to Kostov, 15.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 517, 1.19. Bevin to Sofia, 10–11 and 15 October 1945, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 36i,

p. 135.

218 Notes

20. Dimitrov to Kostov, 15.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 517, 2.21. Kostov to Dimitrov, 20.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 527, 1.22. J. F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly (New York and London: Harper and Brothers,

1947), p. 107.23. Boll, Cold War, p. 159.24. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, pp. 111–12.25. Kostov to Dimitrov, 29.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 538, 7.26. Kostov to Dimitrov, 29.10.45, ibid., list 5–6.27. Dimitrov to Kostov, 28.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 539, 2.28. Biriuzov’s meeting with Ethridge, 29.10.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 115, 10, 122–3.29. Boll, Cold War, p. 160.30. DBPO, series 1, vol. II, 135.31. Kirsanov to Molotov, 12.11.45, AVP RF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 16–17.32. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Ethridge, 13.11.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 8, 26–30.33. Dimitrov to Kostov, 28.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 539, 1–2.34. Boll, Cold War, pp. 158–9.35. Telephone conversation between Dimitrov and A. Lavrischev, 12.11.45, AVP

RF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 18.36. O deiatel’nosti pravyh v soiuze Zveno (The activities of Zveno’s right wing), a

report in Russian, sent to Dimitrov and signed by F. Konstantinov of theinternational department of the Soviet Central Committee and probablybased on reports from Soviet representatives in Bulgaria, 25.3.46, TsPA, 146,4, 420, 21–3.

37. Boll, Cold War, p. 161.38. Ibid.39. DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 36i, pp. 133–5.40. Sargent to Houstoun-Boswall, 26.11.45, ibid., Doc. 63, footnote 1, p. 245.41. O deiatel’nosti pravyh v soiuze Zveno, TsPA, 146, 4, 420, 23.42. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 165.43. Ibid.44. Ibid., p. 166.45. Kostov’s speech at the 9th CC plenary session, December 1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 5,

1–10.46. Sargent to Houstoun-Boswall, 26.11.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 63,

pp. 245–6.47. Minute by Stewart, 1.12.46, ibid., Doc. 66, p. 256.48. Boll, Cold War, p. 162.49. Ibid., p. 163.50. Ibid.51. Unsigned memorandum to Molotov, 20.12.45, AVP RF, 06, 7, 27, 348, 4–6.52. Boll, Cold War, p. 163.53. Ibid.54. Ibid.55. Ibid., pp. 163–4.56. Ibid., pp. 164–5.57. Rabotnichesko Delo, 9.1.46.58. Narodno Zemedelsko Zname (the BANU – NP’s newspaper), 10.1.46; see also

Boll, Cold War, p. 165.59. Rabotnichesko Delo, 9.1.46.

Notes 219

60. Stalin to the Bulgarian government delegation, Moscow, January 1946, TsPA,1, 7, 675, 1–10.

61. Ibid., list 8.62. Mihalchev’s report, January, 1946, TsPA, 1, 5, 5 100–20.63. Lavrishchev’s notes, 7.1.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 7, 1–2.64. Dimitrov’s diary, 28.3.46.65. Ibid.66. Dekanozov’s Meeting with Mihalchev, 4.4.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 6, 18;

intercepted telegram from Mihalchev to Stainov, 10.2.46, TsPA, 1, 7, 796, 3–4.67. O deiatel’nosti pravyh v soiuze Zveno, TsPA, 146, 4, 420, 26.68. Molotov and Stalin to Dimitrov and Kostov, Dimitrov’s diary, 15.3.46,

16–20.3.46.69. Houstoun-Boswall to Bevin, 30.1.46, PRO, FO371/58513.70. Boll, Cold War, p. 167.71. Ibid., pp. 167–8.72. Ibid., pp. 168–9.73. Ibid., p. 169.74. Ibid.75. Ibid.76. Ibid.77. Ibid., p. 170.78. Ibid.79. Ibid.80. Dekanozov’s meeting with Michalchev, 2.3.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 6,

13–14.81. Kostov to Fillipov (Molotov), 27.2.46, TsPA, 1, 7, 731, 1–2.82. De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence, p. 180.83. Boll, Cold War, p. 171.84. Ibid.85. Ibid.86. Houstoun-Boswall to FO, 28.3.46, FO371/58516.87. Dimitrov’s diary, 28.3.46.88. Ibid.

6 The Hardening of Battle Lines (April–October 1946)

1. G. Swain, ‘The Cominform – Tito’s International?’, The Historical Journal,vol. 35., no. 3, (Sept. 1992), pp. 653–4; W. Loth, Stalin’s Plans for PostwarGermany, paper presented at the Ninth International Colloquium, The SovietUnion and the Cold War in Europe, 1943–1953, Cortona, Italy, 23–24September 1994.

2. Swain, ibid.3. Dimitrov’s diary, 2.9.46.4. Dimitrov’s speech at the 11th CC plenary session, September 1946, TsPA, 1,

5, 9, 86.5. Kirsanov to NKID, 25.5.46, AVP RF, 06, 8, 26, 391, 32.6. Dekanozov to Molotov, 18.2.46, ibid., list 7.

220 Notes

7. TsPA, 1, 12, 182, 1–62.8. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, pp. 170, 212–13.9. Politburo meetings, 31.10.45, 29.5.46, 30.5.46, 10.6.46, TsPA, 1, 6, 83.

10. Reports from the party intelligence, the military intelligence and the StateSecurity department; 29.5.46, 30.5.46, 10.6.46; TsPA, 146, 5, 1137, list 1,6–7.

11. Military intelligence report, May 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 37–8.12. Dimitrov’s diary, 6.6.46.13. Isusov, Stalin i Bulgaria, p. 68.14. Dimitrov’s diary, 2.5.46, 3.5.46, 4.5.46, 19.6.46, 21.6.46; 24.6.46; 8.7.46;

30.7.46; Boll, Cold War, p. 172.15. Speech of G. Damianov, head of the CC military department at the 10th CC

plenary session, August 1946, TsPA,1, 5, 7, 64–5.16. Dimitrov’s speech, ibid., 13–14.17. Party intelligence, July 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 385, 298.18. Data in TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 54–5.19. Letter to Dimitrov signed by T. Dobroslavski, T. Trifonov and others, May

1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 384, 56–60.20. Party intelligence, no date, TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 1011.21. Dimitrov’s diary, 2.9.46.22. Dimitrov’s speech at the 10th CC plenary session, August 1946, TsPA, 1, 5, 7, 20.23. BANU Permanent Representation (PR) meeting, 20.7.46, TsDA, 75, 2, 13, 206.24. Chrevenkov to Dimitrov, August 1946, TsPA, 1, 7, 771, 2–3; Meeting of

P. A. Kolesnikov, second secretary of the Soviet embassy in Bulgaria, withV. Pavurdzhiev, a member of BANU-FF’s PR, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 9, 87.

25. Meeting of P. A. Kolesnikov with K. Dramaliev, a member of the BWP CC,15.9.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 8, 86.

26. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 233.27. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, pp. 97–8.28. United Kingdom Delegation, Paris to FO, PRO, FO371/58582.29. Bevin to Byrnes, 1.7.46, FRUS, 1946, 6, 109–10.30. Ambassador in France (Caffery) to Acting Secretary of State, 1.7.46, ibid.,

pp. 110–11.31. Barker, Truce in the Balkans, p. 70.32. Dimitrov’s diary, 21.7.46.33. Barnes to Byrnes, 16.7.46, FRUS, 1946, 6, p. 118.34. Boll, Cold War, p. 179.35. Ibid.36. Ibid., pp. 179–80.37. Ibid., p. 180.38. Ibid.39. Ibid.40. Warner to Hayter, 29.8.46, PRO, FO371/58583.41. Warner to Hayter, 4.9.46, ibid.42. Boll, Cold War, pp. 180–1.43. Ibid., p. 181.44. Dimitrov’s diary, 3.10.46 and 4.10.46.45. Ibid., 6.10.46.46. Central Committee to oblast party secretaries, 2.10.46, TsPA, 1, 7, 844, 1.

Notes 221

47. Report on the activity of the opposition in Burgas (in Russian),15.10–20.10.46, TsPA, 146, 5, 656, 16–17.

48. Pelovski’s speech at a meeting of BWP oblast secretaries, November 1946,TsPA, 1, 5, 11, 33.

49. Party intelligence reports to Dimitrov, October 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 655, 1–83.50. Ibid., list 76.51. Dimitrov’s diary, 27.10.46.52. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 247.53. Ibid.54. Ibid.55. Ibid., p. 249.

7 Towards Confrontation (October 1946–September 1947)

1. Unsigned report (in Russian), 29.10.46, TsPA, 146, 5, 1124, 124–7.2. Barnes to Byrnes, 5.11.46, FRUS, 1946, 6, pp. 166–7; see also Boll, Cold War,

p. 183.3. Tollinton to FO, 7.11.46, PRO, FO371/58527.4. Foreign Office to Washington, 14.11.46, ibid.5. Meeting of G. M. Bazhanov, second secretary of the Soviet embassy in

Bulgaria, with D. Bratanov, of the BWSDP-FF, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 9.6. Dimitrov’s diary, 5.11.46.7. Soviet diplomats in Bulgaria were pointedly instructed to express verbally to

Petkov and his associates Stalin’s gratitude for their greetings on the anniver-sary of the Bolshevik revolution. The unpleasant task fell on Levichkin, whomet with Serbinsky, the leader of the youth wing of the BANU-NP, on29.11.46. Levichkin found it rather difficult to conceal his feelings towardsthe opposition leader: ‘Knowing that Serbinsky is a convinced and fanaticalenemy of the communists and the FF, I limited myself to passively listeningto him.’ AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 9, 112. The British diplomat Tollinton reportedto the Foreign Office from Sofia that Petkov had been approached by twounofficial Soviet emissaries with proposals to enter the government:Tollinton to FO, 23.11.46, PRO, FO371/58527.

8. Dimitrov’s diary, 5.11.46.9. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 287.

10. Rabotnichesko Delo, 29.11.46.11. Narodno Zededelsko Zname, 8.11.46.12. Rabotnichesko Delo, 18.12.46, 22.12.46.13. Narodno Zemedelsko Zname, 4.12.46, 6.12.46.14. G. Gunev, Kum brega na svobodata ili za Nikola Petkov i negovoto vreme (Sofia,

1992), p. 107.15. Military intelligence reports, January–May 1947, TsPA, 146, 5, 1141.16. Meetings of the BANU-FF PR, 12.3.47, 13.3.47, TsDA, 75, 2, 13, 286–300.17. Reports from oblast directors to minister of the interior, January–May 1947,

TsPA, 146, 5, 657.18. Chervenkov to BWP oblast committees, 2.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1201, 2.19. From Varna, 27.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1187, 1–2; Vratsa, 25.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1193,

1; Burgas, 26.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1170, 4.

222 Notes

20. Chervenkov to Dimitrov, 9.7.47, TsPA, 146, 4, 337, 205–6.21. Military intelligence report, after 22.3.47, TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 41–2.22. Isusov, Politicheskite partii, p. 326.23. Reports from oblast directors to minister of interior, January–May 1947, TsPA,

146, 5, 657.24. Military intelligence report, 30.3.47, TsPA, 146, 5, 1144, 22–3.25. Ibid. Gichev continued his sporadic meetings with the communists through-

out early1947 (the meetings on 10.2.47 and 5.3.47 are recorded in TsPA, 146,5, 1144, 7 and 11–12).

26. Military intelligence report, April 1947, TsPA, 146, 5, 1125, 15.27. Research on the conspiracies is hampered by a lack of primary sources. The

only documents that have survived are the case files in the interior ministryarchives, and they appear to have been re-worked several times in the courseof the investigations. The case files and the records of the court proceedingshave formed the basis of the most detailed account, Zh. Tsvetkov, Sudut nadopozitsionnite lideri (Sofia, 1991). My study of the Politburo records fromJanuary to May 1947 in the TsPA has identified some of the build-up toPetkov’s arrest (such as the reorganization of the security apparatus, see n. 28below), but not the actual decision. Possibly the decision was not taken bythe Politburo as a whole, but by a narrow circle of people which probablyincluded Dimitrov and interior minister Yugov.

28. Politburo meetings, 30.4.47,TsPA, 1, 6, 284, 1–4, and 6.5.47, TsPA, 1, 6, 290,1–3.

29. Boll, Cold War, p. 184.30. Dimitrov to Stalin, 31.5.47, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 103.31. Stalin to Sofia, late June 1947, 5.7.47, 8.7.47, TsPA, 146, 4, 639, list 10, 11,

20–2.32. Dimitrov to Kostov, 18.8.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 902, 2.33. Chervenkov’s and Yugov’s speeches at a meeting of BWP oblast secretaries,

14.8.47, TsPA, 1, 5, 15, 8.34. V. Stoianov, Predsmurtnite pisma na Nikola D. Petkov do Georgi Dimitrov i Vasil

Kolarov, 19 avgust– 22 septemvri 1947 (Sofia, 1992), pp. 14–26.35. Boll, Cold War, pp. 184–5.36. Ibid., pp. 185–6.37. Ibid., p. 186.38. Ibid.

8 The End of National Communism (September 1947–December 1948)

1. Fillipov (Moscow) to Chervenkov, 11.8.47 and 21.8.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1106, 1–2.2. Zhdanov’s notes on the first Cominform meeting, 23.9.47, RGASPI, 77, 3s, 4.3. Originally expressed by Isusov, this view has become prevalent in Bulgarian

historiography; see Isusov, Stalin i Bulgariia, Politicheskite partii v Bulgariia,Komunisticheskata partiia i revolutsioniiat protses v Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia,1983).

4. Zhdanov’s notes, 23.9.47, RGASPI, 77, 3s, 4–5.5. See also V. Dimitrov, ‘Revolution Released: Stalin, the Bulgarian Communist

Party and Establishment of the Cominform’, in F. Gori and S. Pons (eds), The

Notes 223

Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943–1953 (Basingstoke: Macmillan,1996), pp. 272–89; and V. Dimitrov, ‘Communism in Bulgaria’, in M. P. Lefflerand D. S. Painter (eds), Origins of the Cold War: An International History, 2ndedn (New York and London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 190–204.

6. Kostov to Dimitrov, 22.10.47, TsPA, 146, 4, 126, 6.7. D. Michev, Makedonskiiat vupros i bulgaro – yugoslavskite otnosheniia,

9.9.1944–1949, Sofia, 1994, pp. 315–9.8. Dimitrov’s diary, 12.8.47.9. Minutes of the meeting as recorded by Kolarov, TsPA, 147, 2, 62, 1–48.

10. Ibid., 12–14.11. Ibid., 18–20.12. Ibid., 22–5.13. Copy of the declaration sent by Molotov to Stalin, 12.2.48 and the corre-

sponding Article 4 of the Treaty of Friendship between Bulgaria and theUSSR, signed in March 1948, AVP RF, 06, 10, 32, 406, 2.

14. See L. Gibianski, Sovetsko-Yugoslavskii konflict, a paper presented at the NinthInternational Colloquium, The Soviet Union and the Cold War in Europe,1943–1953, Cortona, Italy, 23–24 September 1994, for a convincing criticismof the thesis that the clash between Tito and Stalin was almost pre-determinedand resulted from differences going back as far as the war. In fact, the conflictseems to have arisen on an almost trivial note.

15. Dimitrov’s diary, 25.3.48.16. Ibid., 4.4.48.17. Ibid., 10.5.48.18. Zhdanov’s notes on the Cominform meeting in Bucharest, RGASPI, 77, 3s,

106, 5–7.19. Ibid., delo 108, list 14.20. Chervenkov’s record of the meeting with Stalin, December 1948, TsPA, 1, 5,

34, 68.21. Dimitrov’s speech at the 15th CC plenary session, June 1948, TsPA, 1, 5, 25.22. Dimitrov’s speech at the 16th CC plenary session, July 1948,TsPA, 1, 5, 25,

14–30.23. Ibid.24. Resolutions of 16th CC plenary session, ibid., list 12.25. Dimitrov’s draft, November 1948, TsPA, 146, 2, 257, 252.26. Politburo to Dimitrov, November 1948, TsPA, 146, 5, 328, 7–8.27. Dimitrov to 17th CC plenary session, December 1948, TsPA, 1, 5, 26, 1–2.

Conclusion: Reinterpreting the Origins of the Cold War

1. B. Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in theMaking of the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, the Penguin Press, 1967).

2. J. R. Lampe, The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century (London andSydney, 1986), pp. 86–7.

3. Ibid, pp. 56–60; 81–7.4. Swain and Swain, Eastern Europe since 1945, p. 47.5. Ibid., pp. 50–1; see also Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, pp. 84–5.

224 Notes

6. Naimark, The Russians in Germany.7. Prazmowska, Civil War, p. 210.8. Ibid., p. 208.9. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, p. 82.

10. Myant, Socialism and Democracy, p. 125.11. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, p. 70.12. See I. T. Berend, Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War

II (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA; London: University of California Press,1998), p. 292.

13. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, p. 70.14. Ibid., pp. 67–71.15. Berend, Decades of Crisis, p. 294.16. J. R. Lampe, Balkans into Southeastern Europe: A Century of War and Transition

(Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 13; Berend,Decades of Crisis, p. 299.

17. Berend, Decades of Crisis, pp. 296–7.18. Prazmowska, Civil War, pp. 143–59.19. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, pp. 14–23.20. De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence, p. 208.21. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 367.

Notes 225

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Index

Abrams, Bradley F., 6, 206nACC see Allied Control CommissionAcheson, Dean, 171agrarian parties, 14, 28, 39, 188, 197–8

see also Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union; BulgarianAgrarian National Union –Fatherland Front; BulgarianAgrarian National Union – NikolaPetkov

Allied Control Commission, 76–8, 91,102–3, 108–9, 112, 114, 117–24,126, 130, 145, 147, 170, 192, 200

see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria,Allied Control Commission for;Bulgarian armistice/exit fromthe war; Soviet Union/Soviet,and Bulgaria, Allied ControlCommission for; UnitedStates/America(n), and Bulgaria,Allied Control Commission for

armistice see Bulgarian armistice/exitfrom the war

army see Bulgarian army; Soviet army

Attlee, Clement, 125, 182Austria, 10, 95, 116, 200authoritarian regimes, 10–11, 19, 29,

34–5, 48, 53, 68–9, 85, 103, 119,130, 187

Axis, 44, 57, 60–4, 68, 98 see also NaziGermany; Tripartite Pact

Bagrianov, Ivan, 55–6, 62–6, 95Balabanov, Nikolai, 61, 218nBalfour, 131, 218nBalkans, 9–10, 45, 57–60, 62–5, 67–8,

75–6, 103, 106, 113, 133, 142,150, 170, 175–6, 178, 192, 206n,214n, 221n, 225n

Baltic states, 16, 19, 22BANU see Bulgarian Agrarian National

Union

BANU-FF see Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union – FatherlandFront

BANU-NP see Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union – Nikola Petkov

Barker, Elizabeth, 90, 156, 210n, 212n,214n, 221n

Barnes, Maynard, 90–1, 98, 117–20,122, 126, 129–30, 135, 142–4,156–7, 163, 171–2, 201, 214n,215n, 217n, 218n, 221n, 222n

BCP see Bulgarian Communist PartyBerry, Burton, 62Bessarabia, 16, 17Bevin, Ernest, 125, 130, 132, 134, 138,

142, 155–6, 170, 217n, 218n,220n, 221n

Bidault, Georges, 170Biriuzov, General Sergei, 91, 93–4,

100, 105–7, 110, 119–20, 122–3,129, 134, 144, 151–2, 212n, 217n,219n

Bled meeting (Bulgarian-Yugoslav,August 1947), 175

Blum government (France), 36Boboshevski, Tsviatko, 136Boll, Michael, 60, 206n, 210n, 211n,

214n, 215n, 217n, 218n, 219n,220n, 221n, 222n, 223n

Bolshevik Revolution (November1917), 14, 46, 201, 222n

Boris III, King of the Bulgarians,19–20, 34, 48–50, 60, 68

bourgeoisie/bourgeois see middle classBrimelow, Thomas, 131Britain/British, 12–6, 43, 46–7, 100,

105, 146and the Balkans, 9–10, 57–61, 64–5,

75–8, 113, 142, 192, 214n,221n

and BulgariaAllied Control Commission for,

76–8, 91, 102, 108, 112, 114,

233

Britain/British – continued117–24, 126, 130, 145, 192,200, 217n, 218n

British representatives in, 89–91,97, 103, 104, 107, 117–24,126, 129–30, 136, 137, 141–4,156, 160, 162–3, 172, 192,200–1, 217n, 218n, 219n,220n

Bulgarian armistice/exit from thewar, 10, 42, 45, 49, 57–63,65–8, 75–8, 89, 102–3, 108,192

Bulgarian communist party, 89,91, 107–8, 112–27, 129–32,136–9, 141–4, 145, 155–8,160, 162–3, 165–6, 169,171–2, 175–6, 190–2, 194–5,200–1

Bulgarian declaration of war onBritain, 10, 42, 45, 49, 59, 76, 192

Bulgarian government,recognition and demands forreorganization of, 115–16, 122, 131–2, 137–9, 143–4, 155–8, 163, 169,175–6, 200

Bulgarian peace treaty, 76, 78,114–17, 131–2, 137–8, 145,155–8, 160, 169, 200, 217n

diplomatic relations with, 10, 42,49, 58, 61–3, 65–8, 89, 108,114–22, 124–7, 131–2, 137–9,141–4, 145, 155–8, 160, 163,169, 171–2, 173, 175, 192,200–1, 217n

Fatherland Front coalition, 89–91,103, 104, 107–9, 112–13,129–30, 136–9, 141–4, 145,155–8, 160

military operations with respectto, 51, 57–8, 62, 64–5, 69, 77,102, 200

opposition parties, 104, 113–27,129–32, 136–9, 141–4, 145,155–8, 160, 162–3, 165–6,168–9, 171–2, 173, 190–2,195, 200–1

Petkov, Nikola, trial of, 169–72postponement of Bulgarian

parliamentary elections,August 1945, 117–27

purges/terror, 89, 91, 151, 171–2radio stations ‘Free and

Independent Bulgaria’ and‘Vasil Levski’, 53

Soviet sphere of influence,inclusion of Bulgaria in, 22,44, 58–60, 69, 75–8, 108,115–6, 137, 142, 145, 160,162–3, 169–72, 173, 190–2,194–5, 200–202

containment, policy of, 2, 22,162–3, 169, 201–2

and democracy, 1–3, 6, 20–4, 44,97–9, 113–27, 130–4, 136–9,141–4, 145, 151, 155–8, 160,162–3, 165–6, 168–72, 173, 176,181–4, 190–6, 196, 200–2

and Eastern Europe see Westernpowers, and Eastern Europe

Foreign Office, 57–8, 66–7, 75–6, 89,98, 115, 117, 120, 126, 129,131, 136–7, 163, 209n, 210n,211n, 212n, 217n, 218n, 220n,221n, 222n

see also Bevin, Ernestand ideology, 6, 172, 192, 200London Council (conference) of

Foreign Ministers,September–October 1945,128–9, 131–2

Moscow Council (conference) ofForeign Ministers, December1945, 128, 137–8

implementation of the decisionsof the Moscow Council ofForeign Ministers, 141–44

‘percentages’ agreement seeChurchill, Winston S.,‘percentages’ agreement withStalin

Potsdam conference, 114–7and security, 10, 57–8, 75–6, 115–16,

142, 177, 192, 194, 200–2and the Soviet Union see Soviet

Union/Soviet, and the United

234 Index

Britain/British – continuedStates and Britain; Stalin,Joseph, and the United Statesand Britain

and the United States see UnitedStates/America(n), and Britain

Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration,97–9, 103, 117–18, 142, 182

see also Attlee, Clement; Churchill,Winston S.; great powers;London; Western powers

Bukovina, 17Bulgaria see individual entries; SofiaBulgarian Agrarian National Union,

11, 27, 168, 187, 197–8, 207n,213n, 215n

communist manipulation of,99–103, 104–113, 127

Stalin’s intervention, July 1945,109–113

consolidation and growth in1944–5, 85–7

electoral representationin 1919–1923, 25–6in 1931, 29in the joint Fatherland Front

electoral lists in 1945, 112government participation

in 1919–1923, 25–6in 1931–34, 292–8 September 1944 (Muraviev

government), 56, 66–8, 69,95, 132

9 September 1944–summer 1945(Fatherland Frontgovernment), 57, 86, 92,99–100, 102–3, 107, 109–112,118

Petkov’s efforts to preserve, 101,107, 111

Pladne group, 29, 35, 52–3, 57, 84–6,132, 168–9

Vrabcha group, 29, 53, 56, 84–6,132, 168–9

youth wing (Agrarian YouthLeague), 108

Zemedelsko Zname (partynewspaper), 86, 101, 102

Bulgarian Agrarian National Union –Fatherland Front, 130, 221n,222n

communist manipulation of,104–113, 127, 162–7

electoral representationin the proposed joint Fatherland

Front electoral lists in 1946,154–5

in the October 1946 elections,159–60, 162–3

government participationreplacing ministers loyal to

Petkov, 109–110, 112–13in cabinet formed after October

1946 elections, 164–5, 167movement towards opposition,

162–7weakness, 128, 162–3, 166–7youth wing, 166

Bulgarian Agrarian National Union –Nikola Petkov

destruction, 169–172consolidation and growth, 130–1,

163, 166, 168–9, 187–90electoral representation

boycott of the November 1945elections, 132

voters spoiling ballots/abstainingin the November 1945elections, 136

participation in the October 1946elections, 155–65

factions within, 132, 168–9government participation, attempts

to secure, 128–9, 133–44,155–8, 162–5

legalization, 128‘links’ to ‘military conspiracies’,

169Narodno Zemedelsko Zname (party

newspaper), 128, 130–1, 219n,222n

youth wing, 166, 222nsee also Petkov, Nikola

Bulgarian armistice/exit from the war,10, 42, 45, 49, 59–63, 65–8, 75–8,89, 92, 94, 102–3, 108, 192, 214n

see also Allied Control Commission

Index 235

Bulgarian army, 26, 51, 54–5, 60–1,63, 70, 72–3, 81, 83, 88, 91–5,100, 103, 141, 145, 150–2, 160, 187

Bulgarian communist party (officialnames: Bulgarian CommunistParty; Bulgarian Workers’ Party(communists)), 19, 85, 87–8, 170

Bagrianov, Ivan, relations with,54–6

Central Committee, 9, 26–7, 30,50–1, 53, 55–6, 71, 72, 74, 81–3,86, 91, 94–5, 109–10, 112–13,136, 147, 158, 164, 179–80,209n, 212n, 213n, 214n, 216n,219n, 220n, 221n, 224n

Cadre Department, 147–50Economic Department, 83–4Military Department, 150, 152,

214n, 221nconsolidation and growth, 79–84,

202democratic parties, relations with

(before 9 September 1944)in 1919–23, 25–8, 188in 1923–36, 28–30in 1936–June 1941, 7–8, 15, 34–6June 1941–9 September 1944,

41–5, 48–57, 66–8electoral representation, 197–9

in 1919–1923, 25–6in 1931, 28–9in the joint Fatherland Front

electoral lists, 1945, 112in the proposed joint Fatherland

Front electoral lists, 1946,154–5

in the October 1946 elections,159–60, 162–5

and Fatherland Front parties (after 9September 1944), 7–8, 69–75,79–80, 84–103, 104–13, 118–19,121–27, 128–37, 139–141,143–4, 145–7, 149–61, 162–8,172, 173–5, 179–80, 181, 183,186–91, 194–204, 216n

see also Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union, communistmanipulation of; Bulgarian

Agrarian National Union –Fatherland Front, communistmanipulation of; BulgarianWorkers’ Social DemocraticParty, communistmanipulation of; BulgarianWorkers’ Social DemocraticParty – Fatherland Front,communist manipulation of;Dimitrov, Georgi, andcommunist manipulation ofdemocratic parties inBulgaria, and the FatherlandFront; Fatherland Front,communist manipulation ofFatherland Front parties;Zveno, communist attacks on,and manipulation of

government participation, 51–2,55–7, 66–7, 69–74, 79–84,89–97, 99–102, 105–6, 109–17,118–19, 121–7, 128–44, 145–52,154–61, 162–7, 169–72, 173–80,183, 186–192, 194–6, 200–4

and opposition parties, 112–13, 118, 124–7, 128–37, 139–141,143–4, 145–6, 150–1, 155–61,162–72, 173, 180, 186–92,194–204

see also Dimitrov, Georgi, andopposition parties in Bulgaria

People’s Democracy, 4, 8, 125–6,146–7, 174, 180

Politburo, 9, 49–51, 73, 79–83, 86,93–6, 99–100, 102, 105–6,108–12, 123, 132, 150, 166,169, 178–80, 209n, 213n, 214n,215n, 216n, 218n, 221n, 223n,224n

Popular Front, 7–8, 15, 34–6, 41–5,48–57, 66–8

purges/terrorwith respect to opponents outside

the party, 28, 70–4, 79–80,89, 91–7, 99, 105, 106, 108,127, 145, 151–2, 155–61, 167,169–73, 188–90, 198, 202,214n, 215n, 223n

within the party, 34–5, 178–80

236 Index

Bulgarian communist party – continuedRabotnichesko Delo (party

newspaper), 152–3, 212n, 219n,222n

and Stalin see Stalin, Joseph, andthe Bulgarian communist party

state administration, positions in,69, 70–1, 81, 83–4, 100, 102–3,105, 110, 145–6, 147–51, 152,165, 169, 179, 187, 190, 196,223n

united front, 27–8, 188youth wing (Workers’ Youth

League), 79–80, 148Yugoslav communists, relations

with, 9–10, 11, 50–1, 52, 55, 99, 109, 141, 151, 154, 174–9,224n

see also Bled meetingsee also Dimitrov, Georgi; Soviet

Union, and Bulgaria, Bulgariancommunist party; Stalin,Joseph, and the Bulgariancommunist party

Bulgarian Communist Party seeBulgarian communist party

Bulgarian National Bank, 150, 216nBulgarian peace treaty, 43, 76, 78,

114–17, 131–2, 137–8, 145, 147,150–1, 155–8, 160, 169–72,175–6, 200, 217n

see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria,Bulgarian peace treaty; Parispeace treaty negotiations;Soviet Union/Soviet, andBulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty;United States/America(n), andBulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty

Bulgarian Workers’ Party see Bulgariancommunist party

Bulgarian Workers’ Social DemocraticParty, 35, 53

communist manipulation of, 104,105, 108, 123, 127, 216n

electoral representationin the joint Fatherland Front

electoral lists in 1945, 112government participation, 57re-establishment, 84, 88–9

split, 104, 105, 108, 109, 123, 127,216n

Bulgarian Workers’ Social DemocraticParty – Fatherland Front, 129,198, 222n

communist manipulation of, 167–8electoral representation

in the October 1946 elections,159–60, 162–3

in the proposed joint FatherlandFront electoral lists in 1946,154–5

government participation, 149, 165weakness, 128, 162–3, 167–8unification with communists, 167

Bulgarian Workers’ Social DemocraticParty – United, 155, 167, 198

electoral representationin the October 1946 elections,

159legalization, 128Lulchev’s (party leader) talks with

Vyshinsky, 140–1see also Chesmedzhiev, Grigor;

Lulchev, KostaBumbarov, Boris, 86BWP see Bulgarian Workers’ PartyBWSDP see Bulgarian Workers’ Social

Democratic PartyBWSDP-FF see Bulgarian Workers’

Social Democratic Party –Fatherland Front

BWSDP-U see Bulgarian Workers’Social Democratic Party – United

Byelorussia, 151Byrnes, James F., 118, 126, 129, 132–4,

137–8, 142–4, 156–8, 171, 217n,218n, 219n, 221n, 222n

Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 58, 210nCairo, 61, 66, 68Cannon, 157Carr, Edward H., 8, 31, 206n, 207n,

208nCC see Bulgarian communist party,

Central CommitteeChamberlain, Neville, 21, 182Chankov, Georgi, 82, 110, 212nCherepanov, General Alexander, 107

Index 237

Chervenkov, Vulko, 81, 82, 110, 167,174, 178, 179, 222n, 223n, 223n,224n

Chesmedzhiev, Grigor, 35, 53, 88,109, 112

Cholakov, Stancho, 135, 136, 141Churchill, Winston S., 21, 45, 57–8,

60, 61, 66, 75–6, 97, 182, 210n,212n

‘percentages’ agreement with Stalin(October 1944), 2, 59, 77–8

Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald, 117, 210ncoalitions, 22, 56, 97–103, 111, 125–7,

174, 183agrarian–liberal alliance in Bulgaria

People’s Bloc government, 29–30between communists and

democratic parties in Europe, 3,24, 39–41, 146, 183, 202–3

‘genuine’ and ‘false’ coalitions,99–100, 111

grand coalition between the BWPand the BANU-NP, 162–5

see also Fatherland FrontCold War, origins of, 8–12, 20–2,

23–4, 38–40, 41–8, 160–1, 162,169–172, 173–8

historiography of, 1–7, 181, 192–6,205n

long-term implications of, 201–4reinterpreting, 181–204see also Eastern Europe, Cold War

andcollective security

failure of, 14, 15–6, 38–40Litvinov and, 13, 15–16, 23–5, 41,

206npursuit of, 13–16, 23–5, 38–40, 41,

194, 206nsee also Soviet Union, isolation;

Stalin, Joseph, and collectivesecurity

collectivization, 180, 189, 202–3Cominform see Communist

Information BureauComintern see Communist

Internationalcommunism, 49

collapse of, 1, 3, 4, 7, 196, 203–4

and democracy, 1–12, 181–204resistance to, 22, 142, 180, 197, 199,

201, 203see also Bulgarian communist party;

Communist InformationBureau; CommunistInternational; communistparties; Dimitrov, Georgi;Marxism/Marxism–Leninism;Soviet communist party; Stalin,Joseph

Communist Information Bureau,174–9, 220n, 223n, 224n

Communist International, 82, 111,206n, 207n, 208n

and the Bulgarian communist partyin 1923, 26–8

dissolution of, 38, 46–8leftist policy, 23–4, 28–32,

37, 45–6Popular Front, 8, 13, 15, 23, 24, 25,

27–8, 31–4, 36–40, 42, 45–8,188, 190–1

united front, 26–8, 31–4, 188see also Dimitrov, Georgi, and the

Communist International;Stalin, Joseph, and theCommunist International

communist parties, 1, 3–11, 13–4,22–5, 27–40, 41–3, 45–8, 70,146–7, 170–2, 173–8, 180–1, 183,185–6, 188–203

see also Bulgarian communist party;German communist party;Soviet communist party; SovietUnion/Soviet, and communistparties outside the SovietUnion; Stalin, Joseph, andcommunist parties outside theSoviet Union

coups, 64in Yugoslavia, pro-Allied coup (27

March 1941), 48in Bulgaria

communist fears of, 93, 151by the Fatherland Front (9

September 1944), 50–2, 56–7,68, 71–4, 80, 84, 92, 95–6, 99,147, 179

238 Index

coups – continuedby Zveno (19 May1934), 30, 34–5,

56, 85, 87overthrow of the BANU

government (9 June 1923),26–7, 51, 52

within the BANU, the BWSDPand Zveno, 101, 105, 153

in Czechoslovakia, communist coup(February 1948), 201

Coutouvidis, John, 4, 205nCrane, General John, 119–20, 122Czechoslovakia, 4, 11, 15, 36, 44, 116,

177, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203

Daladier government (France), 36Damianov, Georgi (Belov), 81, 214n,

221nDamianov, Raiko, 81Daskalov, Doncho, 209nDekanozov, Vladimir, 119, 143, 147,

217n, 220ndemocracy

and communism see communism,and democracy

in Bulgariabefore September 1944, 10–11,

19, 25–30, 34–5, 42–3after September 1944, 4, 7, 10–12,

44, 48, 52–8, 68, 69, 73–4,79–89, 97–100, 103, 104,113–27, 128–44, 145–7,152–61, 162–72, 173–5,179–80: comparative analysis,196–201; long-termimplications, 202–4; overallassessment, 186–92

in Eastern Europe, 1–7, 10–1, 35–6,39–40, 42, 44–5, 146, 181, 185,193–203

postwar revival of, 10, 103, 185, 187in Western Europe, 2–3, 6, 32–4,

35–9, 42, 44–5, 87, 146, 181,185, 194–6

Yalta Declaration and, 2, 97–9,102–3, 114, 117–8, 134, 142

see also Britain/British, anddemocracy; Bulgariancommunist party, democratic

parties, relations with, People’sDemocracy, Popular Front,united front; CommunistInternational, Popular Front,united front; Dimitrov, Georgi,and People’s Democracy, and thePopular Front, and the unitedfront; People’s Democracy;Popular Front; Stalin, Joseph,and democracy; united front;United States/America(n), anddemocracy

Dimitrov, Dr. Georgi M. (‘G. M.’)leadership role, 29, 53, 73, 85–6, 91campaign against, 91, 99–102,

104–8Dimitrov, Georgi, 81–2, 89, 91, 121,

131, 159, 206n, 207n, 208n,209n, 210n, 211n, 212n, 213n,214n, 215n, 216n, 217n, 218n,219n, 220n, 221n, 222n, 223n,224n

and Bagrianov, Ivan, 54–6, 63and the Communist International,

7, 8, 15, 19, 24, 25, 27–8, 30–4,36–40, 42, 45–8, 135, 166, 188,190–1

and communist manipulation ofdemocratic parties in Bulgaria,100–2, 105–13, 132, 152–3, 167,189

and the Fatherland Front, 48, 52–6,63, 66–7, 74, 91, 95, 97, 100,105, 107, 109, 111–2, 118–19,132–6, 144, 151–2, 154–5, 158,165, 174, 179–80

and the international department ofthe Central Committee of theSoviet communist party, 7, 42,47–8, 135, 190

and opposition parties in Bulgaria,124, 129, 135, 144, 156, 158,164–6, 170, 172,

and People’s Democracy, 8, 146–7,179–80

and the Popular Front, 8, 13, 15,24–5, 27–8, 31–7, 39–40, 41–2,45–8, 180, 185, 188, 190–1

prime minister of Bulgaria, 165

Index 239

Dimitrov, Georgi – continuedand purges/terror, 25, 34–5,

71–2, 94–5, 151–2, 170–2;178–80, 189

and the Reichstag Fire trial, 30–1and Stalin see Stalin, Joseph, and

Dimitrov, Georgiand the united front, 27–8, 31–4,

188, 190–1and the wartime resistance in

Bulgaria, 48–51, 55–6, 63and the Yugoslav communists, 55,

175–9 see also Bled meetingsee also Bulgarian communist party

Djilas, Milovan, 176Dobroslavski, Traicho, 154, 167,

221nDolapchiev, Nikola, 4, 205nDonovan, William (Bill), 60, 61Draganov, Purvan, 64, 65Dramaliev, Kiril, 53, 221nDrundarevski, M., 86druzhba (a BANU local organization),

plural druzhbi, 85–7, 130, 166Dubcek, Alexander, 203Durzhanski, Angel, 86

EAC see European AdvisoryCommission

Eastern Europe, 49, 80, 104, 117, 126,160, 173–8, 196–203

Cold War and, 1–7, 10–1, 39–40communism in, 1–7, 27–8, 39–40,

41–2, 44–5, 70, 80, 99–100, 126,135, 146–7, 162, 169, 173–4,176–8, 180, 181–6, 191–6

comparative analysis, 196–201domestic politics in, 1–7, 10–11,

13–5, 27–8, 39–40, 41–2, 44–5,70, 95, 99–100, 126, 135,146–7, 162, 169, 173–4, 180,181–6, 191–6,196–203

federations in, 176–7long-term implications of postwar

experience, 201–3Second World War, impact on,

199social structures in, 198–9

see also democracy, in EasternEurope; Soviet Union/Soviet,and Eastern Europe; Westernpowers, and Eastern Europe

Eden, Anthony, 58, 59, 61, 75, 76, 77,78, 115, 125, 137, 210n, 211n,212n, 217n

Ehrenburg, Ilya, 138elections, 97

in Balkans, 113, 116, 118in Britain, 1945, 146in Bulgaria, 54, 80, 85, 90, 97–8,

138, 148in 1919, 25in 1920, 25in 1923, 25–6in 1931, 29–30, 80in 1938, 34–5in 1945: plans to hold

parliamentary elections inFebruary–March, 99;Fatherland Front jointelectoral lists, 109–112, 123;postponement ofparliamentary electionsscheduled for August,109–127, 128–30, 144, 195;parliamentary elections heldin November, 129–30, 132,134–7, 139, 142, 218

in 1946: referendum onmonarchy, September, 154–5;constitutional assemblyelections, October, 154–61,162–5, 167–8, 187–8, 197

in 1990, 203–4in 1991, 203–4

in other Eastern Europeancountries, 97, 99, 116–8, 197–8

in France, 36, 196in Germany, 30in Italy, 116, 196in the United States, 176

EMOS (a united organization for highschool students), 153

Estonia, 16Ethridge, Mark, 133–4, 137–8, 219n

240 Index

European Advisory Commission,London, 63, 76, 78

Fatherland Front, 55, 58, 195, 209n,213n, 214n, 215n, 216n, 222n

break-up of (May–August 1945),104–13, 125–7

closed coalition, 69, 84–5, 125–7,140, 187

communist manipulation ofFatherland Front parties,99–103, 104–113, 123, 127,132, 145, 151–4, 156–8, 162–9,189, 216n

and electionsin 1945, 112, 136in 1946, 154–5, 158–61, 162–3

governmentsfirst government, formed in

September 1944, 57replacement of ministers loyal to

Petkov (summer 1945),109–13

second government, formed inMarch 1946, 141, 143–4

third government, formed afterOctober 1946 elections, 165,167

actions of non-communistgovernment ministers andmembers of the regency,72–4, 88–9, 91–4, 99–100,102, 109–13, 119–24, 127,128–30, 133–6, 139–41,143–4, 147, 149–52, 156–8,166–7, 195

and the opposition parties, 125–30,133–44, 145, 149–51, 155–61,162–9, 171–2, 173–5, 187–9

origins of, 48–9, 52–4Otechestven Front (official

newspaper), 153parties within the Fatherland Front,

development of (1944), 75, 79–89and purges/terror, 79–80, 89, 91–97,

99revolutionary upsurge (September

1944) and, 69–74

seizure of power, 56–7, 63, 66–8, 70tensions within (November

1944–April 1945), 89–103‘united socio-political organization’,

174–5, 179see also Dimitrov, Georgi, and the

Fatherland Front; Soviet Union,and Bulgaria, Fatherland Frontcoalition; Stalin, Joseph, andthe Fatherland Front coalitionin Bulgaria

FF see Fatherland FrontFilov, Bogdan, 54, 55Finland, 16–7, 44, 49, 63, 75, 116

Soviet war with, 18First World War, 11, 25, 37, 80, 85,

103, 122, 155, 187Foreign Relations of the United States

(American diplomaticcorrespondence), 120, 122, 156,211n, 212n, 213n, 214n, 215n,217n, 218n, 221n, 222n, 227n

France, 3, 13–17, 24, 34, 36–7, 44, 57,171, 196, 221n

Gaddis, John Lewis, 2, 6, 7, 196, 206nWe Now Know: Rethinking Cold War

History (monograph), 6Ganev, Dimitur, 81Ganev, Venelin, 136Gati, Charles, 4, 198, 205n, 211n,

224n, 225nGeneral Workers’ Professional Union,

80, 102, 150Genovski, Mikhail, 101Georgiev, Ivan-Asen, 148Georgiev, Kimon, 35, 54, 57, 88, 91,

102, 107, 112, 119, 122, 134, 139,141, 143–4, 151–4, 157–8, 167

German communist party, 23, 27,146, 197

Germany see Nazi GermanyGichev, Dimitur, 29, 53, 54, 56, 132,

166, 168, 223n‘G. M.’, ‘G. M.-ists’ see Dimitrov, Dr.

Georgi M.Goebbels, Joseph, 30Goering, Hermann, 30

Index 241

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 14, 203Gousev, Fedor, 59great powers, 1–4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 44,

49, 57, 64, 115, 117, 119, 122,127–8, 132, 139, 162, 182, 190,192, 194–6, 199, 201–2

see also Attlee, Clement;Britain/British; Churchill,Winston S.; Roosevelt, FranklinD.; Soviet Union; Stalin, Joseph;Truman, Harry S.; UnitedStates/America(n); Westernpowers

Greece, 9, 19, 20, 44, 57, 58, 59, 60,75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 95, 116, 131,137, 142, 169, 175, 176, 200

Grew, Joseph C., 98GWPU see General Workers’

Professional Union

Halifax, Earl of, 115, 217nHayter, 131, 221nHitler, Adolf, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 36, 48,54, 64, 182, 201

Holland, 44Horner, John E., 171Houstoun-Boswall, W., 89, 117, 118,

119, 120, 122, 126, 129, 130, 136,137, 142, 143, 156, 217n, 218n,219n, 220n

Howard, D., 67, 211nHristozov, Rusi, 51, 212nHull, Cordell, 59, 60, 61, 211n, 212n,

213n, 214n, 215nHumbert-Droz, J., 28Hungary, 4, 10, 11, 44, 49, 54, 61,

77, 80, 95, 114, 115, 116, 118,177, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203

ideology see Britain/British, andideology;Marxism/Marxism–Leninism;Stalin, Joseph, and ideology;United States/America(n), andideology

intellectuals, 6, 29, 34, 52–3, 71, 82,87, 184, 198, 203

Italy, 3, 18, 22, 44, 47, 57, 60, 116,131, 196

Ivanov, Colonel, 169

Kabakchiev, Hristo, 26Kardelj, Edward, 176Kaulbars, General, 107Kazasov, Dimo, 53Kerensky, Alexander, 26Khrushchev, Nikita S., 5, 202Kinov, Ivan, 94Kiril, Prince of Bulgaria, 54Kirsanov, Stepan, 106, 110, 120–1,

134, 144, 152, 212n, 217n, 219n, 220n

Knorin, Wilhelm, 31Koev, Petur, 169Kolarov, Vasil, 28, 34–5, 81–2, 97, 146,

155–6, 172, 176, 215n, 224nKonstantinov, F., 219nKornilov affair (in Russia, 1917), 26Kostov, Professor Doncho, 64Kostov, Traicho, 72, 74, 81–3, 89,

91–3, 97, 99, 101, 107, 108–13,118, 121–2, 124, 129, 132–3, 136,150–1, 176, 178–9, 209n, 212n,213n, 214n, 215n, 216n, 217n,218n, 219n, 220n, 223n, 224n

Kosturkov, Stoian, 53, 149Kouyoumdjisky, Angel, 61Kozhevnikov, Vadim, 73, 212nKunin, Petko, 81Kuusinen, Otto, 31

Lampe, John R., 189, 224n, 225nLane, Arthur Bliss, 201Latvia, 16Lavrischev, Alexander A., 58, 62,

216n, 219nLeffler, Melvyn P., 6, 205n, 206n,

224nLekarski, General Krum, 152Lenin, Vladimir I., 38, 47, 183, 185

What is to Be Done? (pamphlet,1902), 184

Levichkin, Kliment, 105, 212n, 213n,214n, 215n, 222n

Levy, Robert, 6, 206nLibya, 9

242 Index

Lithuania, 16Litvinov, Maxim, 8, 13, 15–6, 23–5,

41, 62, 206n, 207nproposals for postwar order, 43–5see also collective security, Litvinov

andLondon, 22, 49, 63, 65, 67, 75, 97,

119–20, 122, 128–9, 131–2, 163,205n, 206n, 207n, 210n, 214n,215n, 219n, 224n, 225n

see also Britain/BritishLondon Council (conference) of

Foreign Ministers,September–October 1945, 128–9,131–2

lower middle classin Bulgaria, 34, 87, 137, 146, 160,

180, 187in other Eastern European

countries, 34, 146, 180in Western European countries, 18,

20–1, 34, 146see also middle class

Lulchev, Kosta, 88, 140, 158Lundestad, Geir, 3, 195, 205n

Macedonia, 48, 58, 65, 110, 151, 175,177

Maisky, Ivan, 23, 43Manuilsky, Dmitry, 31, 38, 48Mao Zedong, 7, 176Marshall, George C., 170Marshall Plan, 170–1Marxism/Marxism–Leninism, 4, 6, 21,

38, 74, 82, 85, 125, 146–7, 178,183, 186

Mastny, Vojtech, 5, 6, 16, 205n, 206nThe Cold War and Soviet Insecurity:

The Stalin Years (monograph), 5Mevius, Martin, 6, 206nMichael, King of Romania, 134middle class

in Bulgaria, 26, 29, 32–3, 37, 52, 58,74, 87, 94, 113, 135–7, 140,153, 161, 174, 189–90, 198–9,203

in other Eastern Europeancountries, 32–3, 37, 113, 174,198–9

in Russia, 33, 37in Western European countries,

20–1, 29, 32–3, 36–7, 87, 174see also lower middle class

Mihalchev, Dimitur, 118, 123, 143,220n

Mihov, General Nikola, 54Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 4, 205nMirov (Mirov-Rozkin), Iakov, 135Molotov, Viacheslav M., 15, 16, 17,

18, 31, 41, 45, 46, 54, 58, 62, 63,68, 74, 77, 78, 92, 94, 98, 109,129, 131, 158, 170, 178, 211n,214n, 219n, 220n, 224n

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (23 August1939), 36, 39

Moore, Barrington, 189, 224nMoscow, 1–2, 8, 10, 13–14, 18–19,

22–3, 28, 31, 34, 36, 40, 44–7, 49,51–5, 58–60, 62–7, 74, 76–8, 81–2,91–2, 94, 97, 100–1, 103, 105–6,109, 112–3, 117–8, 120, 122–4,126, 128, 131, 134–5, 137–43,147, 151, 155, 157–8, 163, 171–3,176–80, 182, 191–2, 195, 197,199–201, 206n, 210n, 213n,220n, 223n

see also Soviet Union/SovietMoscow Council (conference) of

Foreign Ministers/Moscowagreement, December 1945,137–44, 157

Moshanov, Stoicho, 62, 65–6, 68,211n

Moyne, Lord, 66, 211nMunich agreement (1938), 15, 36Muraviev, Konstantin, 56, 66, 67, 68,

69, 95, 132Mushanov, Nikola, 19, 53–4, 56, 135Mussolini, Benito, 60Myant, Martin R., 4, 205n, 225n

Naimark, Norman, 5, 197, 205n, 225n

nationalism, 3, 6, 14, 20, 42, 46–9, 65,68, 103, 112–14, 122, 145, 151,173, 177, 179, 187, 190, 195, 197, 199

National Council see Fatherland Front

Index 243

NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrganization), 22

Nazi Germany, 8, 47, 184and Bulgaria, 15, 17–20, 42, 44–5,

48–9, 52–6, 58, 60–1, 63–5,67–8, 73–4, 114, 116, 140, 152

Dimitrov, Georgi and, 19, 30–4,52–4, 63, 67, 74, 185

war with the Soviet Union, 10–11,14, 18, 41–3, 45, 49, 52, 58, 63,67–8, 73, 102, 113–4, 117, 140,181–2

see also collective security;Communist International,Popular Front; Stalin, Joseph,and Hitler, and Nazi Germany;Wehrmacht

NC see National CouncilNeikov, Dimitur, 88–9, 108, 129, 216nNKID see Soviet commissariat/ministry

of foreign affairsNKVD (Soviet commissariat of

internal affairs), 35Northern Iran, 9

Obbov, Alexander, 29, 100–1, 108,111–12, 129, 132, 154–5, 166–7,215n

oblast (region in Bulgaria), pluraloblasti, 72–3, 79, 83, 106, 108,148, 153, 158–9, 166–8, 212n,213n, 216n, 221n, 222n, 223n

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 60,61, 213n

opposition partiesin Bulgaria see Britain/British, and

Bulgaria, opposition parties;Bulgarian Agrarian NationalUnion – Nikola Petkov;Bulgarian Workers’ SocialDemocratic Party – United;Bulgarian communist party,democratic parties, relationswith; Dimitrov, Georgi, andopposition parties in Bulgaria;Petkov, Nikola; SovietUnion/Soviet, and Bulgaria,opposition parties; Stalin,Joseph, and opposition parties

in Bulgaria; UnitedStates/America(n), and Bulgaria,opposition parties

in other Eastern Europeancountries, 4, 6, 113–7, 126,131–2, 141–2, 146, 196–201

okoliia (district in Bulgaria), pluralokolii, 96, 148, 166

Oxley, General W. H., 89, 119, 120

Paris peace treaty negotiations, 145,155, 157–8, 221n

Pastuhov, Krustiu, 53, 88Pauker, Ana, 6, 206nPavlov, Asen, 86, 100Pavurdzhiev, Vasil, 155, 221nPB see Bulgarian communist party,

Politburopeace treaties, 21, 43, 76, 78, 114–7,

131–2, 137–8, 145, 147, 150–1,155–8, 160, 169–72, 175–6, 200,217n

see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria,Bulgarian peace treaty;Bulgarian peace treaty; Parispeace treaty negotiations;Soviet Union/Soviet, andBulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty;United States/America(n), andBulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty

peasantsin Bulgaria, 11, 26–9, 33–4, 50,

52, 74, 80, 85–8, 103, 113–4, 131, 146, 153, 186–7,189–90, 198–9, 202–3, 207n,224n

in other Eastern Europeancountries, 11, 33–4, 114, 146,198–9

in Russia, 37, 202Pelovsky, Pelo, 106People’s Bloc, 29, 30, 85people’s courts, 53, 79–80, 89, 92,

94–6, 132, 140, 154People’s Democracy, 4, 8, 68, 125,

146, 174, 180 see also Bulgariancommunist party, People’sDemocracy; Dimitrov, Georgi,and People’s Democracy

244 Index

‘percentages’ agreement see Churchill,Winston S., ‘percentages’agreement with Stalin

Permanent Representation: anagrarian party standing bodyresponsible for day-to-day policysee Bulgarian Agrarian NationalUnion; Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union – FatherlandFront; Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union – Nikola Petkov

petite bourgeoisie/petit bourgeois seelower middle class

Petkov, Nikola, 35, 53–4, 86, 100–1,105–13, 117–18, 124, 128, 130,132, 135, 140, 154, 158–9, 163,165–6, 168–72, 174, 187–9, 203,215n, 222n, 223n

see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria,Petkov, Nikola, trial of;Bulgarian Agrarian NationalUnion – Nikola Petkov; UnitedStates/America(n), and Bulgaria,Petkov, Nikola, trial of

Petorka, 35Petrov, Georgi, 79, 95Phillips, Morgan, 146Piatnitsky, Iosif (Osip), 31Pladne agrarians see Bulgarian

Agrarian National Union, Pladnegroup

Pleshakov, Constantine, 5, 6, 205nInside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From

Stalin to Khrushchev(monograph), 5

Poland, 4, 6, 11, 15–18, 44, 77, 116,176–7, 197–201

Poptomov, Vladimir, 81, 111Popular Front, 8, 11, 15, 23–5, 27–8,

31, 33–7, 39–40, 41–6, 48, 52, 69,99, 126, 174, 180, 185, 188–9,191, 208n

see also Bulgarian communist party, Popular Front;Communist International,Popular Front; Dimitrov,Georgi, and the Popular Front

Popzlatev, Petur, 154, 167

postwar period see Second World War;Stalin, Joseph, postwar world,views on

Potsdam Conference, 2, 113, 115–17,127, 131, 217n

PR see Permanent RepresentationPravda (newspaper of the Soviet

communist party), 63, 73, 136,170, 212n

Prazmowska, Anita J., 5, 206n, 225npre-war period see Second World Warproletariat/proletarian see working

classpurges/terror

in Bulgaria, 28, 34–5, 53, 70–3,79–80, 89, 91–7, 99, 105–6, 108,127, 132, 139–41, 145, 154,148–9, 151–3, 162, 167, 169–72,173–4, 178–80, 186, 188–9,191–2, 196, 198–9, 202–3,214–5

in other Eastern Europeancountries, 2, 6, 198–200, 202–3

in the Soviet Union, 25, 34–5, 40,79, 82, 94–5, 178, 185, 202

see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria,purges/terror; Bulgariancommunist party, purges/terror;Dimitrov, Georgi, andpurges/terror; people’s courts;NKVD; Soviet Union/Soviet,and Bulgaria, purges/terror;Stalin, Joseph, andpurges/terror; UnitedStates/America(n), and Bulgaria,purges/terror

RC see Ruling CouncilRed Army see Soviet armyregions (in Bulgaria) see oblast, oblastiresistance, anti-Nazi

in Bulgaria, 11, 42, 45, 48–52, 63,68, 70, 81–2, 187–8, 197, 199,209n

in other European countries, 10–11,42, 50–1, 197, 199

Reynolds, Jaime, 4, 205nRibbentrop, Joachim von, 19, 64, 211nRipka, Hubert, 4, 205n

Index 245

Romania, 4, 10, 15–8, 44, 49, 56–7,59–61, 65, 68, 75–7, 80, 114–16,118, 133, 138–40, 177, 197,198–200

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21, 59, 60, 61,97, 98, 113, 182

Ruling Council: an agrarian partybody convened periodically todiscuss party policy see BulgarianAgrarian National Union;Bulgarian Agrarian NationalUnion – Fatherland Front;Bulgarian Agrarian NationalUnion – Nikola Petkov

Russia/Russian see Soviet Union/Soviet

Sargent, Sir Orme, 126, 137, 142,218n, 219n

‘Stocktaking after V. E.-Day’(memorandum, 11 July 1945),98–9, 115–6, 215n, 217n

Second Balkan War, 103Second World War, 1, 3–11, 14, 16, 18,

20–1, 23, 34, 37, 39–40, 41–50,52–60, 62, 64–5, 67–8, 70, 73–6,78–9, 81, 83, 85–6, 89, 91–2,94–9, 102–3, 104–7, 113–15, 117,122, 127, 132, 140, 142, 152, 155,174, 181–2, 184–5, 187–95,197–203, 205n, 206n, 207n,208n, 210n, 211n, 212n, 220n,224n, 225n

see also Nazi Germany, war with theSoviet Union

security see Britain/British, andsecurity; Stalin, Joseph, and Sovietsecurity; UnitedStates/America(n), and security

Serbia, 58, 65 see alsoYugoslavia/Yugoslav

Seton-Watson, Hugh, 99, 205n, 215n,221n

Simeon II, King of the Bulgarians, 54,155

Sivolobov, M., 73, 212nSobolev, Arkady, 19social democratic parties, 14, 28, 32–3,

36, 37, 39, 174, 183, 197–8 seealso Bulgarian Workers’ Social

Democratic Party; BulgarianWorkers’ Social Democratic Party – Fatherland Front;Bulgarian Workers’ SocialDemocratic Party – United

Sofia, 8, 19, 28–9, 49–51, 54, 56–8,60–4, 70–2, 74, 81, 88, 90–1,93–4, 96, 100–1, 106, 112, 118,123, 129, 134–6, 139, 141–2,147–8, 153, 156–8, 163, 166–7,171–2, 195, 205n, 206n, 207n,208n, 209n, 211n, 212n, 213n,214n, 215n, 218n, 222n, 223n,224n

see also BulgariaSoviet army, 10, 14, 18, 20, 42–3,

45, 49–50, 56–9, 62–8, 70, 73–4,77–8, 80, 90–5, 100, 105, 108,114, 131, 134, 137, 145, 147, 151, 156, 169–70, 180, 186, 190,197, 219n

Soviet commissariat/ministry offoreign affairs, 9, 24, 111, 217n,220n

officials in, and envoys sent from,Moscow, 19, 43, 62–3, 74,105–6, 118, 123, 134–5, 138–9,140–3, 147, 191

representatives in Bulgaria, 55, 58,62–3, 74, 86–7, 91, 94, 97, 103,104–6, 109, 120–1, 135–6, 144,147, 154–5, 163, 190–1

representatives in Britain, 23, 59representative in Cairo, 61representatives in Turkey, 67see also Litvinov, Maxim; Molotov,

ViacheslavSoviet communist party (official

name: All-Union CommunistParty (Bolsheviks) ) 5, 7, 9, 15, 24,25, 26, 33, 36, 83, 136, 173, 179,183, 185, 187, 196, 201, 202,218n, 222n

International department of theCentral Committee, 42, 47–8,72, 135, 174, 177

Soviet Russia see Soviet Union/SovietSoviet Union/Soviet, 51–2, 87, 149,

160, 172, 205n, 206n, 207n,

246 Index

Soviet Union/Soviet – continued208n, 211n, 212n, 215n, 217n,218n, 219n, 220n, 221n, 222n,224n, 225n

and the Balkans, 9–10, 45, 57–60,64–5, 67, 75–8, 113, 132–3,142, 170

and Bulgaria, 34–5, 36Allied Control Commission for:

organization and status of,75–8, 108, 114, 117, 145, 147; activities of Sovietrepresentatives on, 89, 91, 93–4, 97, 103, 104–7, 109, 117–18, 120–3, 129–30, 134, 144, 151, 157, 191

Bulgarian armistice/exit from thewar, 10, 42, 43, 45, 49, 59–60,61, 63, 65–8, 75–8, 89, 92, 94,102–3, 108, 192, 214n

Bulgarian army, 65, 73, 77, 92–5

Bulgarian communist party, 9–10,22, 43, 49–50, 66–7, 69, 73–4,79, 82, 89–90, 93–5, 97,99–100, 101, 102–3, 104–13,118–26, 128–44, 145–7, 151,154, 157–8, 163–5, 170–1,173–83, 186–92, 195–6,199–201, 222n

Bulgarian government,recognition of, 116, 118–19,121–2

Bulgarian peace treaty, 43, 115–16,145, 147, 156, 160, 175–6

declaration of war on, 49, 56,67–8, 70

diplomatic relations with, 15,17–20, 45, 49, 54–5, 58, 62–8,118–9, 120–3, 144

Fatherland Front coalition, 53–4, 66–7, 69, 73–4, 79,86–7, 100–1, 104–7, 109–11, 113, 116–17, 118–19,122, 125–7, 129–30, 132–6, 138–44, 145–7, 151,154–8, 163–5, 173–5, 179–80,187–9

military operations with respectto, 45, 49, 57–9, 65, 67–9, 77, 102

opposition parties, 113, 116–17,124–6, 129–30, 135–6,138–44, 146–7, 157–8, 163–5,170–1, 189

postponement of Bulgarianparliamentary elections,August 1945, 117–27

purges/terror, 72, 79, 89, 92, 94–5,100, 113, 151, 171

Soviet sphere of influence,inclusion of Bulgaria in: inthe period of the Nazi-Sovietpact, 15, 17–20; after June1941, 44, 48–9, 58–60, 62, 69,75–8, 137, 142, 145, 160,162–3, 169–72, 173, 177,182–3, 192, 194–5, 199–202

and communist parties outside theSoviet Union, 13–5, 22–5, 27–8,31–40, 41–2, 45–8

and Eastern Europe, 1–7, 9–11,13–18, 20–2, 39–40, 41–2, 44–5,49, 58, 77, 95, 97–9, 114,116–8, 131, 135, 140, 146–7,162, 169–74, 176–8, 180, 181–6, 191–6, 194–5, 197,199–202

isolation, 13–5, 22–3, 36, 38–40,170–1, 177, 184, 191

London Council (conference) ofForeign Ministers,September–October 1945,128–9, 132

Moscow Council (conference) ofForeign Ministers, December1945, 128, 137–8

implementation of the decisions ofthe Moscow Council ofForeign Ministers, 139–44, 157

and Nazi Germanyaccommodation with, 11, 14,

16–24, 36conflict with, 11, 13–4, 15–8, 20–2,

38–40, 41, 182, 184–5, 194war with see Nazi Germany, war

with the Soviet Union

Index 247

Soviet Union/Soviet – continuedpolicy-making, 1, 5, 7–8, 24, 63,

181, 190, 195centralization, 45, 190–1conceptual and institutional gaps,

190–1Dimitrov, Georgi and, 7–8, 24,

188, 190–1overlapping competencies, 190see also Stalin, Joseph, policy-

makingpostwar world, strategies for,

43–5Potsdam conference, 116–17and the United States and Britain

cooperation with, 5–8, 11–12,13–16, 20–4, 36, 38–40, 41–7,58–9, 61, 67–8, 69, 73, 75–79,89–91, 97–8, 102, 104, 109,113–17, 123–6, 129, 132–3,137–44, 144, 162, 170, 176,181–6, 191–6, 200–1

conflict with, 1–12, 13–6, 20–4,36–40, 58, 65, 67, 73, 75–7,89–91, 97–9, 102–3, 104–5,107, 113–17, 129–30, 132–44,151, 158, 162, 169–71,173–4, 176–7, 181–6, 191–6,201–2

Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration,97–8

see also great powers; Moscow;Stalin, Joseph

Spain, 14, 44spheres of influence, 1–3, 6, 9–10,

14–22, 42, 44–5, 49, 58–60, 62–3,69, 75–8, 98, 104, 108, 113–16,122–7, 140, 142, 145, 160, 162–3,169–72, 173, 177, 181–6, 190–5,199–202

see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria,Soviet sphere of influence,inclusion of Bulgaria in; SovietUnion/Soviet, and Bulgaria,Soviet sphere of influence,inclusion of Bulgaria in; Stalin,Joseph, and spheres ofinfluence; UnitedStates/America(n), and Bulgaria,

Soviet sphere of influence,inclusion of Bulgaria in

Stainov, Petko, 57, 102, 105, 107,119–24, 126–7, 135, 139, 140–1,143, 214n, 218n, 220n

Staliiski, Alexander, 65Stalin, Joseph, 62, 83, 207n, 209n,

211n, 215n, 218n, 220n, 222n,223n, 224n

and the ‘Big Three’ (Roosevelt,Churchill and Stalin), 20–1,125, 182

and the Bulgarian communist party,50–1, 55, 63, 69, 73–5, 79, 82,94–5, 97, 100, 104, 109–13,118–9, 122, 123–6, 128–9,134–6, 137–41, 144, 145–7, 151,154, 158, 163–5, 170–1, 175–80,181–3, 186–92, 195–6, 199–200,201, 222n

and Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations,175–8

and collective security, 11, 13–16,23–5, 38–40, 41, 184, 194, 206n

and communismspread of, 32–3, 37–40, 43–5, 97,

124–6, 146–7, 176–7, 181–6,193, 201–2

and the Communist International,7, 8, 13, 23, 24, 25, 31–3, 36–40,42, 45–8, 135, 188, 190–1

and communist parties outside theSoviet Union, 13, 22–5, 31–3,37–40, 41–2, 45–8

and the correlation of forces, 98,176, 183

and democracy, 13–14, 19, 20–4,32–3, 36–40, 41, 44–7, 69, 73–4,79, 97–8, 100, 109–111, 113,124–6, 129, 134–6, 138–41, 144,146–7, 151, 154, 158, 162–5,170–1, 176–7, 180, 182–7,190–6, 199–203

and Dimitrov, Georgi, 7–9, 13, 16,19–21, 24–5, 31–3, 36–40, 41–2,45–8, 50, 63, 66–7, 74, 97, 100,118, 109, 134–5, 144, 146–7,151, 154, 163–4, 170, 175–80,185, 188, 190–1

248 Index

Stalin, Joseph – continuedand the Fatherland Front coalition

in Bulgaria, 53–4, 66–7, 73–4,89, 97, 100, 104, 109–11,118–19, 125–7, 136, 134–41,144, 145–7, 151, 154, 158,163–5, 173–5, 179–80

and Hitler, AdolfStalin’s views on, 20–1see also Stalin, Joseph, and Nazi

Germanyand ideology, 6, 8, 9–10, 12, 16, 21,

37–8, 97, 146–7, 170, 180,181–6, 190–4, 196 see alsoMarxism/Marxism–Leninism

and the Marshall Plan, 170–1and Nazi Germany

accommodation with, 11, 14,16–24, 37–8

threat/attack from, 11, 13, 15–18,20–2, 38–40, 41, 182, 184–5,194

see also Nazi Germany, war withthe Soviet Union; Stalin,Joseph, and Hitler, Adolf

and opposition parties in Bulgaria,124–6, 139–41, 146, 163–5, 170–1

and pan-Slavism, 9, 140‘percentages’ agreement see

Churchill, Winston S.,‘percentages’ agreement withStalin

policy-making, 5ambiguity, 24–5, 191brutality see Stalin, Joseph, and

purges/terrorcentralization, 45, 190crucial role in key decisions, 191delegation, 7–8, 24–5dual policy, 16–7, 20–2, 69, 99,

140, 181–6, 191–4, 201–2flexibility, 45, 69, 97, 100, 183–4,

191, 201heavy-handed decisions, 191inconsistency, 186, 192opportunism, 17–20, 67–8‘philosopher-king’ role, 193pragmatism, 16, 45, 183, 201secrecy, 8

see also Soviet Union/Soviet,policy-making

postwar world, views on, 97–8,124–5, 140, 146–7, 181–6

and purges/terrorin Bulgaria, 79, 89, 94–5, 113,

151, 171in Eastern Europe, 95, 113, 186in the Soviet Union, 25, 34–5, 40,

79, 94–5, 178, 185and revolution, 6, 10–1, 13, 23–4,

32–3, 37–8, 45, 73–5, 79, 104,146–7, 176–7, 184–5, 193 seealso Stalin, Joseph, andcommunism, spread of

and Soviet security, 13, 15–18, 38,182, 184, 194, 200 see also Stalin,Joseph, and collective security

and spheres of influence, 9–10,16–22, 42, 44–5, 59–60, 62–3,69, 75–8, 104, 113, 123–7, 140,145, 160, 162–3, 170–71, 177,181–6, 190–4, 200–202

and the United States and Britaincooperation with, 11–12, 13–16,

20–4, 38–40, 41–7, 58–9, 69,73, 75, 77, 79, 97–8, 104, 109,123–6, 129, 133–4, 137–41,144, 162, 170, 176, 181–6,191–6, 200–1

conflict with, 11–12, 13–16, 20–4,36–40, 66–7, 75, 89, 97, 104,113, 134–6, 139–41, 144, 151,158, 162, 170–1, 176–7,181–6, 191–6, 201–2

see also individual entries; SovietUnion/Soviet

Stamboliiski, Alexander, 25, 26, 27,29, 85, 86, 105

Stanchev, General Kiril, 152Stanishev, Alexander, 64–5Steel, 58, 210nStewart, D. L., 115, 217n, 219nStoianov, Petko, 102, 109, 112Stoianov, Teniu, 71, 212nSUC see Supreme Union CouncilSupreme Union Council: an agrarian

party body convened periodicallyto elect a Ruling Council and a

Index 249

Supreme Union Council – continuedPermanent Representaion seeBulgarian Agrarian NationalUnion; Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union – FatherlandFront; Bulgarian AgrarianNational Union – Nikola Petkov

Swain, Geoffrey, 196, 211n, 220n,224n

Swain, Nigel, 196, 211n, 224nSzklarska Poreba (Poland) meeting

(1947), 173–4, 177

TASS (Soviet news agency), 74Terpeshev, Dobri, 55, 81–2, 96, 101,

110, 150terror see purges/terrorThird Ukrainian Front see Soviet armyThorez, Maurice, 38Tito, Josip Broz/Titoist, 55, 77, 99,

109, 151, 175–9, 209n, 220n,224n see also Bled meeting;Bulgarian communist party,Yugoslav communists, relationswith; Dimitrov, Georgi, and theYugoslav communists

Togliatti, Palmiro, 38Tolbuhin, Marshal Fedor, 151

Third Ukrainian Front (occupiedBulgaria in 1944), 151

Tollinton, 222nTonchev, Stefan, 101, 102trade unions, 26, 32, 46, 84, 102, 148,

150, 178 see also General Workers’Professional Union

Traikov, Georgi, 167Trifonov, T., 154, 167, 221nTripartite Pact, 19, 48, 65, 79, 95Truman, Harry S., 113, 114Truman Doctrine (1947), 10, 169, 170Turkey, 10, 19, 22, 44, 60, 61, 62, 65, 76,

116, 137, 142, 169, 175, 200, 211n

united front, 27–8, 33, 188 see alsoBulgarian communist party,united front; CommunistInternational, united front;Dimitrov, Georgi, and the unitedfront

United States/America(n), 47and the Balkans, 9–10, 57, 59–61, 64,

78, 113, 132–3, 142, 170, 206nand Britain

cooperation with, 1–3, 6, 9–10,12, 43, 60, 76, 78, 91, 113–27,132, 134, 138, 141–4, 145,155–6, 160, 162, 169–72, 173,190–2, 195, 200–1

disagreements with, 43, 60–1, 76,78, 91, 114–5, 125, 129–32,136–7, 157–8, 163, 192

and BulgariaAllied Control Commission for,

76–8, 91, 102, 108, 112, 114,117–24, 126, 130, 145, 170,192, 200

American representatives in, 10,89–91, 91, 97–8, 103–4, 107,114, 117–24, 126, 129–30,133, 135, 141–4, 156–7, 160,162–3, 171–2, 192, 200–1,214n, 215n, 217n, 218n,221n, 222n

Bulgarian armistice/exit from thewar, 10, 42, 45, 49, 59–8,75–6, 78, 89, 102–3, 108, 192

Bulgarian communist party,89–90, 107–8, 112–27,129–34, 135–9, 141–4, 145,155–8, 160, 162–3, 165–6,169–70, 171–2, 175–6, 190–2,194–5, 200–1

Bulgarian declaration of war onthe United States, 10, 42, 45,49, 59, 76, 192

Bulgarian government,recognition and demands forreorganization of, 114, 116,122, 131–2, 137–9, 142–4,155–8, 163, 169–72, 175–6,200

Bulgarian peace treaty, 76, 78,114–7, 131–2, 137–8, 145,155–8, 160, 169–72, 200

diplomatic relations with, 10, 42,49, 58, 60–3, 65–8, 89, 108,114–22, 124–7, 129, 131–2,137–9, 141–4, 145, 155–8,

250 Index

United States/America(n) – continued160, 163, 169–72, 173, 175,192, 200–1

Fatherland Front coalition, 89–91,98, 103, 104, 107–9, 112–13,129–30, 133–4, 135–9, 141–4,145, 155–8, 160

military operations with respectto, 57–8, 60–1, 64–5, 69, 77,102, 200

opposition parties, 104, 113–27,129–34, 135–8, 141–4, 145,155–8, 160, 162–3, 165–6,168–72, 173, 190–2, 195,200–1

Petkov, Nikola, trial of, 169–72postponement of Bulgarian

parliamentary elections,August 1945, 117–27

purges/terror, 2, 6, 89, 151, 171–2Soviet sphere of influence,

inclusion of Bulgaria in, 22,59, 69, 75–8, 98, 108, 114–5,142, 145, 160, 162–3, 169–72,173, 190–2, 194–5, 200–202

containment, policy of, 2, 22,162–3, 169, 201–2

and democracy, 1–3, 6–7, 10, 20–4,44, 90–1, 97–9, 113–27, 130–9,141–4, 145, 151, 155–8, 160,162–3, 165–6, 168–72, 171–2,173, 176, 181–4, 190–6, 200–2

and Eastern Europe see Westernpowers and Eastern Europe

and ideology, 6, 172, 192, 200London Council (conference) of

Foreign Ministers,September–October 1945,128–9, 131–2

Moscow Council (conference) ofForeign Ministers, December1945, 128, 137–8

implementation of the decisionsof the Moscow Council ofForeign Ministers, 141–44

Potsdam conference, 113–7and security, 10, 76, 142, 177, 200–2and the Soviet Union see Soviet

Union/Soviet, and the United

States and Britain; Stalin,Joseph, and the United Statesand Britain

State Department, 67, 78, 90–1, 98,114–5, 119–20, 126, 130, 133,135, 142–3, 156, 171, 217n seealso Byrnes, James F.; Marshall,George C.

Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration,97–8, 103, 114, 117, 134, 182

see also great powers; Roosevelt,Franklin D.; Truman, Harry S.;Washington, D.C.; Westernpowers

USSR see Soviet Union/Soviet

Velchev, Colonel, later GeneralDamian, 57, 72–3, 91–4, 102, 105,107, 141, 150–2, 156, 169

and Decree No. 4, 91–4Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 43Vrabcha agrarians see Bulgarian

Agrarian National Union, Vrabchagroup

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 60, 62–3, 106, 118,123, 134, 139–40, 142–3, 211n,212n, 216n, 217n, 218n, 219n

Warner, F., 157, 158, 221nWashington, D.C., 22, 49, 62, 97–8,

115, 119–20, 126, 129–31, 143,163, 170, 217n, 218n, 222n

see also United States/America(n)Wehrmacht, 21, 49, 63–4, 95 see also

Nazi GermanyWestern powers (United States,

Britain, France), 1, 4, 9–10, 20–1,23, 41–3, 45, 49, 58, 63, 65–6,68–9, 75, 79, 89–90, 104, 108,113, 116–18, 123–4, 128, 132,144–5, 158, 162–3, 172–3, 182–3,191–2, 194, 200

and Eastern Europe, 1–4, 6, 10, 22,44–5, 58, 77, 95, 97–9, 100,104, 114–7, 160, 162, 169–72,176–7, 191–5, 200–2

see also Britain/British; France;United States/America(n)

Winant, John, 76, 78, 212n, 213n

Index 251

workers see working classWorkers’ Youth League see Bulgarian

communist party, youth wingworking class

in Bulgaria, 4, 27, 32–4, 37–8, 43,47, 50, 52, 74, 80–2, 85, 87, 88,146–7, 150, 153, 180, 188–9,198, 203, 216n

in other Eastern Europeancountries, 4, 32–4, 37–8, 43, 47,88, 146–7, 180, 198, 203

in Russia, 33, 37, 184, 202in Western European countries, 26,

32–4, 37–8, 43, 47, 87, 146–7,185

World War I see First World WarWorld War II see Second World WarWYL see Workers’ Youth League

Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration, 2,97, 98, 99, 103, 114, 117, 118,134, 142, 182

Yugoslavia/Yugoslav, 9–11, 44, 48, 50–2,57, 60, 67, 75–9, 95, 99, 116, 118,141, 151, 154, 174–9, 197, 199

see also Bled meeting; Bulgariancommunist party, Yugoslavcommunists, relations with;Dimitrov, Georgi, and theYugoslav communists; Serbia;Tito, Josip Broz/Titoist

Yugov, Anton, 81, 93, 111, 139, 223nYurukov, Vasil, 154, 167

Zhdanov, Andrei, 38, 173–4, 178,223n, 224n

zones of influence see spheres ofinfluence

Zorin, Valentin, 62, 211n, 212nZveno, 50–2, 56, 219n, 220n

communist attacks on, andmanipulation of, 91–4, 99–100, 102, 105–6, 112, 124, 133, 153–4, 157, 167, 169

conflicts within, 88, 153–4, 167consolidation and growth, 87–8,

152–3coups see coups, in Bulgariaelectoral representation

in the joint Fatherland Frontelectoral lists in 1945, 112

in the proposed joint FatherlandFront electoral lists in 1946,154–5

in the October 1946 elections,159–60, 162–3

government participationin 1934–5, 29–30, 34–5, 54after 9 September 1944, 57, 72,

91–4, 99–100, 102–3, 105–6,119–24, 126 128–9, 135–6,141, 143–4, 149–52, 156–8,164–5

Izgrev (party newspaper), 152–3movement towards autonomy, 153,

167Stalin’s views/moves with respect

to, 100, 118–19, 122, 139–41,144, 151, 154, 164–5

weakness, 167youth wing, 153

Zubok, Vladislav M., 5, 6, 205nInside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From

Stalin to Khrushchev(monograph), 5

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