Introduction

Biology

Study of life What is Life?

Some Properties of Living Things Order Reproduction Growth and development Energy utilization Response to stimuli Homeostasis Evolutionary adaptation

Order

All characteristics of life emerge from an organism’s highly ordered structure Notice the chambers in the Nautilus, your

skeleton frame, the tree’s trunk and branches.

Nautilus sp.

Reproduction

Organisms reproduce with their own kind

Life comes only from life Sexual and asexual All organisms have DNA

male marmoset monkey 1.bp.blogspot.com

Growth and development

DNA directs the pattern of growth and development

Increase in size and number of cells Change in form and function

Obelia sp.

Energy utilization

Energy is transformed into many kinds of work

Metabolism (anabolism/catabolism)

Sum of all biological chemical reactions

flamingo feeding

Response to stimuli

Stimulations trigger a response Mechanoreception Chemoreception Photoreception

Drosera capensis

Homeostasis

Maintaining an organism’s internal environment within tolerable limits Metabolic processes use energy to maintain balanced intracellular condition

homeostasis (coined by Walter Cannon, 1930)

Humboldt penguin

Evolutionary adaptation

Life evolves as a result of the interaction between organisms and their environments

Living things adjust & adapt to their surroundings

Adaptations allow organisms to survive in a particular environment

Evolution is witnessed when the species changes

flightless cormorant

Two approaches to the study of life Reductionist

Dismantling the parts Holistic

Examine the whole Emergent properties Results from interactions

between components

Hierarchy of Organization 1. atom

Carbon (C) 2. moleculeglucose (C6H12O6)

3. organelle mitochondrion

4. cell muscle cell

5. tissue muscle

6. organ heart

7. system circulatory system

8. organism Mouse

9. population - species

mice 10. community

college w/mice + men

11. ecosystem community + abiotic factors (soil, water, air) 12. biosphere earth

Taxonomy by Carolus Linnaeus The study of systems of classification is called

taxonomy; carried out by taxonomists

The method of Linnaeus is called the binomial nomenclature system because a combination of two names, genus and specific epithet, uniquely identifies each organism

Both genus and specific epithet are italicized; genus capitalized, specific epithet lowercase

Specific epithet Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

general

specific

Class Activity

Write the following scientific name correctly…

genus = MICROCOCCUS

specific epithet =LUTEUS

answer

genus = MICROCOCCUS

specific epithet =LUTEUS

Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus luteus

Organism Estimates

Prokaryotes 6,300 Protista 350,000 Fungi 100,000 Plantae 290,000 Animalia 1,052,000

total 1,800,000 Update: 1.8 million species id and named Thousands identified/classified each year

Cell types

According to nucleus Prokaryote (prokaryotic cell) – no nucleus Eukaryote (eukaryotic cell) – with true nucleus

According to Nutrition Autotroph – self-feeder Heterotroph – feeds on others

Three Domains of Life

Bacteria Prokaryotic cells

Archaea Prokaryotic cells

Eukarya Eukaryotic cells.

Domain Archaea

prokaryotes

Ancient-type bacteria that thrive in

heat salt acid conditions process methane

Domain Bacteria

prokaryotes

locations soil on other

organisms on surfaces in the sea in fresh water

Spirillum

Domain Eukarya

The Eukaryotes, which have a nucleus, form a third domain, and comprise 4 kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Protista

Current debate on how to split the organisms into several kingdoms

have a nucleus Eukaryotic unicellular (mostly):

Protozoazoa – example: amoeba Protists – example: algae

Fungi

Eukaryotic multicellular (mostly): Yeasts, mildew, molds, and mushrooms

Non photosynthetic: heterotrophs that absorb nutrients

mushrooms

Plantae

Eukaryotic multicellular Complex organization Nonvascular (mosses) and vascular (ferns,

conifers, flowering) plants Many photosynthetic (autotrophs)

make carbohydrates from H2O & CO2

Animalia

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, ingests food

Complex tissues and organs

Capacity for movement

Classification of Organisms

prokaryoteDomains Bacteria & Archaea

unicellular or simple multicelluarPROTISTA

autotrophicPLANTAE

absorbs nutrientsFUNGI

ingests nutrientsANIM ALIA

heterotrophic

multicellular

eukaryoteDomain Eukarya

living organism

Activity: Identify the domain and kingdom 1. Living organism with DNA, rod-

shaped and unicellular. Found living in the gut of humans. Ribosomes are present but the nucleus is absent. Heterotrophic in nature. Some strains are pathogenic to man but more are beneficial to man.

Living organism with DNA, rod-shaped and unicellular. Found living in the gut of humans. Ribosomes are present but the nucleus is absent. Heterotrophic in nature. Some strains are pathogenic to man but more are beneficial to man.

Answer

Domain = Prokaryotes Kingdom = Bacteria Escherichia coli aka E.coli

Activity: Identify the domain and kingdom 2. This multicellular organism is motile.

It is heterotrophic and ingests its food. The cells are rich in mitochondria which provide energy necessary for its movement.

This multicellular organism is motile. It is heterotrophic and ingests its food. The cells are rich in mitochondria which provide energy necessary for its movement.

Domain= Eukarya Kingdom= Animalia Example = clown fish and Anemone

Activity: Identify the domain and kingdom 3. A multicellular organism found in a

tropical rain forest. It photosynthesizes (autotroph) and stores excess glucose in the form of starch. The cells are nucleated and contain chloroplasts and mitochondria.

A multicellular organism found in a tropical rain forest. It photosynthesizes (autotroph) and stores excess glucose in the form of starch. The cells are nucleated and contain chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Domain= Eukarya Kingdom= Plantae Example= red mangrove tree

Why so much diversity?

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836)

The Origin of Species, 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of

Natural Selection descent with modification natural selection

theory of evolution

Levels of Scientific Inquiry

Hypothesis  A tentative explanation of a specific

phenomenon  hypothesis of endosymbiosis

Theory An explanatory idea that is broad in scope and

supported by a large body of evidence theory of evolution, cell theory

Law or Principle Widely accepted idea about a phenomenon Mendel’s Laws, Laws of Thermodynamics

Scientific Methodthe hypothetico-deductive method Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Test Results Conclusion

Observation

Question

Hypothesis

Prediction

Experimentation(tests)

test does notsupport the hypothesis,it needs to berevised

test doessupporthypothesismake morepredictions

Test the hypothesis by performing the experiment to see whether or not the results are as predicted.

Deductive logic takes the form of “If…then” logic.

The End