Introduction Atoms: the smallest units of matter that can not be broken down further. There are 94...
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Transcript of Introduction Atoms: the smallest units of matter that can not be broken down further. There are 94...
![Page 1: Introduction Atoms: the smallest units of matter that can not be broken down further. There are 94 different types of atoms, from 94 elements. Examples:](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032611/56649e835503460f94b848d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction
Atoms: the smallest units of matter that can not be broken down further. There are 94 different types of atoms, from 94 elements. Examples: carbon (C) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) hydrogen (H)
copper (Cu)Molecules: a combination of atoms, usually of different types. There are an infinite number of different molecules.
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• Chemistry deals with the combination of atoms to form molecules.
• Organic chemistry deals with molecules containing carbon atoms. Carbon can form 4 stable bonds with other atoms.
▬ C ▬
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Macromolecules (large organic molecules)• Carbohydrates = sugars = saccharides• Lipids = fats• Proteins• nucleic acids
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are formed from smaller subunits, which are monomers. The combinations are polymers.
Polymers in which the order of monomers provides information: proteins and nucleic acids.
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• Carbohydrate monomers = Monosaccharides = simple sugars
• 5 or 6 carbon atoms. Also contain hydrogen and oxygen.
• Examples: glucose, fructose, ribose
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Oligosaccharides: short chain of monomers
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Polysaccharides: many sugar monomers
• Starch: plant sugar formed from many glucose monomers, for energy storage
• Cellulose: plant sugar formed from many glucose monomers, makes the cell wall
• Glycogen: animal sugar formed from many glucose monomers, for energy storage
• Chitin: animal sugar, which build the external skeleton of crabs, insects, ticks, etc.
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Polysaccharides:
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FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES:
• transportable energy• energy storage• structural material
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Cu+2 (blue) + sugar Cu+1
2Cu+1 + H2O Cu2O (precipitate)
Note: Cu = copper
Benedict’s reaction
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PROTEINS:
• Polymers of amino acids (monomers)• 20 different amino acids• All have an amino group and an acid group
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Structure of proteins
Amino acids join one after the other by
PEPTIDE BONDS
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Primary structure
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Secondary structure
Polypeptide chain coils or twists because of noncovalent interactions between amino acids
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Types of proteins and their function
• Materials for spider web, feathers, bones, hair, muscles, eggs, plant seeds
• Enzymes-speed reactions• Antibodies- defend against pathogens
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LIPIDS
• Includes fats, oils, cholesterol.
• do not dissolve much in water.
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• Most lipids have 2 types of subunits1. Fatty acids2. Glycerol or a related molecules
• Lipid subunits do not form long polymer chains as in proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids
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Structural Formula of a Fatty Acid(saturated)
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Unsaturated Fatty Acid
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Functions of lipids:
•Main component of cell membranes•Source of energy•Insulation•Padding•Protect surfaces: hair and skin, bird feathers, plant surfaces
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Lipids as parts of cell membranes
Hydrophobicpart
Hydrophilicpart
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
The plasma membrane. [Just know the basic structure of lipids in the membrane]
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pH test for lipids
• Triglycerides are lipids which are neutral with regard to pH (a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration) because their fatty acids are bound to other molecules.
• When triglycerides is broken down, fatty acids are released which then release hydrogen ion concentration, causing a lower pH.
• Pancreatin contains an enzyme that breaks triglyceride molecule.
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Nucleic Acids
Ribose ordeoxyribose
phosphate
nucleotide
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Sugar is deoxiribose• 4 types of bases
• A-adenine• G-guanine• T-thymine• C-cytosine
• 2 nucleotide chains are twisted together in a double helix
• The bases fit together in specific ways A-T G-C
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Double Helix of DNA
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DNA [Just know the basic structure]