introduction about computer hardware and software...
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Information TechnologyITBY
Muhammad Akram Muhammad
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Defining Information TechnologyInformation Technologies are systems of hardware and/or software that capture, process, exchange, store and/or present information using electrical, magnetic and/or electromagnetic energy.
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IT Example: Wireless Internet
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Computer OrganizationHardware• Main Hardware• Local HardwareSoftware• Operating System• Application Program
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Computer Hardware
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Overview of Computer Hardware
MotherboardCPURAMHarddiskCD-ROMFloppy DiskDisplay CardSound CardLAN Card
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MotherboardIt is the main circuit board that links all the hardware components together.There are many chips or IC (Integrated Circuit) on the motherboard which contains millions of transistors.
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Types of BusSystem Bus
Data transmission between CPU and the main memory via System Bus. It is also known as the Front Side Bus (FSB).
Peripheral BusData transmission between main memory and peripherals via Peripheral Bus.
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Main Board or Mother BoardIt is the most important element. The wholePC architecture is build on the main board.• All devices and peripherals are connectedto mother board.• If we have a look at its basic structure wecan easily identify:1. Microprocessor Socket2. BIOS (and Battery)3. RAM memory slots (DIMM, DDR, ...)4. Card Slots (PCI, ISA, AGP, ...)5. Chipset6. Connectors• PS/2 (Keyboard, Mouse)• USB• IDE Bus• Serial and parallel ports (COM &LPT1)• Power supply (CN1
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Examples of SloteISA Bus
Old sound cardFaded out already
PCI BusFor most of the interface card like
LAN CardMODEMSound CardCapture Card
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Examples of SloteAGP Bus
Designed for Display Card only
USB BusFor most of the peripheral
MP3 Player, Digital CameraKeyboard, MousePrinter, Scanneretc
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BIOS(Basic Input/Output System)
•It is a memory (ROM) keeping a groupof routines needed to control systemdevices.•It allows booting process.•System configuration is saved in aCMOS memory needing a battery notto loose the information.
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
It interprets and performs instructions of a computer program.The most determining factor in how powerful a computer is.A CPU in a common PC system is known as the microprocessor.
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A model of Computer
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CPUA CPU consists of two parts, the ALU and the CU.Both the ALU and the CU contains registers, which are
high-speed memory temporarily hold data and instructions during processing.
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Different kind of CPUIntel
CeleronPentium 4Xeon
AMDDuronAthlon XPSempronAthlon 64
Common features
Clock rate > 2GHz
DifferencesWord SizeCache Memory SizeFront Side BusNo. of transistors
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Main MemoryStorage media installed on the motherboard
store data and instruction to be executed by the CPU
Main memory is classified intoRAMROMCMOS
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RAMRAM – Random Access MemoryRAM is volatile
data is lost when the power to the computer is turned off
The instructions and data for the job performing are written to RAM and read from it as needed.
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RAMTwo operations of RAM
Loading means copying data from the secondary storage to the main memory Saving means copying data from RAM to the non-volatile secondary storage.
Types of RAMSRAMDRAMSDRAMDDR-RAM
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ROMROM – Read Only MemoryROM is non-volatile
Data are stored permanentlyData can only be read but cannot be changed
Store instructions and tells the computer how to load the operations system when booting up
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
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CMOSCMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor MemoryIt has the characteristics of both ROM and RAM, ie:
it is non-volatileinformation in CMOS can be changed
In computer, CMOS stores the configuration information about a computer like capacity of the hard disk and the current time and date.
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Ports and Interface CardsThe interface between peripheral devices and the CPU.A port is built on the motherboard while an interface card is inserted into slots on the motherboard.Sometimes, an interface card may become a built-in function on the motherboard.
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