Introduction to Pharmacology For BNS

1st YearDr. Pravin Prasad

1st Year Resident, MD Clinical PharmacologyInstitute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, KathmanduNovember 29, 2015 (Mangsir 12, 2072), Sunday

Objectives• Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology• Terminologies and abbreviations used in Pharmacology• Drug Nomenclature• Essential Drug Concept• Rational use of Drugs

Before being organised….

Goats after consuming coffee berries

Ancient Poisons….

Use of herbs in Ancient times…

Before being organised..• Gambolling and frisking of coffee berries (caffeine) consumed goats

through the night• Poisoners using mushroom or deadly nightshade plant (containing

belladonna alkaloids atropine and scopolamine)• Used by ladies to dilate their pupils as eyedrops (belladonna compounds)

“beautiful ladies”• Chinese herb ma huang (ephedrine) as circulatory stimulant• Poisoned arrows (curare) by South American Indians for hunting• Poppy juice (opium) for pain relief and control of dysentries and

recreational purposes

Then…• Drug invention/discovery became more allied with synthetic organic

chemistry.• Paul Ehrlich postulation about dyes• Invention of arsphenamine in 1907; patented as “salvarsan”

• Gerhard Domagk• Prontosil

“ERA OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY”

Introduction: Defining pharmacology• Pharmacology is a science of drugs.• Pharmacon – drug • logos – discourse in

• The subject of pharmacology is a broad one and embraces the knowledge of the source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, physiological actions, absorption, fate and excretion, and therapeutic uses of drugs.• Can be defined as the study of substances that interact with living

systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

Pharmacology to Clinical Pharmacology and Beyond: Changing Concepts

Period of bizzare notions

(before 17th century)

Reliance on experimentatio

n and observation;Development

of materia medica

(17th century)

Development in

Experimental Pharmacology (late 18th and

early 19th century)

Development in Clinical

Pharmacology ; i.e. controlled clinical trials,

rational therapeutics

(late 19th century)

Pharmacogenomics (near

future)

Pharmacology to Clinical Pharmacology: Changing Concepts

• Clinical Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs (both old and new) in man.• Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations• Healthy volunteers and patients

Pharmacology: Major Areas• Medical Pharmacology• The science of substances used to prevent,

diagnose and treat disease

• Toxicology• Deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals

on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

Objectives• Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology• Terminologies and abbreviations used in Pharmacology• Drug Nomenclature• Essential Drug Concept• Rational use of Drugs

Terminologies• Pharmacokinetics

―Refers to the movement of the drug in and alteration of the drug by body―Includes absorption, distribution, binding/localization/storage,

biotransformation and excretion of the drug

• Pharmacodynamics―Physiological and biochemical effects of drugs, and―Their mechanism of action at various levels

• Pharmacotherapeutics―Application of pharmacological information together with knowledge of

disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure

Terminologies• Drug

―French: Drougue-a dry herb―Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used to

modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient

• Chemotherapy―Treatment of systemic infection/malignancy with specific drugs that have

selective toxicity for the infective organism/malignant cell with no/minimal effects on the host cells

Terminologies• Pharmacy

―It is the art and science of compounding and dispensing drugs or preparing suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs to man or animals

• Abbreviations ??

Objectives Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology Terminologies and abbreviations used in Pharmacology• Drug Nomenclature• Essential Drug Concept• Rational use of Drugs

Time to Brainstorm!!!• A 32 year male patient came to ENT OPD with complains of sore

throat for 2 days, fever, high grade for 2 days, difficulty in swallowing; was examined by doctor on duty, diagnosed as Acute pharyngitis and Azithral, with other drugs, was prescribed.• He went to pharmacy and was dispensed Zulid, stating Azithral is out

of stock• The patient is worried that the pharmacist changed the medicine and

came to you.• What will you do?

Time to Brainstrom: Medicine check!

Drug NomenclatureChemical Name Non-proprietary Name Proprietary Name

Describes the substance chemically Name accepted by competent scientific body/authority (USAN, BAN, rINN)

Name assigned by the manufacturer and is their property or trademark

Code name assigned by the manufacturer for convenience and simplicity before an approved name is coined

Referred to as approved name unless the drug is included in pharmacopoeiaAfter being included, it is called official nameAt times also referred as generic names

Also known as Trade name

• 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol

• RO 15-1788 (code name used for flumazenil)

• Propanolol• Meperidine/pethidine• Lidocaine/lignocaine

• Diplar (Deurali Janta)• Ciplar (Cipla)• Inderal (Abott)

Uniformity, convenience, economy, better comprehension

Catchy, short, easy to remember, usually suggestive, consistency achieved

Cumbersome; not suitable for prescribing purposes

Consistency of product may not be achieved (quality, bioavailability)

Confusion in drug nomenclature

With that lets wrap up for today!!• Next class we will discuss about:• Essential Medicine (Drugs) Concept• Rational Use of Medicine (Drugs)

• And, You will be interacting about Abbreviations used in Pharmacology!!!

• Thank you!