Introduction
1
WAKEFIELD SUPPRESSION IN THE MAIN LINACS OF CLIC Vasim Khan The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Introduction The results from the LHC collision are imminent and are eagerly awaited. But it may not explain all the facets of the physics at TeV scale. A lepton collider at this energy frontier will provide a clean experimental background. Today, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is the only candidate to explore the physics at multi-TeV energy using lepton collision. The CLIC scheme aims to achieve a 3 TeV centre of mass energy by accelerating electrons and positrons linearly before colliding them at the interaction region. Here, various constraints in designing a linac structure for achieving high energy within a feasible site length are discussed and the results of a new design using damped and detuned structures are presented. DISCUSSION The wakefield in the CLIC main linac is suppressed with a combination of detuning and manifold damping. The present CLIC_DDS design serves the purpose of damping the wakefields with 8-fold interleaving of structures. The advantages of the DDS structure are, reduced pulse surface heating and less probability of electrical breakdown compared to that of heavy damped structures. The disadvantage is, it requires a little more power for the desired gradient hence its efficiency is marginally reduced. RF-to-beam efficiency of the baseline structure is ~ 28% and that of our structure is ~ 27% and other parameters of the two structures are presented in Table 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to my supervisor Roger Jones for his careful and patient guidance. Useful discussions have been conducted with W. Wuensch, A. Grudiev, J. Wang and T. Higo. The research leading to these results has received funding from European commission under the FP7 research infrastructure grant agreement no. 227579. I am thankful to Cockcroft Institute for providing me studentship to pursue PhD in accelerator physics. REFERENCES [1] Bane and Gluckstern, 1992, SLAC-PUB-5783. [2] Braun, et al, 2008, CLIC-Note-764. [3] Khan and Jones, WEPP089, EPAC08. [4] Khan and Jones, Cockcroft-09-13, XB08. [5] Jones, et al, 2006, Phys. Rev. STAB, 9, 102001. Second Yr. Poster Presentation, School of Physics and Astronomy, HEP Group, University of Manchester, Manchester. M13 9PL Sept. 24 th 2009 Electric Breakdown and Beam Dynamics Design Constraints E. M. Wakefields Left Behind Relativistic Leptons When ultra relativistic beam travels through an accelerating cavity, it creates image charges and surface currents on the cavity walls, when the beam encounters geometrical discontinuities, the fields associated with these charges act back on the beam and is defined as wakefield. The transverse component of the wakefield can deflect the beam from its desired path or in the worst case can lead to complete disruption of the beam kwon as beam breakup (BBU). The longitudinal component causes energy spread. The wakefield effects are much more severe in high frequency linacs as it is observed from equation 1, the transverse long-range wakefield (uncoupled mode) can be calculated using equation 2 where f’s and K’s are the synchronous frequencies and the synchronous kick factors respectively and the Q’s are the quality factors of the modes [1]. RF breakdown constraints [2] 1) 2) Pulse surface heating 3) Cost factor Beam dynamics constraints [2] 1)For a given structure, no. of particles per bunch N is decided by the <a>/λ and Δa/<a> 2) Maximum allowed wake on the first trailing bunch 260MV/m E max sur K 56 ΔT max mm ns 18MW C τ P 3 in 3 p in V/pC/mm/m N 10 4 6.667 W 9 t1 Designing a Damped and Detuned structure (DDS) Parameters CLIC_G CLIC_DDS Bunch space (rf cycles/ns) 6/0.5 8/0.67 Limit on wake (V/pC/mm/m) 7.1 5.3 Number of bunches 312 312 Bunch population (10 9 ) 3.72 5.0 Pulse length (ns) 240.8 272.2 Fill time (ns) 62.9 40.8 Pin (MW) 63.8 75.8 Esur max. (MV/m) 245 224 Pulse temperature rise (K) 53 50 Rf-beam-eff. 27.7 26.7 I. Detuning In order to meet the desired luminosity and beam emittance the wakfields need to be suppressed adequately. The present baseline structure for the main linac (CLIC_G [2]) is based on strong damping (Q<10) of the wakefields. However, strong damping has disadvantages like high pulse temperature rise and high probability of electrical breakdown. We are looking into an alternative method of suppresing the intense wakefields, a damped (Q~500) and detuned method. In DDS, an erf distribution of the cell frequencies (lowest dipole) with cell number is employed (Fig. 2). For short time scale (~1 ns) wakefield is proportional to the kick-factor (K) weighted density function k dn/df (Fig. 3). If kdn/df is designed to be a Gaussian then wakefield will fall like a Gaussian for short time scale. Table 1: CLIC Parameters 3 T ω α W (1 a) 2 L ω α W (1 b) N 1 p p p p T 2Q i 1 t f π 2 i exp K 2 W N (2) II. Damping The Gaussian distribution of the cell parameters results in a finite bandwidth of the frequency, i.e. Gaussian is truncated. This truncation leads to recoherence of the wakefields. This recoherence is suppressed by moderate damping. A waveguide like structure referred to as manifolds, running parallel to the main linac is used to couple out the higher order modes (Fig. 4). The higher order mode energy propagating through the manifolds is dumped in the dielectric damping loads which are located remotely. A typical profile of a manifold employed cell is illustrated in Fig. 5. In Fig. 6 CLIC Test Facility (CTF3) module is illustrated. CLIC_DT : 3.3 GHz bandwidth structure [3] CLIC_ZC : 1.0 GHz bandwidth structure [4] CLIC_DDS : 2.3 GHz bandwidth structure df dn K α W T Kdn/df dn/df Structure name (∆f) Remark RF constraint Beam dynamics constraint CLIC_DT (3.3 GHz ) Large surface fields No Yes CLIC_ZC (1 GHz) Very tight fabrication tolerances to achieve zero crossing Yes No CLIC_DDS (2.3 GHz) Surface fields within acceptable limits. Relatively loose fabrication tolerances Yes Yes Centre of mass energy (E c.m. ) TeV 3 Frequency (ω/2π) GHz 12 Average acc. gradient (<E acc >) MV/m 100 Total no. of structures (N) -- 140,00 0 Nominal beam size at the interaction point (σ x , σ y ) nm 45, 0.9 Normalised Emittance (ε x , ε y ) nm rad 660, 20 Luminosity cm -2 s -1 5 x 10 34 Total site length km 48.4 Total site AC power MW 392 Overall efficiency of the collider % 7.1 Fig 2: Error function distribut ion of the cell frequenci es Fig 3: Kick factor weighted density function Fig 7: Envelope wakefield of an 8-fold interleaved CLIC_DT structure Fig 8: (Left): Envelope wakefield of CLIC_ZC structure (Right): Amplitude wakefield of CLIC_ZC structure Fig 9: (Left) : Spectral function [5] (Right)Envelope wakefield of CLIC_DDS structure Fig 5: E. M. fields in a quarter symmetry DDS cell A typical DDS cell geometry Structure bandwidth The wakefield suppression is a strong function of the structure bandwidth. The structure bandwidth is a lowest dipole frequency difference of the end cells. The wakefield experienced by the first trailing bunch depends on the sigma i.e. width of the bandwidth. 1 N f f Δf σ n Δf Interleaving structures Interleaving neighbouring structure frequencies help enhancing the wake suppression because interleaving provides more points to sample the Gaussian distribution. In the present structure 8- fold interleaving is envisaged. The wakefield in the 8-fold interleaved CLIC_DT, CLIC_ZC and CLIC_DDS structures is illustrated in Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively. Monopole mode Dipole mode Table 2: Parameters of a strongly damped (CLIC_G) and moderately damped (CLIC_DDS) structures Manifol d Coupling slot Fig 4: Potential structure for CTF3 Fig 6. Module in CTF3 Manifol d HOM couple r Power coupler Beam tube Accelerat ion cells Manifold mode Conclusion High Gradient and High Energy CLIC Scheme The optimised frequency for the CLIC operation is 12 GHz and will accelerate multiple bunches of electrons and positrons at 100 MV/m gradient. The basic parameters of the CLIC scheme are presented in Table. 1 and layout is illustrated in Fig. 1. N = No. of particles per bunch Fourier transform of Wakefunction Acceptable limit on wakefield Fig 1: Layout of the CLIC Main Beam Injector Complex Mode spectrum
description
WAKEFIELD SUPPRESSION IN THE MAIN LINACS OF CLIC Vasim Khan The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury , Warrington, WA4 4AD School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Introduction - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Introduction
WAKEFIELD SUPPRESSION IN THE MAIN LINACS OF CLIC Vasim Khan
The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4ADSchool of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
IntroductionThe results from the LHC collision are imminent and are eagerly awaited. But it may not explain all the facets of the physics at TeV scale. A lepton collider at this energy frontier will provide a clean experimental background. Today, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is the only candidate to explore the physics at multi-TeV energy using lepton collision. The CLIC scheme aims to achieve a 3 TeV centre of mass energy by accelerating electrons and positrons linearly before colliding them at the interaction region. Here, various constraints in designing a linac structure for achieving high energy within a feasible site length are discussed and the results of a new design using damped and detuned structures are presented.
DISCUSSIONThe wakefield in the CLIC main linac is suppressed with a combination of detuning and manifold damping. The present CLIC_DDS design serves the purpose of damping the wakefields with 8-fold interleaving of structures. The advantages of the DDS structure are, reduced pulse surface heating and less probability of electrical breakdown compared to that of heavy damped structures. The disadvantage is, it requires a little more power for the desired gradient hence its efficiency is marginally reduced. RF-to-beam efficiency of the baseline structure is ~ 28% and that of our structure is ~ 27% and other parameters of the two structures are presented in Table 2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to my supervisor Roger Jones for his careful and patient guidance. Useful discussions have been conducted with W. Wuensch, A. Grudiev, J. Wang and T. Higo. The research leading to these results has received funding from European commission under the FP7 research infrastructure grant agreement no. 227579. I am thankful to Cockcroft Institute for providing me studentship to pursue PhD in accelerator physics.
REFERENCES[1] Bane and Gluckstern, 1992, SLAC-PUB-5783.[2] Braun, et al, 2008, CLIC-Note-764.[3] Khan and Jones, WEPP089, EPAC08.[4] Khan and Jones, Cockcroft-09-13, XB08.[5] Jones, et al, 2006, Phys. Rev. STAB, 9, 102001.
Second Yr. Poster Presentation, School of Physics and Astronomy, HEP Group, University of Manchester, Manchester. M13 9PL
Sept. 24th 2009
Electric Breakdown and Beam Dynamics Design Constraints
E. M. Wakefields Left Behind Relativistic LeptonsWhen ultra relativistic beam travels through an accelerating cavity, it creates image charges and surface currents on the cavity walls, when the beam encounters geometrical discontinuities, the fields associated with these charges act back on the beam and is defined as wakefield. The transverse component of the wakefield can deflect the beam from its desired path or in the worst case can lead to complete disruption of the beam kwon as beam breakup (BBU). The longitudinal component causes energy spread. The wakefield effects are much more severe in high frequency linacs as it is observed from equation 1, the transverse long-range wakefield (uncoupled mode) can be calculated using equation 2 where f’s and K’s are the synchronous frequencies and the synchronous kick factors respectively and the Q’s are the quality factors of the modes [1].
RF breakdown constraints [2]1)
2) Pulse surface heating
3) Cost factor
Beam dynamics constraints [2]
1)For a given structure, no. of particles per bunch N is decided by the <a>/λ and Δa/<a>
2) Maximum allowed wake on the first trailing bunch
260MV/mEmaxsur
K 56ΔTmax
mmns18MWCτP 3in
3pin V/pC/mm/m
N
1046.667W
9
t1
Designing a Damped and Detuned structure (DDS)
Parameters CLIC_G CLIC_DDS
Bunch space (rf cycles/ns) 6/0.5 8/0.67
Limit on wake (V/pC/mm/m)
7.1 5.3
Number of bunches 312 312
Bunch population (109) 3.72 5.0
Pulse length (ns) 240.8 272.2
Fill time (ns) 62.9 40.8
Pin (MW) 63.8 75.8
Esur max. (MV/m) 245 224
Pulse temperature rise (K) 53 50
Rf-beam-eff. 27.7 26.7
I. DetuningIn order to meet the desired luminosity and beam emittance the wakfields need to be suppressed adequately. The present baseline structure for the main linac (CLIC_G [2]) is based on strong damping (Q<10) of the wakefields. However, strong damping has disadvantages like high pulse temperature rise and high probability of electrical breakdown. We are looking into an alternative method of suppresing the intense wakefields, a damped (Q~500) and detuned method. In DDS, an erf distribution of the cell frequencies (lowest dipole) with cell number is employed (Fig. 2). For short time scale (~1 ns) wakefield is proportional to the kick-factor (K) weighted density function k dn/df (Fig. 3). If kdn/df is designed to be a Gaussian then wakefield will fall like a Gaussian for short time scale.
Table 1: CLIC Parameters
3T ω α W (1 a)
2L ω α W (1 b)
N
1p pppT 2Q
i1 t f π2 iexpK
2W
N(2)
II. DampingThe Gaussian distribution of the cell parameters results in a finite bandwidth of the frequency, i.e. Gaussian is truncated. This truncation leads to recoherence of the wakefields. This recoherence is suppressed by moderate damping. A waveguide like structure referred to as manifolds, running parallel to the main linac is used to couple out the higher order modes (Fig. 4). The higher order mode energy propagating through the manifolds is dumped in the dielectric damping loads which are located remotely. A typical profile of a manifold employed cell is illustrated in Fig. 5. In Fig. 6 CLIC Test Facility (CTF3) module is illustrated.
CLIC_DT : 3.3 GHz bandwidth structure [3]
CLIC_ZC : 1.0 GHz bandwidth structure [4]
CLIC_DDS : 2.3 GHz bandwidth structure
df
dnK α WT
Kdn/dfdn/df
Structure name (∆f) Remark RF constraint Beam dynamics constraint
CLIC_DT (3.3 GHz ) Large surface fields No Yes
CLIC_ZC (1 GHz) Very tight fabrication tolerances to achieve zero crossing
Yes No
CLIC_DDS (2.3 GHz) Surface fields within acceptable limits.
Relatively loose fabrication tolerances
Yes Yes
Centre of mass energy (Ec.m.) TeV 3
Frequency (ω/2π) GHz 12
Average acc. gradient (<Eacc>) MV/m 100
Total no. of structures (N) -- 140,000
Nominal beam size at the
interaction point (σx, σy)
nm 45, 0.9
Normalised Emittance (εx, εy) nm rad 660, 20
Luminosity cm-2s-1 5 x 1034
Total site length km 48.4
Total site AC power MW 392
Overall efficiency of the collider % 7.1
Fig 2: Error function distribution of the cell frequencies
Fig 3: Kick factor weighted density function
Fig 7: Envelope wakefield of an 8-fold interleaved CLIC_DT structure
Fig 8: (Left): Envelope wakefield of CLIC_ZC structure (Right): Amplitude wakefield of CLIC_ZC structure
Fig 9: (Left) : Spectral function [5] (Right)Envelope wakefield of CLIC_DDS structure
Fig 5: E. M. fields in a quarter symmetry DDS cell
A typical DDS cell geometry
Structure bandwidthThe wakefield suppression is a strong function of the structure bandwidth. The structure bandwidth is a lowest dipole frequency difference of the end cells. The wakefield experienced by the first trailing bunch depends on the sigma i.e. width of the bandwidth.
1N ffΔf σn Δf Interleaving structures
Interleaving neighbouring structure frequencies help enhancing the wake suppression because interleaving provides more points to sample the Gaussian distribution. In the present structure 8- fold interleaving is envisaged. The wakefield in the 8-fold interleaved CLIC_DT, CLIC_ZC and CLIC_DDS structures is illustrated in Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively.
Monopole mode Dipole mode
Table 2: Parameters of a strongly damped (CLIC_G) and moderately damped (CLIC_DDS) structures
Manifold
Coupling slot
Fig 4: Potential structure for CTF3 Fig 6. Module in CTF3
Manifold
HOM coupler
Power coupler
Beam tube
Acceleration cells
Manifold mode
Conclusion
High Gradient and High Energy CLIC SchemeThe optimised frequency for the CLIC operation is 12 GHz and will accelerate multiple bunches of electrons and positrons at 100 MV/m gradient. The basic parameters of the CLIC scheme are presented in Table. 1 and layout is illustrated in Fig. 1.
N = No. of particles per bunch
Fourier transform of Wakefunction
Acceptable limit on wakefield
Fig 1: Layout of the CLIC Main Beam Injector Complex
Mode spectrum
