Introduction

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Introduction Fundamentals of Plant Systematics Michael G. Simpson

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Introduction. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics Michael G. Simpson. What is a plant? How can this be answered?. 1) By characteristics of “ plants ” : Photosynthetic Cell walls Spores Sedentary 2) By phylogenetic relationships. Three major groups of life!. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Introduction

Page 1: Introduction

IntroductionFundamentals of Plant Systematics

Michael G. Simpson

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What is a plant? How can this be answered?

1) By characteristics of “plants”:

Photosynthetic

Cell walls

Spores

Sedentary

2) By phylogenetic relationships

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Three major groups of life!

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Photosynthesis: Evolved multiple times.

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By endosymbiosis:

How did chloroplasts evolve?

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Primary Endosymbiosis

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Secondary Endosymbiosis

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Non-photosyn. w/ cell walls & spores

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Photosynthetic eukaryotes, including:

euglenoids

dinoflagellates

brown plants

red algae

green plants: green algae + land plants

Slime Molds, Water Molds, Fungi

[Formerly, also included bacteria/blue-green "algae"]

Botany: study of organisms traditionally called “plants” [Plant Kingdom]?

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In this course:

“Plants” = Land Plants (Embryophytes)

1) A monophyletic group

2) What most people mean when they say “plants”, as in Plant Systematics.

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Land Plants - Embryophytes

Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

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Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes

Lycophytes (Lycopods)

Isoetes orcuttii

Selaginella apoda Selaginella bigelovii

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Vascular Plants

Equisetophytes (Equisetales): Equisetum

Equisetum arvense

Common HorsetailEquisetum spp.

Scouring-Rush

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Vascular Plants

Ophioglossoid Ferns (Ophioglossales)

Ophioglossum californicum

Calif. Adder’s Tongue

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Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes

Psilotophytes (incl. Psilotum, Tmesipteris)

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Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes

Marratiophytes

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Vascular PlantsLeptosporangiate Ferns

(Polypodiales)

Polypodium californicum

California PolypodyDryopteris arguta

Coastal Wood Fern

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Seed Plants: Gymnosperms

Cycads Ginkgo

Cycas circinalis Ginkgo biloba

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Abies concolor

White Fir

Pinus torreyana

Torrey Pine

Cupressus forbesii

Tecate Cypress

Conifers

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Ephedra spp. Mormon Tea

Gnetales

Welwitschia mirabilis

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Seed Plants: Angiosperms - Flowering Plants

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parallel venation

Monocots

1 cotyledon

floral parts in 3’s(often)

radicle

epicotyl

hypocotyl

1 cotyledon

embryo

coleorhiza

coleoptile

radicle

epicotyl

1 cotyledon

MONOCOTS

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net venation

Eudicots

2 cotyledons

floral parts in 4’s or 5’s(often)

embryo

seed coat

radicle

epicotyl

hypocotyl

2 cotyledons

endosperm

NON-MONOCOT

{

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Why study plants? Why important?

OxygenPrimary producersEconomically important to humans

agricultural plants (food): vegetables, fruits, seedsflavoring plants: herbs & spiceseuphoric/hallucinogenic plantsfiber, wood plantsmedicinal plantsplant extracts: essential oils, gums, rubber, etc.

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What is Systematics?

Inclusive of taxonomy

Goal is to infer evolutionary history (phylogeny)

Using all types of evidence

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What is (biological) evolution?

Descent with Modification

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Descent

The origin of new life from pre-existing life by transfer of DNA from parent to offspring generation after generation.

Time

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Descent results in a lineage (clade)! Lineage or clade=

a sequence of ancestors (parents) and descendants (offspring)

Involves transfer of DNA through space and time

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What is modified?

Genetic material:

DNA (DeoxyriboNucleicAcid)

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Two mechanisms for evolutionary change?

Natural Selection - non-random, directed by

survivorship & reproductive ability

Genetic drift - random, directed by chance

events

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What is a functional feature that results in increased survivorship and reproductive ability?

Adaptation

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Taxonomy: D.I.N.C.

Description

Identification

Nomenclature

Classification

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DescriptionAssignment/listing of features or attributes to a taxon

character= a feature= a feature

e.g., e.g., ““flower colorflower color””

character states= two or more forms of a character= two or more forms of a character

e.g., e.g., ““white,white,”” ““red,red,”” ““yellowyellow””

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Identification

Associating an unknown taxon with a known one

How?

taxonomic key

compare to a photograph/illustration

compare to a specimen

ask an expert

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Key (dichotomous/indented):

1. Stamens fused at base into a tube ........……....... Dichelostemma

1' Stamens not fused at base into a tube

Lead: 2. Fertile stamens 3 ...................................................... Brodiaea Lead: 2'

Fertile stamens 6

3. Stamens strongly winged at base ...............…....... Bloomeria

3' Stamens not strongly winged at base .......…......... Muilla

Couplet = two Leads

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Key (dichotomous/indented):

1 Ovary inferior

2 Ovule 1 per carpel ....................................................................................................... Dilatris

2’ Ovules 2 or more per carpel

3 Ovules 2 per carpel ................................................................................... Haemodorum

3' Ovules 5-7 per carpel ................................................................................. Lachnanthes

1’ Ovary superior

4 Perianth actinomorphic; ovules ∞ per carpel ......................................................... Xiphidium

4’ Perianth zygomorphic; ovules 1-4 per carpel

5 Fertile stamen 1 ............................................................................................... Pyrrorhiza

5’ Fertile stamens 3

6 Stamens unequal, the two latero-posterior reduced; ovules 3-4 per carpel .... Schiekia

6' Stamens equal; ovule 1 per carpel

7 Inflorescence a raceme; functional carpel 1; style subterminal ............. Barberetta

7' Inflorescence a thyrse; functional carpels 3; style terminal .............. Wachendorfia

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NomenclatureFormal means of naming life.

E.g., binomial nomenclature for species names:

For Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.Adenostoma = genus name

fasciculatum = specific epithet

Adenostoma fasciculatum = species name

Hooker & Arnott = authors of species name

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Classification

= placing objects, e.g., life, into some type of order.

Taxon = a taxonomic group (plural = taxa).

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Rank Classification

Hierarchical - each higher rank is inclusive of lower ranks

Rank Example Ending

Phylum Magnoliophyta -phyta

Class Liliopsida -opsida

Order Liliales -ales

Family Liliaceae -aceae

Genus Lilium

Species Lilium parryi

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How to classify life

Phenetic classification

Based on overall similarityBased on overall similarity

Those organisms most similar to one another are Those organisms most similar to one another are classified more classified more ““closelyclosely”” together. together.

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Problem with phenetic class.:Can be arbitrary,

e.g., classify these:

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Phylogenetic classification

Based on known (inferred) evolutionary history.

Advantage:Classification reflects pattern of evolutionClassification reflects pattern of evolution

Classification not ambiguousClassification not ambiguous

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All of life is interconnected by descent.

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Apomorphy

= derived (new) feature, e.g.,= derived (new) feature, e.g.,

sporophyllsporophyll --------> --------> carpelcarpel(ancestral feature)(ancestral feature) (apomorphy) (apomorphy)

Presence of carpels - an Presence of carpels - an apomorphyapomorphy for flowering plants.for flowering plants.

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Taxa are grouped by apomorphies

Apomorphies - the result of evolution.

Taxa sharing apomorphies underwent same evolutionary history,should be grouped together.

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Apomorphiesfor taxa B&C

A B C D E F

TIME

Represented as: Cladogram / Phylogenetic Tree

TAXA

Apomorphyfor taxon D

Apomorphyfor taxa B-F

Phylogeny = Evolutionary History

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Common ancestry

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Split of one lineage into two?

Evolutionary divergence.

Can lead to speciation - origin of new species from pre-existing species

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What is a monophyletic group?

a group consisting of: a a common ancestorcommon ancestor + +

all all descendentsdescendents of that common ancestor of that common ancestor

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Relationship

= recency of common ancestry

i.e., taxa sharing a common ancestor more recent in time are more closely related than those sharing common ancestors more distant in time.

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Example:

Are fish more closely related to sharks or to humans?

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Major goal in systematics today:

Recognize only monophyletic groups

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Polyphyletic group

Group with more than one common ancestor.

(Common ancestor of components of group is not a member of the group.)

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Group consisting of B, C, E, & F is polyphyletic:two common ancestors

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Type:Lotus corniculatus L.

Species PlanatarumVolume 2, page 773.

Lotus s.l. is not monophyletic. It is polyphyletic!

Lotus

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Acmispon

Hosackia

Lotus s.s.

Type

Therefore, we now recognize three monophyletic genera(formerly all Lotus)

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Paraphyletic group

Consist of common ancestor but not all descendents

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“Dicots”paraphyletic!

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Features that defined traditional “Dicots” (two cotyledons in embryo

seed) are primitive (not apomorphies)

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Monocotsmonophyletic

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Major goal in systematics today:

Recognize only monophyletic groups

Polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups distort evolutionary history, should not be recognized.

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Eudicots

monophyletic!

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Why study systematics?

Foundation of biology

Integrative, unifying science

Practical value - economically important plants

Conservation biology -rare/endangered spp.

Intellectually challenging / fun


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