Alternate Contents by Genre xii

Preface xvii

Preface for Instructors xix

INTRODUCTION 1Part One: Reading Literature ICritical Reading: Engagement, Response, and Analysis 2

Engaging with a Text: Annotation 2Special Feature: Sample Student Annotation of Sandra Cisneros'

"Bread" 3Responding to a Text: The Reader's Journal 3The Reader's Box: Sample Student Reader's Journal: Freewriting 4Analyzing a Text 5

Approaches: Author-, Reader-, and Text-Oriented Approaches 5The Elements of the Essay 6

Style 6Tone 7Theme 8The Reader's Box: Questions for Engagement,

Response, and Analysis: Essay 8The Elements of Fiction 9

Point of View 9Setting 10Style 10Character 11Plot 11Theme 12The Reader's Box: Questions for Engagement,

Response, and Analysis: Short Stories 12The Elements of Poetry 13

Situation and Speaker 14Structure and Sound 14Style 16Theme 16The Reader's Box: Questions for Engagement,

Response, and Analysis: Poetry 16The Elements of Drama 17

Dialogue and Stage Directions 17Setting 18Style 18

111

iv Contents

Character 19Plot 19Theme 20The Reader's Box: Questions for Engagement

Response, and Analysis: Drama 20

Part Ttvo: Writing about Literature 21

Critical Writing: Argument 22

Steps for Writing Arguments about Literature 23Step One: Establishing Purpose and Audience 23

Modes 24Debatable Topics 24Audience 25

Step Two: Generating a Working Thesis 25Re-reading 26Prewriting Strategies 26 \The Writer's Box: Sample Student

Brainstorming: Clustering and Listing 27Honing the Thesis 27

Step Three: Gathering Evidence 28Primary Source Evidence 28Secondary Source Evidence 28

Step Four Drafting, Revising, and Editing 29Writing the Introduction 30Crafting Body Paragraphs and Making Transitions 30Concluding Well 31Integrating Source Evidence 31The Writer's Box: Avoiding Common Pitfalls at the Drafting Stage 32Revising and Editing 32The Writer's Box: Avoiding Common Pitfalls in the Editing Stage 33

Sample Student Paper 34

THEMATIC ANTHOLOGY

FAMILY 40Writing about Family 42

Essays

Joan Didion, On Going Home ¥t

Bill Cosby, from Fatherhood 46

Frances Mayes, Bramare: (Archaic) To Yearn For 51

Fiction

Carson McCullers, A Domestic Dilemma 64

James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues 72

Contents

Truman Capote, A Christmas Memory 97

Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? 106

Sherman Alexle, Because My Father Always Said He Was the OnlyIndian Who Saw Jimi Hendrix Play The Star-Spangled Banner atWoodstock 120

Poetry

William Butler Yeats, A Prayer for My Daughter 128Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz 130

Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother 131

Sylvia Plath, Daddy 133Luis Omar Salinas, i№/ Father Is a Simple Man 136Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa 138

Li-Young Lee, The Giß 139Edward J. Whitelock, Future Connected By 140

Drama

Casebook on August WilsonAugust Wilson, Fences 143Sandra Shannon, The Dramatic Vision of August Wilson 199

Alan Nadel, Boundaries, Logistics, and Identity:The Property of Metaphor in Fences and Joe Turner'sCome and Gone 207

John lîmpane, Filling the Time: Reading History in the Drama ofAugust Wilson 212

Harry Elam Jr., August Wilson's Women 216

Bonnie Lyons, An Interview with August Wilson 219

A Student Essay 222

Family: Crafting Arguments 226Family: Writing about Film 226

MEN AND WOMEN 228Writing about Men and Women 230

Essays

Virginia Woolf, Professions for Women 233

Max Shulman, Love Is a Fallacy 238

David Osborne, Beyond the Cult of Fatherhood 246

vi Contents

Fiction

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birth-Mark 256

Kate Chopin, Désirée's Baby 269Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper 274Zora Neale Hurston, The Gilded Six-Bits 287Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants 297Jhvanpaiahin, A Temporary Matter 301

Poetry

William Shakespeare, Sonnet 138 316Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 316Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sonnet 43 318Robert Browning, My Last Duchess 319Maya Angelou, Phenomenal Woman 321Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll 323Janice Mirikitani, Breaking Tradition 324Julia Alvarez, Abbot Academy 326Judith Ortiz Cofer, Anniversary 328Rita Dove, Courtship from Beulah and Thomas, 329

Courtship, Diligence 331

Drama

Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House 332

Casebook on Robert FrostRobert Frost, The Pasture 391

The Silken Tent 392Never Again Would Birds' Song Be the Same 393Meeting and Passing 393Putting in the Seed 394The Subverted Flower 394Home Burial 396The Death of the Hired Man 400Bereft 404

Judith Oster, Frost's Poetry of Metaphor 405Katherine Kearns, "The Place Is the Asylum": Women and Nature in

Robert Frost's Poetry 417Robert Penn Warren and Cleanth Brooks, The Craft of Poetry:

Interview with Robert Frost 420

Contents vü

A Student Essay 426Men and Women: Crafting Arguments 434Men and Women: Writing about Film

VULNERABILITY 436Writing about Vulnerability 438

Essays

Black Elk, Speaks 440Elie Wiesel, Yom Kippur: The Day Without Forgiveness 447Bill McKibben, Happiness Is 453Barbara Kingsolver, A Pure, High Note of Anguish 459Stephen Sloan, The Meaning of Terrorism from Terrorism: The Present

Threat in Context 462Leonard Weinberg, Why Do People Become Terrorists from Global

Terrorism: A Beginner's Guide 472

Fiction

Anton Chekhov, The Lottery Ticket 475William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily 480Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path 488Bharati Mukherjee, The Management of Grief 491Todd James Pierce, Newsworld II 504

Poetry

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias 509Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory 509Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask 511John McCrae, In Flanders Fields 512Claude McKay, If We Must Die 513Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est 514e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill's Defunct 515Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 516Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 517Billy Collins, Forgetfulness 518Sharon Olds, On the Subway 519Ron Rash, Last Service 521Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World 522

vin Contents

Drama

William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice 523

Casebook on Amy TanAmy Tan, Young Girl's Wish 637

Heart 651E. D. Huntley,/rom Amy Tan: A Critical Companion 667Victoria Chen, Chinese American Women, Language, and Moving

Subjectivity 675

The Salem Interview: Amy Tan, The Spirit Within 684

A Student Essay 687Vulnerability: Crafting Arguments 690Vulnerability: Writing about Film 691

FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY 692Writing about Freedom and Responsibility 694

Essays

Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal 696Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence 703

Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address 706Martin Luther King Jr., Letter from Birmingham City Jail 707

Fiction

Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son 722

KurtVonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron 723

Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Wlio Walk Away from Órnelas 729

John Updike, A & Ρ 735

Madison Smartt Bell, Customs of the Country 741

Poetry

William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us 752

Walt Whitman, For YouO Democracy 753

Rudyard Kipling, If 754

W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen 756

Karl Shapiro, The Conscientious Objector 757

Anne Sexton, Ringing the Bells 759

Pat Mora, Immigrants 760

Dwight Okita, In Response to Executive Order 9066: AU Americans ofJapanese Descent Must Report to Relocation Centers 761

Contents ¡x

DramaSusan Glaspell, Trifles 763

Casebook on Tim O'BrienTim O'Brien, On the Rainy River 776How to Tell a True War Story 789The Man I Killed 799

Steven Kaplan, The Undying Uncertainty of the Narrator in TimO'Brien's The Things They Carried 803

Catherine Calloway, "How to Tell a True War Story": Metafiction in TheThings They Carried 813

Daniel Robinson, Getting It Right: The Short Fiction of Tim O 'Brim, 821

A Student Essay 830Freedom and Responsibility: Crafting Arguments 836Freedom and Responsibility: Writing about Film 836

CREATIVITY 838Writing about Creativity 840

Essays

Genesis I 842Ursula K. Le Guin, The Child and the Shadow 844David Mamet, Giri Copy 854bell hooks, Beauty Laid Bare: Aesthetics in the Ordinary 858

Fiction

Mark Twain, A Fable 864James Thurber, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty 866Ray Bradbury, There Will Come Soft Rains 871Woody Allen, The Kugelmass Episode 876Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings 885

Poetry

John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn 889Emily Dickinson, I Cannot Dance upon My Toes 891

They Shut Me Up in Prose 892I Dwell in Possibility 893There Is No Frigate like a Book 893

Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poética 894

x Contents

Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel 895W. H. Auden, ÜÍMsée des Beaux Arts 896Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity 897

Sylvia Plath, Metaphors 898Seamus Heaney, Digging 899Billy Collins, Marginalia 901Alberto Ríos, The Vietnam Wall 903

Drama

Wendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer 904

Casebook on Alice WalkerAlice Walker, Nineteen Fifty-five 912

Everyday Use 920In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens 931The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart: Epilogue 938

Donna Haisty Winchell, from Alice Walker 940Houston A. Baker Jr. And Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Patches: Quilts

and Community in Alice Walker's "Everyday Use" 943

David Cowart, Heritage and Deracinatkm in Walker's "Everyday Use" 951

A Student Essay 960Creativity: Crafting Arguments 965Creativity: Writing about Film 965

QUEST 966Writing about Quest 968

Essays

Plato, Allegory of the Cave 970Matthew, Beatitudes 976William Golding, Thinking As a Hobby 977

Fiction

James Joyce, Araby 984ArthurC. Clarke, The Star 989

Toni Cade Bambara, Raymond's Run 994Isabel Allende, And of Clay Are We Created 1000Louise Erdrich, Naked Woman Playing Chopin: A Fargo Romance 1009

Contents xi

PoetryJohn Donne, Holy Sonnet 14 1020John Milton, Sonnet 16 1021William Blake, The Lamb, The Tyger 1022Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 1024Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur 1026T. S. Eliot, The Love Song ofJ. Alfred Prufrock 1027Langston Hughes, Harlem 1031John Ciardi, In Place of a Curse 1032N. Scott Momaday, Carriers of the Dream Wheel 1033

DramaSophocles, Oedipus Rex 1034

Casebook on Flannery O'Connor

Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find 1075Greenleaf 1088The Fiction Writer and His Country 1105

Frederick J. Hoffman, The Search for Redemption: FlanneryO'Connor's Fiction 1107

Gilbert H. Muller, Violence and the Grotesque 1111Margaret Earley Whitt, Understanding

Flannery O'Connor. Greenleaf 1117

A Student Essay 1121Quest: Crafting Arguments 1127Quest: Writing about Film 1127

Appendix A: Critical Approaches to Literature 1128

Appendix B: Writing about Film 1133

A Student Essay 1142

Appendix C: Documenting a Research Paper:MLA Format 1149

Glossary 1165

Credits 1171

Index 1183

Key Terms Index 1192

AlternatÆontentsby Genre

EssaysBaker Jr., Houston Α., And Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Patches: Quilts and

Community in Alice Walker's "Everyday Use" 943

Black Elk Speaks 440Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren, The Craft of Poetry:

Interview with Robert Frost 420Calloway, Catherine, "How to Tell a True War Story": Metafiction in The

Things They Carried 813

Chen, Victoria, Chinese American Women, Language, and Moving

Subjectivity 675

Cosby, Bill, from Fatherhood 46

Cowart, David, Heritage and Deradnation in Walker's "Everyday Use" 951

Didion, Joan, On Going Home 44

Elam Jr., Harry, August Wilson's Women 216

Genesis I 842

Golding, William, Thinking As a Hobby 978

Hoffman, Frederick J., The Search for Redemption: Flannery O'Connor's

Fiction 1107

hooks, bell, Beauty Laid Bare: Aesthetics in the Ordinary 858

Huntley, E. D.,Awi2/ Tan: A Critical Companion 667

Jefferson, Thomas, The Declaration of Independence 703Kaplan, Steven, The Undying Uncertainty of the Narrator in Tim

O'Brien's The Things They Carried 803Kearns, Katherine, "The Place Is the Asylum": Women and Nature in

Robert Frost's Poetry 417

King Jr., Martin Luther, Letter from Birmingham City Jail 708

Kingsolver, Barbara. A Pure, High Note of Anguish 459

Le Guin, Ursula K., The Child and the Shadow 844

Lincoln, Abraham, The Gettysburg Address 706

Lyons, Bonnie, An Interview with August Wilson 219

McKibben, Bill, Happiness Is 453

Mamet, David, Girl Copy 854

Matthew, Beatitudes 976

XII

Alternate Contents by Genre xiii

Mayes, Frances, Bramare: (Archaic) To Yearn For 51Muller, Gilbert H., Violence and the Grotesque 1111Nadel, Alan, Boundaries, Logistics, and Identity: The Property of

Metaphor in Fences and Joe Turner's Come and Gone 207O'Connor, Flannery, The Fiction Writer and His Country 1105Osborne, David, Beyond the Cult of Fatherhood 246Oster, Judith, Frost's Poetry of Metaphor 405Plato, Allegory of the Cave 970Robinson, Daniel, Getting It Right: The Short Fiction of Tim O'Brien 821Shulman, Max, Love Is a Fallacy 238Shannon, Sandra, The Dramatic Vision of August Wilson 199Sloan, Stephen, The Meaning of Terrorism from Terrorism: The Present

Threat in Context 462Swift, Jonathan, A Modest Proposal 696Tan, Amy, The Salon Interview: The Spirit Within 684Timpane, John, Filling the Time: History in the Drama of August Wilson

212Walker, Alice, In Search of Our Mothers Gardens 931Walker, Alice, The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart 938Warren, Robert Penn and Cleanth Brooks, The Craft of Poetry:

Interview with Robert Frost 420Weinberg, Leonard, Why Do People Become Terrorists from Global

Terrorism: A Beginner's Guide 472Whitt, Margaret Earley, Understanding Flannery O'Connor: Greenleaf 1117Wiesel, Elie, YomKippur: The Day Without Forgiveness 447Winchell, Donna Haisty, from Alice Walker 940Woolf, Virginia, Professions f or Women 233

FictionAchebe, Chinua, Dead Men's Path 488Alexie, Sherman, Because My Father Always Said He Was the Only Indian

Who Saw Jimi Hendrix Play The Star Spangled Banner at Woodstock 120Allen, Woody, The Kugelmass Episode 876Allende, Isabel, And of Clay Are We Created 1000Atwood, Margaret, Happy Endings 885Baldwin, James, Sonny's Blues 72Bambara, Toni Cade, Raymond's Run 994Bell, Madison Smartt, Customs of the Country 741

xiv Alternate Contents by Genre

Bradbury, Ray, There Will Come Soft Rains 871

Capote, Truman, A Christmas Memory 97

Chekhov, Anton, The Lottery Ticket 475

Chopin, Kate, Désirée's Baby 269

Clarke, Arthur C, The Star 989

Erdrich, Louise, Naked Woman Playing Chopin: A Fargo Romance 1009

Faulkner, William, A Rose for Emily 480

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, The Yellow Wallpaper 274

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, The Birth-Mark 256

Hemingway, Ernest, Hills Like White Elephants 297

Hurston, Zora Neale, The Gilded Six-Bits 287

Joyce, James, Araby 984

Lahiri, Jhumpa, A Temporary Matter 301

Le Guin, Ursula K., The Ones Who Walk Away from Órnelas 729

Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son 722

McCullers, Carson, A Domestic Dilemma 64

Mukherjee, Bharati, The Management of Grief 491

Oates, Joyce Carol, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? 106

O'Brien, Tim, How to Tell a True War Story 813The Man I Killed 799On the Rainy River 776

O'Connor, Flannery, A Good Man Is Hard to Find 1076Greenleaf 1088

Pierce, Todd James, Newsworld II 504Tan, Amy, Heart 651

Young Girl's Wish 637

Thurber, James, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty 866

Twain, Mark, A Fable 864

Updike, John, A & Ρ 735

Vonnegut Jr., Kurt, Harrison Bergeron 723Walker, Alice, Everyday Use 920

Nineteen Fifty-Five 912

Poetry

Alvarez, Julia, Abbot Academy 326

Angelou, Maya, Phenomenal Woman 321

Auden, W. H., Musée des Beaux Arts 896Auden, W. H., The Unknown Citizen 756Blake, William, The Lamb 1022

TheTyger 1022

Alternate Contents by Genre xv

Brooks, Gwendolyn, The Mother 131Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, Sonnet 43 318Browning, Robert, My Last Duchess 319Ciardi, John, In Place of a Curse 1032Cofer, Judith Ortiz, Anniversary 328Collins, Billy, Forgetfulness 518Collins, Billy, Marginalia 901Cullen, Countee, Yet Do I Marvel 895cummings, e. e., Buffalo Bill's Defunct 515

Dickinson, Emily I Cannot Dance upon My Toes 891I Dwell in Possibility 893There Is No Frigate like a Book 893They Shut Me up in Prose 892

Donne, John, Holy Sonnet 14 1020Dove, Rita, Courtship from Beulah and Thomas 330

Courtship, Diligence 331Dunbar, Paul Laurence, We Wear the Mask 511Eliot, T. S., The Love Song ofj. Alfred Prufrock 1027Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, Constantly Risking Absurdity 897Frost, Robert, Bereft 404

The Death of the Hired Man 400Home Burial 396Meeting and Passing 393Never Again Would Birds' Song Be the Same 393The Pasture 391Putting in the Seed 394The Silken Tent 392The Subverted Rower 394

Giovanni, Nikki, Nikki-Rosa 138Heaney, Seamus, Digging 899Hopkins, Gerard Manley, God's Grandeur 1026Hughes, Längsten, Harlem 1031Jarrell, Randall, Tlie Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 516Keats, John, Ode on a Grecian Urn 889Kipling, Rudyard, If 754Lee, Li-Young, The Gift 139MacLeish, Archibald, Ars Poética 894Marvell, Andrew, To His Coy Mistress 316McCrae, John, In Randers Fields 512McKay, Claude, If We Must Die 513Milton, John, Sonnet 16 1021

xvi Alternate Contents by Genre j

Mirikitani, Janice, Breaking Tradition 324 \Momaday,N. Scott, Carriers of the Dream Wheel 1033

Mora, Pat, Immigrants 760Okita, Dwight, In Response to Executive Order 9066: All Americans of

Japanese Descent Must Report to Relocation Centers 761

Olds, Sharon, On the Subway 519Owen, Wilfred, Dulce et Decorum Est 514Piercy, Marge, Barbie Doll 323Plath, Sylvia, Daddy 133

Metaphors 898Rash, Ron, Last Service 521Ríos, Alberto, The Vietnam Wall 903Robinson, Edwin Arlington, Richard Cory 509Roethke, Theodore, My Papa's Waltz 130Salinas, Luis Omar, My Father Is a Simple Man 136Sexton, Anne, Ringing the Bells 759Shakespeare, William, Sonnet 138 316Shapiro, Karl, The Conscientious Objector 757Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Ozymandias 509Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, Ulysses 1024Thomas, Dylan, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 517Whitelock, Edward J., Future Connected By 140Whitman, Walt, For You O Democracy 753Wordsworth, William, The World Is Too Much with Us 752Yeats, William Butler, A Prayer for My Daughter 128Zagajewski, Adam, Try to Praise the Mutilated World 522

Drama

Glaspell, Susan, Trifles 763

Ibsen, Henrik, A Doll's House 332

Shakespeare, William, Othello, the Moor of Venice 523Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 1034Wasserstein, Wendy, Tender Offer 904Wilson, August, Fences 143