Introducing stem cells
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Transcript of Introducing stem cells
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Introducing stem cells
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This presentation is intended as a flexible tool for scientists, science communicators and educators. Not all the slides will be useful for any one occasion. Choose the ones most suitable for your audience, mix them with your own slides, or just use the diagrams.
Dear speaker…
Presenter’s notesEach slide in the Basics and Cloning sections includes notes that give a simple, jargon-free explanation of the key points. The more detailed slides in the last section have much briefer notes and assume some knowledge of stem cell science.
Further information and resourcesThe 15-minute film, “A Stem Cell Story” provides an excellent introduction to stem cells and covers many of the concepts presented here. See www.eurostemcell.org/filmsGot a question or a comment? Contact us at http://www.eurostemcell.org/contact
ContentsStem cell biology basics: For school students aged 16+, or adult public with little or
no scientific knowledgeCloning: For adult public with little or no scientific knowledge; initial slides also
suitable for students aged 16+Stem cell biology in more detail: For informed non-specialist audiences, e.g.
clinicians, scientists working in fields other than stem cell biology.
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Stem cell biology basics
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A life story…
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stem cell
What is a stem cell?
stem cell
SELF-RENEWAL(copying)
specialized celle.g. muscle cell, nerve cell
DIFFERENTIATION(specializing)
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What is a stem cell?
Identical stem cells
Stem cell
SELF-RENEWAL(copying)
Stem cell
Specialized cells
DIFFERENTIATION(specializing)
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1 stem cell
Self renewal - maintains the stem cell pool
4 specialized cells
Differentiation - replaces dead or damagedcells throughout your life
Why self-renew AND differentiate?1 stem cell
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Where are stem cells found?
embryonic stem cellsblastocyst - a very early
embryo
tissue stem cellsfetus, baby and throughout life
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Types of stem cell:1) Embryonic stem cells
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells:Where we find them
blastocyst
outer layer of cells= ‘trophectoderm’
cells inside = ‘inner cell mass’
embryonic stem cells taken fromthe inner cell mass
culture in the labto grow more cells
fluid with nutrients
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells:What they can do
embryonic stem cells
PLURIPOTENT
all possible types of specialized cells
differentiation
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neuronsgrow under conditions B
Embryonic stem (ES) cells:Challenges
embryonic stem cells
skin
grow under conditions A
blood
grow under conditions C
liver
grow under conditions D
?
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Types of stem cell:2) Tissue stem cells
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Tissue stem cells:Where we find them
muscles
skin
surface of the eye brain
breast
intestines (gut)
bone marrow
testicles
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Tissue stem cells:What they can do
MULTIPOTENT
blood stem cell
found in bone marrow
differentiation
only specialized types of blood cell:red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
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Types of stem cell:3)Induced pluripotent (iPS)
stem cells
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
adult cell
‘genetic reprogramming’= add certain genes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cellbehaves like an embryonic stem cell
Advantage: no need for embryos! all possible types ofspecialized cells
culture iPS cells in the lab
differentiation
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
adult cell (skin)
genetic reprogramming
pluripotent stem cell(iPS)
differentiation
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Stem cell jargon
Potency A measure of how many types of specialized cell a stem cell can make
Pluripotent Can make all types of specialized cells in the body Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent
Multipotent Can make multiple types of specialized cells, but not all typesTissue stem cells are multipotent
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Cloning
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CloningThere are two VERY different types of cloning:
Reproductive cloning
Use to make two identical individuals
Very difficult to do
Illegal to do on humans
Molecular cloning
Use to study what a gene does
Routine in the biology labs
gene 1
gene 2
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Reproductive cloning
egg
take the nucleus (containing DNA)
remove nucleus and take the
rest of the cell
adult cell
Cloneidentical to the individual
that gave the nucleus
Dolly the sheep
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Molecular cloning: Principles
gene 1
gene 2
2) Make a new piece of DNA
gene 1
gene 2
1) Take DNA out of the nucleus
cell 1 cell 2
gene 1 gene 2
3) Put new DNA into a test cell and grow copies
gene 1
cell divides
Daughter cells contain same DNA:
Genes 1 and 2 have
been cloned
gene 2
insert new DNA
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Molecular cloning: Applications
Normal mouseembryo
gene A missing
remove a gene to see if anything works differently
Loss of function
gene is involved ingiving the eye its colour
eye
Reporter geneadd a gene that shows
us when another gene is working
gene is active in blue areas only
Lineage tracingmark a group of cells to
see where their daughter cells end up
gene is passed on to cells all over the body
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Stem cell biology in more detail
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Tissue stem cell typesand hierarchies
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Tissue stem cells:Principles of renewing tissues
Stem cell
committed progenitors:- “transient amplifying cells”
- multipotent- divide rapidly
- no self-renewal
stem cell:- self renew
- divide rarely- high potency
- rare specialized cells:- work
- no division
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Tissue stem cells:Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
HSC
committed progenitors
neutrophil
NK cell
erythrocytes
dendritic cell
plateletsmegakaryocyte
macrophage
eosinophil
basophil
B cell
T cell
specialized cells
bone marrow
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Tissue stem cells:Neural stem cells (NSCs)
NSC
braincommitted progenitors specialized cells
Neurons
Interneurons
Oligodendrocytes
Type 2 Astrocytes
Type 1 Astrocytes
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Tissue stem cells:Gut stem cells (GSCs)
GSC
Small intestinecommitted progenitors
Paneth cells
Columnar cells
Goblet cells
Endocrine cells
specialized cells
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Tissue stem cells:Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
MSC
bone marrow
committed progenitors
Bone (osteoblasts)
Cartilage (chondrocytes)
Fat (adipocytes)
specialized cells
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Stem cells at home: The stem cell niche
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Stem cell niches
Direct contact Soluble factors Intermediate cell
stem cell
niche
NicheMicroenvironment around stem cells that provides support and signals regulating self-renewal and differentiation
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CreditsPicture creditsMany thanks to the following people for permission to reproduce images:
Slide 17, iPS cells: Keisuke Kaji, University of Edinburgh, UKSlide 27, blood cell diagrams: Jonas Larsson, Lund Univeristy, SwedenSlide 29, intestinal cell diagrams: Hans Clevers and Nick Barker, Hubrecht Institute, The Netherlands
Should you wish to re-use any of the images listed above, please contact the owner. All other images in this presentation can be re-used freely.
AcknowledgementsParticular thanks to Dr Christele Gonneau for creating these slides and working tirelessly to help ensure the notes are correct.
Thanks also to Freddy Radtke of EPFL, Switzerland, whose slide we copied to make slide 27 on tissue stem cells.