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Introducing Natural Light to Introducing Natural Light to ETSUETSU

By: Taylor DuncanBy: Taylor Duncan

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Challenge: Introducing Natural Challenge: Introducing Natural Light to ETSU Living and Working Light to ETSU Living and Working

SpacesSpacesDDescription of the escription of the ChallengeChallenge

AAnalysis of the nalysis of the ChallengeChallenge

TTheorizing Possible heorizing Possible SolutionsSolutions

AAction ction RecommendationsRecommendations

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DESCRIPTION OF THE CHALLENGEDESCRIPTION OF THE CHALLENGE

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Lighting practices in the U.S. have Lighting practices in the U.S. have varied widely in the last 70 yearsvaried widely in the last 70 years

Prior to 1940, natural lighting was the Prior to 1940, natural lighting was the primary way to light buildingsprimary way to light buildings

By 1960, electric lighting was used almost By 1960, electric lighting was used almost exclusively to light interior spaceexclusively to light interior space

Recently, energy issues and Recently, energy issues and environmental concerns have caused the environmental concerns have caused the rediscovery of natural lightingrediscovery of natural lighting

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A few spaces at ETSU already take A few spaces at ETSU already take advantage of natural lightadvantage of natural light

Culp center cafeteria (1976)Culp center cafeteria (1976)

Culp center atrium (1976)Culp center atrium (1976)

Center for Physical Activity (2002)Center for Physical Activity (2002)

Library (1998)Library (1998)

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Many other spaces at ETSU could Many other spaces at ETSU could benefit from natural lightbenefit from natural light

Offices (interior and exterior) without Offices (interior and exterior) without windowswindowsBasement Basement Computer LabsComputer LabsClassroomsClassroomsMeeting roomsMeeting roomsHallways and egress spacesHallways and egress spacesWorkshopsWorkshops

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Now is a good time to consider Now is a good time to consider increasing use of natural light in increasing use of natural light in

ETSU facilitiesETSU facilities

Energy costs are increasingEnergy costs are increasing

ETSU budgets are decreasingETSU budgets are decreasing

Increased emphasis on sustainable design Increased emphasis on sustainable design for future generationsfor future generations

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Electricity costs are going upElectricity costs are going up

Generation costs are rising – fuel is primary Generation costs are rising – fuel is primary driverdriverDemand is growing – expected to increase 45% Demand is growing – expected to increase 45% by 2030by 2030Infrastructure costs are increasing – Infrastructure costs are increasing – transmission lines, substations, and distribution transmission lines, substations, and distribution systemssystemsEnvironmental compliance costs are high – Environmental compliance costs are high – especially reducing air emissionsespecially reducing air emissionsJohnson City Power Board increased rates by Johnson City Power Board increased rates by 16% this fall – largest increase in 30 years16% this fall – largest increase in 30 years

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““This is going to be the worst year This is going to be the worst year financially (ETSU) has ever seen” financially (ETSU) has ever seen”

-ETSU President, Dr. Paul Stanton-ETSU President, Dr. Paul Stanton

As of November 2008, over $7M cut from As of November 2008, over $7M cut from ETSU budget so far and possibly another ETSU budget so far and possibly another $4.6M after the first of the year (2009)$4.6M after the first of the year (2009)Tennessee Board of Regents budget cuts Tennessee Board of Regents budget cuts due to State of Tennessee budget shortfalldue to State of Tennessee budget shortfallGuidelines issued in November to reduce Guidelines issued in November to reduce energy use at ETSUenergy use at ETSU

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ANALYSIS OF THE CHALLENGEANALYSIS OF THE CHALLENGE

“Energy management is something we can do and are doing.” –President Dr. Paul Stanton

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The benefits of natural light have been The benefits of natural light have been demonstrated both in terms of energy demonstrated both in terms of energy savings and on how it affects building savings and on how it affects building

occupants.occupants.

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Natural light is being used routinely to Natural light is being used routinely to save energy in many situationssave energy in many situations

Georgia Pacific – 80,000 sq. ft. warehouse – Georgia Pacific – 80,000 sq. ft. warehouse – reduced energy consumption 282,844 KWH to reduced energy consumption 282,844 KWH to 43,369 KWH, saving $33,500 annually43,369 KWH, saving $33,500 annuallyDurafeev Furniture – 47,520 sq. ft. warehouse – Durafeev Furniture – 47,520 sq. ft. warehouse – 3 years return on investment, saving $17,200 3 years return on investment, saving $17,200 annuallyannuallyStockton Skills Gym and Stockton Unified Stockton Skills Gym and Stockton Unified Distribution Warehouse – removed and replaced Distribution Warehouse – removed and replaced 166 high watt HID lamps with 90 daylighting 166 high watt HID lamps with 90 daylighting fixtures to illuminate 62,000 sq. ft. of warehouse fixtures to illuminate 62,000 sq. ft. of warehouse and gym spaceand gym space

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Scientific studies on natural light report Scientific studies on natural light report positive physiological and psychological positive physiological and psychological

impact on building occupantsimpact on building occupants

Improved mood and moraleImproved mood and morale

Less fatigueLess fatigue

Reduced eyestrainReduced eyestrain

Improved “connection” with outside Improved “connection” with outside environmentenvironment

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Benefits of natural light are reported for Benefits of natural light are reported for the many spaces that make up ETSUthe many spaces that make up ETSU

Offices – Improved productivity, reduced stress, Offices – Improved productivity, reduced stress, lower absenteeism and turnoverlower absenteeism and turnoverEducational space – Improved attendance and Educational space – Improved attendance and academic performanceacademic performanceHealthcare space – Reduced strain and fatigue for Healthcare space – Reduced strain and fatigue for staff; Improved physiological and psychological staff; Improved physiological and psychological well-being for patientswell-being for patientsIndustrial space – Improved safety and productivityIndustrial space – Improved safety and productivityRetail space – More customers and increased salesRetail space – More customers and increased sales

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Employees prefer natural light to Employees prefer natural light to artificial lightartificial light

Report greater job satisfaction Report greater job satisfaction

Feel less “cooped up”Feel less “cooped up”

Like to have a sense of what is happening Like to have a sense of what is happening outdoorsoutdoors

Consider natural light to be motivating and Consider natural light to be motivating and calmingcalming

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However, making retroactive However, making retroactive modifications to improve natural lighting modifications to improve natural lighting

in existing facilities in challengingin existing facilities in challenging

Disruptive - space is frequently occupiedDisruptive - space is frequently occupied

All but top floors are almost impossible to access All but top floors are almost impossible to access with light tubes and skylightswith light tubes and skylights

More expensive than including in original designMore expensive than including in original design

Large roof or wall penetrations can affect Large roof or wall penetrations can affect building structurebuilding structure

Routing of fiber optics and lighting tubes through Routing of fiber optics and lighting tubes through existing infrastructure can be complicatedexisting infrastructure can be complicated

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THEORIZING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSTHEORIZING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

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A number of options are available to introduce natural light to ETSU

buildings

A few of these options include:A few of these options include:SkylightsSkylightsAtriaAtriaLight-tubesLight-tubesFiber-optic sunlight concentrators Fiber-optic sunlight concentrators

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Pros Vs. ConsPros Vs. Cons

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages Ability to Retro-Ability to Retro-fitfit

SkylightSkylight Less likely to be Less likely to be obstructedobstructed

3X more effective 3X more effective than vertical windowthan vertical window

More light & heat in More light & heat in summer (strain on summer (strain on HVAC)HVAC)

Less in winter due to Less in winter due to lower winter sunlower winter sun

Fairly easy depending Fairly easy depending on roofing systemon roofing system

AtriaAtria Bring light to several Bring light to several different floorsdifferent floors

Too much to top Too much to top floorsfloors

Not enough to lower Not enough to lower floorsfloors

Extremely difficult, not Extremely difficult, not practicalpractical

Light-tubesLight-tubes Diffuse light efficientlyDiffuse light efficiently

Block out harsh light Block out harsh light and heatand heat

Only effective on top Only effective on top floorsfloors

Relatively inexpensive Relatively inexpensive & easy to install & easy to install depending on spacedepending on space

Fiber-opticsFiber-optics Possible to pipe light Possible to pipe light anywhere you can anywhere you can place a cable with zero place a cable with zero added heatadded heat

Directional, focused Directional, focused lightlight

ExpensiveExpensive

Easy to difficult Easy to difficult depending on space, depending on space, place into existing place into existing lighting systemslighting systems

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Skylights are low-technology solutionsSkylights are low-technology solutions

Challenging to install after construction is Challenging to install after construction is completedcompleted

Limited benefit – do not concentrate Limited benefit – do not concentrate natural lightnatural light

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Light-tubes have three main Light-tubes have three main components to concentrate natural lightcomponents to concentrate natural light

Hemisphere daylight collector/concentratorHemisphere daylight collector/concentrator

Highly reflective/efficient light conveyorHighly reflective/efficient light conveyor

Light diffuser in spaceLight diffuser in space

Demonstration:Demonstration:– http://www.solatube.com/commercial/educatio

n.php

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Advantages of light-tubes over Advantages of light-tubes over skylightsskylights

Can be installed where skylights would not Can be installed where skylights would not fitfit

Easier to install (no special framing and Easier to install (no special framing and drywall)drywall)

Greater light output per sq. ft.Greater light output per sq. ft.

Light is diffused throughout living spaceLight is diffused throughout living space

Not as prone to leakingNot as prone to leaking

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Costs of light-tube technologyCosts of light-tube technology

10” light tube – Illuminates 10’ x 10’ area – 10” light tube – Illuminates 10’ x 10’ area – $700 installed (approx.)$700 installed (approx.)

14” light tube – Illuminates 14’ x 14’ area – 14” light tube – Illuminates 14’ x 14’ area – $800 installed (approx.)$800 installed (approx.)

21” light tube – Illuminates 21’ x 21’ area – 21” light tube – Illuminates 21’ x 21’ area – $1,000 installed (approx.)$1,000 installed (approx.)

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Fiber-optic sunlight concentratorsFiber-optic sunlight concentrators

Benefits of natural light with convenience Benefits of natural light with convenience of artificial lightof artificial lightRoof-mounted platform with 45’ fiber optic Roof-mounted platform with 45’ fiber optic bundlebundleSunlight “piped” directly into rooms in Sunlight “piped” directly into rooms in buildingsbuildingsHybrid light fixtures automatically Hybrid light fixtures automatically regulates ratio of natural/artificial light for regulates ratio of natural/artificial light for consistent lightingconsistent lighting

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Costs of fiber-optic sunlight Costs of fiber-optic sunlight concentratorsconcentrators

Up to $10,000 per lighting fixtureUp to $10,000 per lighting fixture

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Disadvantages of natural light Disadvantages of natural light technology for ETSUtechnology for ETSU

Needs to be supplemented with artificial Needs to be supplemented with artificial light in most areas (overcast days and light in most areas (overcast days and nights)nights)

Johnson City has 56% annual possible Johnson City has 56% annual possible sunshine (compare Phoenix, Az – 85%)sunshine (compare Phoenix, Az – 85%)

Requires initial capital investment with Requires initial capital investment with long-term payback (2-3 years)long-term payback (2-3 years)

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ACTION RECOMMENDATIONSACTION RECOMMENDATIONS

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The Center for Physical ActivityThe Center for Physical Activity

The workout area

The basketball court area

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Potential SavingsPotential Savings

What kind of Lights? 1000 Watt Metal HalideWhat kind of Lights? 1000 Watt Metal Halide# of lights? 95 on one circuit# of lights? 95 on one circuit# of hrs. on per day? (6:30 am-11:00 pm) 16.5 hr/day# of hrs. on per day? (6:30 am-11:00 pm) 16.5 hr/day# of days per year? 330 days # of days per year? 330 days # of hrs on per year? 5445 hr/year# of hrs on per year? 5445 hr/year# of daylight hours supplemented per year? 3960 hr/year per fixture# of daylight hours supplemented per year? 3960 hr/year per fixtureElectric cost per kilowatt hr.? $0.098/kwh Electric cost per kilowatt hr.? $0.098/kwh Costs per fixture to upgrade? 100 tubes @ $600 each installedCosts per fixture to upgrade? 100 tubes @ $600 each installed

Annual Energy Savings (with proposed Solatube): $36,867.60Annual Energy Savings (with proposed Solatube): $36,867.60Current Annual Energy Bill for this set of lights: $55,301.00Current Annual Energy Bill for this set of lights: $55,301.00Total Installation for Solatube: Approximately $60,000 (2 year payback)Total Installation for Solatube: Approximately $60,000 (2 year payback)

http://info.graingeremail.com/energycalculator

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Recommendations for introducing Recommendations for introducing natural light to ETSU facilitiesnatural light to ETSU facilities

Conduct cost-benefit analysis for supplementing Conduct cost-benefit analysis for supplementing existing high-cost lighting (such as CPA) with light-tube existing high-cost lighting (such as CPA) with light-tube technologytechnologyPlace CPA lights on separate circuitsPlace CPA lights on separate circuitsInstall light tubes in a few internal office spaces (such Install light tubes in a few internal office spaces (such as counseling center or student resource center) on a as counseling center or student resource center) on a trial basis to gauge improvements in quality of work lifetrial basis to gauge improvements in quality of work lifeEvaluate installation of light tubes in internal hallwaysEvaluate installation of light tubes in internal hallwaysEvaluate installation of fiber-optic lighting in lower floor Evaluate installation of fiber-optic lighting in lower floor or basement labs, offices, and classroomsor basement labs, offices, and classroomsIncorporate natural lighting into new building designIncorporate natural lighting into new building design

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ConclusionConclusion

Introducing natural light to ETSU is not a Introducing natural light to ETSU is not a quick fix – It is a long-term commitment to quick fix – It is a long-term commitment to improving quality of work and school life improving quality of work and school life and to increase the use of sustainable and to increase the use of sustainable designdesign

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Contact InformationJack O’hanlon of The O’hanlon Group

-Lighting Consultant-Email: johanlon@ohginc.com-Phone: (865) 546-6735

Jerry Harris of Alexander Metals, Inc.-Solatube Representative-Email: j.harris@alexandermetalsinc.com-Phone: (615) 256-6070

Taylor Duncan-Student of ETSU-Email: taylor.d.duncan@gmail.com-Phone: (865) 603-0708

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I would like to thank all involved in this project for their time, support, and assistance…

Jeremy RossKathleen MooreGary BishopDan O’BrienDiane GodseyIan WatsonPhyllis CooperJack O’HanlonJerry Harris