Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
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Transcript of Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
7/27/2019 Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introducere-in-neurostiinte-curs-2-1 1/26
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
7/27/2019 Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introducere-in-neurostiinte-curs-2-1 2/26
Trepanatii in Egiptul antic si Americaprecolumbiana
Galen – inteligenta se muta din inima in creier
Golgi si Cajal – doctrina neuronilor & PremiulNobel
Broca si Wernicke – zonele limbajului din
creier Brodmann si harta creierului
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
7/27/2019 Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
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Scopul neurostiintelor
“The task of neural science is to explain behavior in terms of
the activities of the brain. How does the brain marshal its
millions of individual nerve cells to produce behavior, and
how are these cells influenced by the environment...? The
last frontier of the biological sciences – their ultimate
challenge – is to understand the biological basis of
consciousness and the mental processes by which we
perceive, act, learn, and remember” —
Eric Kandel(Laureat Nobel 2000 pentru descoperirea mecanismelor
invatarii)
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
7/27/2019 Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
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Decade of the Brain 1990-1999
By the President of the United States o f America A PROCLAMATION
To enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research, theCongress, by House joint Resolution 174, has designated the decade beginning January 1,1990, as the "Decade of the Brain" and has authorized and requested the President to issuea proclamation in observance of this occasion.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the United States of America, dohereby proclaim the decade beginning January 1, 1990, as the Decade of the Brain. I callupon all public officials and the people of the United States to observe that decade withappropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of July in theyear of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety, and of the Independence of the United Statesof America the two hundred and fifteenth.
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Diviziiile neurostiintelor:
neurostiintele moleculare si
celulare
neurostiintele sistemelor
neurostiintele cognitive
neurostiintele comportamentului
neurostiintele afective neurostiintele sociale
neurostiintele dezvoltarii
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
7/27/2019 Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
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Instrumentele neurostiintelor
Investigatia electrofiziologica – EEG, ERP, MEG
Investigatia imagistica structurala – CT, RMN
Investigatia imagistica functionala – PET, SPECT, RMNf
Investigatia celulara investigatia moleculara si genetica
Investigatia psihofarmacologica: neurotransmitatori si
efect medicatie
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Electroencefalografie (EEG)
Masoara undele creierului :
• Alfa - relaxare
•
Beta –
asteptare incordata, stres• Gamma – perceptie, reamintire, constiinta
• Delta – meditatie, somn cu vise
• Theta – somn fara vise, invatare
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Potentiale evocate relationate
cu un stimul (ERPs)
• CNV = componenta de pregatireinaintea unei sarcini cognitive
•
N100 = orientarea atentie (100-200ms de la paritia stimulului)
• N200 = detectarea trasaturilor deviante, a erorilor, a feedbackului(200 – 240 ms)
• P300 = incheierea procesarii unuistimul, reamintire, up-date memorie(250 ms de la aparitie)
• N400 = incongruente semantice (400ms de la aparitia stimulului)
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Electroencefalografie (EEG)EEG uses electrodes applied to thescalp and measures changes in theelectrical field in the brain regionunderneath. EEG has very hightemporal resolution (milliseconds) andcan therefore detect brief neuronalevents. Because the skull disperses theelectrical field, EEG has low spatialresolution (~1 cm) that depends on how
many electrodes are used. The number of electrodes can be as few as two or range up to hundreds in high-densityarrays. The greater the number of electrodes, the better the spatialresolution. Apart from the low spatialresolution, EEG has poor sensitivity for
deep brain structures. Equipment costscan be low (<$10,000) but increase withhigh-density arrays and the concomitantresources needed to process the data.(Ariely and Berns, 2010).
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Tomografie cu emisie de
pozitroni (PET)
• masoara undele gammaemise de substante izotopi aioxigenului injectate in sange
• detecteaza activitatea informatiuni cerebrale
• detecteaza concentratia unor neurotransmitatori
• dezavantaje – rezolutiispatiala si temporala mici
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Rezonanta magnetica nucleara (MRI& fMRI)
The technique uses an MRI scanner tomeasure the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal. The BOLDchanges are generally correlated with theunderlying synaptic activity. Spatialresolution is 1 –10 mm, and temporal
resolution is 1 –10 s. In general, thehigher the spatial resolution, the lower the temporal resolution. fMRI has asubstantial advantage in resolving smallstructures and those that are deep in thebrain State of the art MRI scanners costapproximately US$1 million per
Tesla and have annual operating costs of $100,000 –$300,000. (Ariely & Berns,2010).
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Proba de memorie de lucru n-back
Control
Depresiv 1
Depresiv
2
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Spectroscopie RMN
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
Film
7/27/2019 Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
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Hagmann si colab., 2008
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Descoperirile au condus la o evaluare a impactului diverselor tipuri de
psihoterapii si medicatii - s-au dezvoltat noi tipuri de terapii S-au dezvoltat tehnici noi de invatare si re-invatare
S-au dezvoltat noi tipuri de instrumente de evaluare
S-au dezvoltat proteze
S-au dezvoltat modele mult mai exacte de intelegere si predictie a
comportamentului si performantei
Avantajele rezultate din neurostiinte:
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Aplicatiile in business: neuroeconomics, neuromarketing, HR, etc.
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
Film
7/27/2019 Introducere in Neurostiinte Curs 2 (1)
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INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Mesajul verbal
prezentat singur nu este
procesat si nu
declanseaza emotii
Combinatia imagine +
mesaj verbal conduce la
procesarea mesajului si
la declansarea de emotii
Doar imaginile explicite
au efect
Impactul
mesajului de
avertizare
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
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Fiecare brand – prin logo-ul
prezentat – a fost
recunoscut ca semnificativ
de către subiecți evaluândactivarea în așa-numita
”regiune a brand-ului” din
creier, și anume cortexulventromedian prefrontal
Modul în care fiecare logo
sau ambalaj a captatatenția a fost evaluat prin
activările în zonelespecifice – cortex occipital,
median prefrontal
anterior, precuneus șinucleul caudat
Identificarea modului in
care un logo sau ambalaj a
declanșat emoție în
creierul subiecților a fostevaluat prin activările în:
cortexul ventromedian
prefrontal, cortex cingulatanterior, cortex
retrosplenial, nucleul
accumbens, putamen,
amigdală și aria ventrală
tegmentală
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE