Introd. Ergo
Transcript of Introd. Ergo
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Human Factor Engineering
Human Factors Engineering
Physical and mental work capacity Industrial design
Fatigue Work place design
Body forces, strength and posture Product designBody sizes Furniture design
Thermal comfort/ heat stress/cold stress Machine design
Vision Ventilation
Hearing Lighting
Perception AcousticsInformation processing Engineering control
Decision making (Chemical & Physical)
Performance and efficiency Building orientation
Adaptation and rehabilitation Maintenance
Behavior & social relations
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Ergonomics
Ergonomics means literally the study or
measurement of Work
In addition to work as labour for monetary
gain, work also includes
Sports
Leisure activities
Domestic workEducation and training
Health and social services
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Ergonomics considers
human operators variabilityAn automobile design has to considerRange of physical size and strengths
of users
Seats are comfortable
Controls readily identifiable andwithin easy reach
Clear visibility front and rearEasily read internal instruments
Ease of entry and egress
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AIMS OF ERGONOMICS
Ensures that human needs for safe and efficientworking are met in the design of work system
To design
Appliances
Technical Systems
Tasks
In such a way to improve
Human Safety
Health
Comfort and
Performance
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Basic aims of ergonomics
Efficiency in purposeful activity
To achieve desired result without
WasteError
Damage to persons
Working situation in harmony withthe activities of the worker
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DEFINITIONS OF ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics is a means of improving workingconditions and reducing illness at work
Ergonomics attempts to Fit the Job to the
Man rather than Fit the Man to the JobErgonomics is concerned with the design of
systems in which people carry out work
Ergonomics optimizes Efficiency, Health,Safety and Comfort of people through betterdesigns of products and work places
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Who is a human operator?
Skilled professional using acomplex machine in an artificial
environmentCustomer who has purchased a
new equipment
Child sitting in a classroomDisabled person in a wheel chair
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ERGONOMICS and DISCIPLINES
Ergonomics is a Multi-Disciplinary
Science
Ergonomics is also an Inter-Disciplinary
Science
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ERGONOMICS
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DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS
ERGONOMICS
PSYCHOLOGY
-COGNITIVE
-WORK
-SOCIAL
ANATOMY
-ANTHROPOMETRY
-BIOMECHANICS
PHYSIOLOGY
-ENVIRONMENTAL
-WORK
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DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS
ERGONOMICS
PSYCHOLOGY
-COGNITIVE
-WORK
-SOCIAL
ANATOMY
-ANTHROPOMETRY
-BIOMECHANICS
PHYSIOLOGY
-ENVIRONMENTAL
-WORK
TOXICOLOGY
ENVRONMENTAL
MEDICINE
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
OPERATIONS
RESEARCH
ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENTLAWECONOMICS
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PROFESSIONS HAVING
COMPLEMENTARY ROLES WITH
ERGONOMICS
ERGONOMICS
Safety
Officer
Civil
Engineer
Mechanical
Engineer
Architect
Industrial
DesignerSocial
Psychologist
Ind. Medical
Officer
Physiotherapist
Industrial
Nurse
Occupational
Health Officer
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ERGO-SYSTEMS
Simple ergo-systems
e e
H H M
Complex ergo-systems
e M M e M HM H M H H H
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WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?
Ergonomics is:
Higher productivity and a better place to work
The science that saves both lives and dollars Human engineering where the goal is to
optimize worker well being and productivity
A way of thinking about and planning work sothat it suits the capabilities and needs of the
people
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WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?
Ergonomics is a solution finding method for
questions like these: How can human body dimensions be applied to car seat design?
What is the proper height for kitchen counters?
How can traffic lights be programmed for optimal urban trafficflow throughout the day?
How can stereo receiver displays and controls be coded toeffectively define their respective functions?
How can the material and design of swim suits for competition beimproved for minimal water resistance?
How should computer software and screens work and look best to
fit human cognitive capabilities?
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Ergonomic needs in a workplace
Physical work environment Thermal comfort
Noise and vibration control
Adequate and proper lighting
Chemical environment Control of pollution
General and exhaust ventilation
Work physiology Control excessive physical load
Avoid physical and muscular fatigue Adequate rest pauses
Arrangement of static and dynamic work
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Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd.)
Anthropometry (Body sizes) Designs to fit body sizes of users
Appropriate working levels
Adequate work space
Avoid overcrowding of machines and workers
Occupational Biomechanics Appropriate work postures (sitting, standing)
Safe load lifting and carrying techniques Adopt proper techniques in manual materials
handling
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Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd.)
Psychological aspects
Avoid perceptual and mental loads and fatigue
Appropriate design of displays and control
Appropriate conditions for Vigilance tasks Avoid human error and stress
Job motivation and satisfaction
Social psychology
Practice good relationship among employees andbetween employer and employee
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Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd,)
Macro ergonomics Suitable working hours , intervals, holidays, leave
Appropriate shift schedules
Welfare facilities
Job rotation and incentives schemes Fair salary structure, Good administrative structure
Good work organization schemes
Fringe benefits (housing, transport, sports)
Labour union facilities Training and education
Promotional prospects
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Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd.)
Safety and Ergonomics
Good housekeeping
Performance feedback
Systems ergonomics Systems groups in problem solving and development
work
Participative ergonomics
User centered designs
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Benefits of ergonomics
Productivity
Product quality
SafetyHealth
Reliability
Job satisfaction
Personal development
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The Questions Employers Need
Answers For:
Developing new products
Increasing production capacity
Identifying equipment and labor needs
Identifying costs of manufacturing products
Determining work hours and shift schedules
Defining job productivity and quality standards
Setting compensation levels
Identifying skills for tasks
Structuring tasks into jobs Increasing the available workforce by reducing problematic
tasks
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TRADITIONAL AND PRESENT
DAY TOOLS AND MACHINES
Traditional Present Day
Relatively simple Increasingly complex
Made by the user Made by a manufacturer
Small number made Large number made Design error - small Design error - profound
consequences consequences
Product competitive- Marketing competitivenessness unimportant vital
Restricted user- popu- Wide variation in userlation characteristics population
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HOW CAN ERGONOMICS CONTRIBUTE
TO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN
INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
By adaptation of technology of the west
By improving working conditions through ergonomicsinterventions
By developing traditional methods
In acquiring modern technology
In modifying techniques
Need Training and Education in Ergonomics
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Ergonomic contributions to development
in industrially developing countries
Research on basic data needs
Promote special abilities
Refine simple methods
More appropriate experts
Action learning (Learning by doing, notimitating)
Better supported education and research
Re-conceptualize standard setting
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Present trend of occupational
diseases and complaints
Factors % of diseases and complaints
Ergonomics 52.9
Chemicals 22.1
Noise 12.1Biological 3.2
Other causes 9.5
WHY?
More sedentary work
Fewer distinct work types
Less muscle usage
More static than dynamic work
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Materials storage and handling
Clear and mark transport routes
Provide ramps of 5-8% inclination instead ofsmall stairs
Use mechanical devices for lifting, loweringand moving heavy material
Instead of carrying heavy weights divide theminto smaller lightweights e.g. 2x10 kg instead
of 20 kg.
Combine heavy lifting with physically lightertasks
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Hand Tools
Use hanging tools for operations repeated inthe same place
Provide hand support when using precision
toolsProvide hand tools with a grip of the proper
thickness (hand diameter 30-40 mm, handlelength 125 mm and size to fit male hands)
Provide a home for each tool (Enables goodhousekeeping)
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Production machine safety
Locate controls in sequence ofoperations
Make displays and signals easy todistinguish and easy to read
Use properly fixed guards and interlock
devices
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Improving workstation design
Adjust the working height around elbowlevel
Light work: at elbow levelPrecision work: above elbow level
Hard work: below elbow level
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Lighting
Increased use of daylight
Light up the work area evenly
Sufficient lighting for working Local lighting for precision work
Removing shiny surfaces
Avoid glare
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Premises
Prevent the exposure to excessive heat
Install effective local exhaust systems
Increase the use of natural ventilation
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Welfare facilities
Provide effective and acceptable
personal protective devices
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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic
Checkpoints)
Work Organization
Involve worker in planning
Inform the worker the results of their
work Job enrichment (combine tasks)