Intro Video

Some blood facts

• The human body contains approximately 5 to 6L (men) and 4 to 5L (women) of blood

• Non- characteristic properties of blood:- viscous (thick) - odourless- red - salty

Blood is a homogeneous mixture composed of formed elements (blood cells) and liquid plasma :

1. Red blood cells (RBCs)2. White blood cells (WBCs)3. Platelets 4. Plasma (fluid)

Blood Constituents

1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Small, round cells that lack a nucleus Produced by red bone marrow (inside

some, but not all bones) Have a life span of 120 days

- Your body produces 2.4 million each second

Contain red pigment called hemoglobin - a protein that enables the RBC to

transport O2 and CO2 around the body

Functions of the components of blood

2. White blood cells (WBCs)

transparent have a nucleus are larger than RBCs Provide immunity and defense against disease

– they phagocytize (engulf and destroy) dead or damaged cells, old RBCs and bacteria

– they produce antibodies (a defense against bacteria)

Functions of the components of blood

WBC Phagocytosis:

Video: 2 min.

WBCRBC

Blood Cell production• Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone

marrow• Bone marrow is a jellylike substance inside the bones

that is composed of stem cells. • As the blood cells develop from the stem cells in the

marrow, they pass into the blood that passes through the bones

• Red marrow: Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells

• Yellow marrow. Bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells.

3. Platelets:– Solid fragments stemming

from large cells in the bone marrow

– Play an important role in blood coagulation

– the clotting of blood and blood products

– Their role is to stop bleeding internally or externally

Functions of the components of blood

“Hemophilia?”– An inherited disorder where there is an

absence of platelets or the platelets do not clot properly. Individuals affected with this disorder bleed continuously when injured. They require clotting factor and often blood transfusions when hit or cut.

4. Plasma:

• Yellowish liquid composed of:– Water (90%)– Dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids, salts),

antibodies, hormones, and waste products • makes up approximately 55% of whole blood.

Functions of the components of blood

plasma

RBC, WBC, platelets

4 Main functions of plasma:1.carries nutrients to the cells

(These have been broken down in the digestive system and absorbed into the blood in the small intestine)

2. transports oxygen (which enters the blood by diffusion from the alveoli into

the capillaries)

3. Transports waste products from cellular activity to the excretory organs

4. Transports hormones, antibodies and various other substances

For homework(to be completed in your logbook)

- Make a study chart summarizing the components of blood and their functions.- Make sure to write short descriptions in your own words!!

Blood Component Function(s)

red blood cell

white blood cell

platelets

plasma

Blood Types and Blood Transfusions

Class Starter: 1) What are the different blood types that exist?

2) What determines what type of blood you have?3) Why can you die if you were to receive an

incompatible blood type?

What determines the different blood groups?Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs

A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific proteins) attached to RBCs

The different blood types are not spread out equally in the population

Blood Types

• The presence or absence of a third antigen (Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or negative

• Rh present = positive (+)• Rh not present = negative (-)

• This gives us 8 blood types:• A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+

Blood TypesBlood Group

Antigen

A+A-B+

B-

AB+AB-O+

O-

Blood TypesBlood Group

Antigen

A+ A, RhA- AB+ B, Rh

B- B

AB+ A,B, RhAB- A, BO+ Rh

O- none

Blood Transfusions

• People who have blood diseases and others who require extensive surgery must receive blood transfusions

• A blood transfusion is the injection of blood into a person

• This requires:– a donor, the person who gives the blood– a recipient, the person who receives the blood

Fact:• In the 19th century, many blood transfusions

resulted in the recipients dying. • Why?• We know understand that there are specific

antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood• If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s

antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s blood will attack the donor’s antigens resulting in blood coagulation and possible death

Blood Types

• The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood

• The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs

BloodGroup

Antigens (surface)

Antibodies (in plasma)

A+ A, RhA- AB+ B, Rh

B- B,

AB+ A, B, Rh

AB - A, B

O+ Rh

O - None

Blood Types

• The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood

• The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs

BloodGroup

Antigens (surface)

Antibodies (in plasma)

A+ A, Rh BA- A RhB+ B, Rh A

B- B, A, Rh

AB+ A, B, Rh None

AB - A, B Rh

O+ Rh A, B

O - None A, B, Rh

Draw a picture to represent the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group

Blood Group

Antigens

A+

A-

B+

B-

Blood Group

Antigens

AB+

AB -

O+

O -

Blood Compatibility rules• Main rule:

– The donor’s blood cannot contain any antibodies that match the antigens on the recipients red blood cells

• Tricks – Similar blood types can always give blood to

eachother– + blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types– – blood types CAN give blood to + blood types

• Universal donors: can give blood to anyone = type O- (because it has no antigens)

• Universal recipients: can receive blood from anyone = type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)

•

Blood TypesBlood Type

Can donate to: Can receive from:

A-A+B-B+AB-AB+O-O+

A

O ABB

How to determine what blood type a person is? A person’s blood group is determined by mixing

a drop of his or her blood with 3 different commercial serums (solutions with dissolved antibodies)

Anti- A serum Anti-B serum Anti-Rh serum

If agglutination (coagulation) takes place (small dots appear)it means that the RBCs have antigens matching that specific serum.

By determining which antigens are on the surface of the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is

How to determine what blood type a person is?

• Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination• Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination• Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination

– Sample X is blood type: A-

Determining blood groups

Blood Typing Activity

• Bottle 1 = Mr. Smith• Bottle 2 = Mr. Green• Bottle 3= Ms. Brown• Bottle 4= Mr. Jones

Blood types

• Blood typing game• Quiz• Lab activity

CREATING VACCINES web

• PBS nova:• BIO TERROR home page:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/

• Creating a vaccine GAME: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html