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Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

South La Union Campus

Graduate Studies

Agoo, La Union

Subject: Introduction to Special Education

Discussant: Hero O. Laguit

Topic: Learners with Learning Disabilities (cont.)

Professor/Instructor: Prof. Esther Ugay

APHASIA1. Nature

disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language may have difficulty speaking and finding the "right" words to complete their thoughts may also have problems understanding conversation, reading and comprehending written

words, writing words, and using numbers

anyone can acquire aphasia about 25% to 40% of people who survive stroke get aphasia (National Aphasia Association)

a. Causes damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain

o strokeo head injuryo brain tumor

b. Symptoms

Trouble speaking Struggling with finding the appropriate term or word Using strange or inappropriate words in conversation

c. Types

There are two broad categories of aphasia

Fluent Aphasia Non-fluent Aphasia

2. Treatment/Intervention

speech-language therapy surgery (tumor)

DYSCALCULIA1. Nature

specific learning disability involving innate difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic is akin to dyslexia and includes difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate

numbers, learning maths facts, and a number of other related symptoms (although there is no

exact form of the disability)

genetically-linked learning disabilitya. Causes

Scientists have yet to understand the causes of dyscalculia. They have been investigating inseveral domains.

b. Symptoms

difficulty in counting poor understanding mathematical symbols, mathematical operations and directions may even have trouble in using calculator may reverse or transpose numbers extreme cases may lead to a phobia of mathematics and mathematical devises

2. Treatment/Intervention Helping a student identify his/her strengths and weaknesses Repeated reinforcement and specific practice of straightforward ideas can make

understanding easier

Use graph paper for students who have difficulty organizing ideas on paper. Work on finding different ways to approach math facts; i.e., instead of just memorizing the

multiplication tables, explain that 8 x 2 = 16, so if 16 is doubled, 8 x 4 must = 32.

Practice estimating as a way to begin solving math problems. Introduce new skills beginning with concrete examples and later moving to more abstract

applications.

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2516http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_learning_disabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_learning_disabilityhttp://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2516

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For language difficulties, explain ideas and problems clearly and encourage students to askquestions as they work.

Provide a place to work with few distractions and have pencils, erasers and other tools onhand as needed

AUDITORY PROCESSING DISORDER1. Nature

can't process the information they hear in the same way as others because their ears andbrain don't fully coordinate

cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do, which leads todifficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds, especially the sounds composing speech

usually have normal structure and function of the outer, middle and inner ear (peripheralhearing)

child is often thought to be deaf, but normal peripheral hearing is found actual prevalence is currently unknown (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders)a. Causes

Causes of APD are unknown. But evidence suggests links to head trauma, lead poisoning,and chronic ear infections

b. Symptoms have trouble paying attention to and remembering information presented orally, and may

cope better with visually acquired information have problems carrying out multi-step directions given orally; need to hear only one

direction at a time

have poor listening skills need more time to process information have low academic performance have behavior problems have language difficulties (e.g., they confuse syllable sequences and have problems

developing vocabulary and understanding language)

have difficulty with reading, comprehension, spelling, and vocabulary2. Treatment/Intervention

there is no current research supporting the following APD treatments; however, these tacticsmight help:

o Reduce background noise and reverberation.o If you move around in the room, allow the child to move to a seat near where you

are.

o Get child's attention before giving instructions.o Have the child paraphrase directionso Pre-teach new vocabulary/conceptso Use a slower speaking rate.o Allow extra time for the child to respond to questions.o Insert pauses to allow the child to catch-up.o Use visual aids.

VISUAL PROCESSING DISORDERS

1. Nature

refers to a hindered ability to make sense of information taken in through the eyes is also called Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

a. Causes typically the result of a viral infection or migraine headaches that affect the visual pathways

in the brain

can be caused by damage or abnormal development in the eye or optic nerveb. Symptoms

displays figure-ground confusion may skip words, lines or read the same line twice may have difficulty with tasks requiring eye-hand coordination may misjudge depth or distance causing them to bump into things difficulty in find motor task

2. Treatment/Intervention

Bilateral hand-eye coordination games and exercises Visual attention training Work with specific computer programs