Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... ·...

6
1 SOCI 101 Introduction to Sociology Professor Kurt Reymers, Ph.D. (DR. K) WWW.morrisville.edu/SOCIOLOGY Global Stratification 1. Comparing Nations by Income: First-, second-, and third-world” are Cold War political terms; now we refer to income levels. a. High income countries Richest 40 nations with the most developed economies b. Middle-income countries Middle 90 Nations whose economic development is more or less typical for the world as a whole c. Low-income countries Poorest 60 nations have the lowest productivity and most extensive poverty 按收入比较国家 Àn shōurù bǐjiào guójiā 40 个国家 90 个国家 60 个国家 高收入国家 Gāo shōurù guójiā 中等收入国家 Zhōngděng shōurù guójiā 低收入国家 Dī shōurù guójiā Economic Development in Global Perspective 经济发展在全球视野 Jīngjì fāzhǎn zài quánqiú shìyě

Transcript of Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... ·...

Page 1: Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... · 2017-04-03 · 1 SOCI 101 Introduction to Sociology Professor Kurt Reymers, Ph.D. (DR. K) Global

1

SOCI 101

Introduction to

Sociology

Professor

Kurt Reymers, Ph.D.

(DR. K)

WWW.morrisville.edu/SOCIOLOGY

Global Stratification

1. Comparing Nations by Income: “First-, second-, and third-world” are Cold War political terms;

now we refer to income levels.

a. High income countries

• Richest 40 nations with the most developed economies

b. Middle-income countries

• Middle 90 Nations whose economic development is more or less typical for the world as a whole

c. Low-income countries

• Poorest 60 nations have the lowest productivity and most extensive poverty

按收入比较国家 Àn shōurù bǐjiào guójiā

40 个国家

90 个国家

60 个国家

高收入国家 Gāo shōurù guójiā

中等收入国家 Zhōngděng shōurù guójiā

低收入国家 Dī shōurù guójiā

Economic Development in Global Perspective

经济发展在全球视野 Jīngjì fāzhǎn zài quánqiú shìyě

Page 2: Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... · 2017-04-03 · 1 SOCI 101 Introduction to Sociology Professor Kurt Reymers, Ph.D. (DR. K) Global

2

Distribution of World Income

全球收入的百分比 Quánqiú shōurù de bǎifēnbǐ

最富有的 Zuì fùyǒu de

最穷 Zuì qióng

The Relative Share of

Income and Population by

Level of Economic

Development 人口和收入的份额

Rénkǒu hé shōurù de fèn'é

按经济发展水平 Àn jīngjì fāzhǎn shuǐpíng

人口 Rénkǒu

收入 Shōurù

盈利比例 Yínglì bǐlì

百分

B

ǎi fē

n

Global Stratification

2. Why is there global stratification?

Capitalism and Globalization

a. Global corporations have concentrated wealth

Corporation: An organization with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities, separate from those of its members

Global Capitalism has created economic concentration:

“Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries (based on a comparison of corporate sales and country GDPs).” ~ Institute of Policy Studies 2001

b. More importantly, corporations have become globally linked organizations, expanding their power across the globe to create a World System of Global Capitalism (cf. Wallerstein, Arrighi)

资本主义和全球化 Zīběn zhǔyì hé quánqiú huà

为什么? Wèishéme?

财富集中 Cáifù jízhōng

世界资本体系 Shìjiè zīběn tǐxì

经济集中 Jīngjì jízhōng

Page 3: Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... · 2017-04-03 · 1 SOCI 101 Introduction to Sociology Professor Kurt Reymers, Ph.D. (DR. K) Global

3

1991

Global Distribution of

Economic Activity

Global Stratification

“Champagne

Glass Model”

of global

inequality

全球收入的百分比 Quánqiú shōurù de bǎifēnbǐ

香槟玻璃模型 “Xiāngbīn bōlí móxíng”

2007

Global Distribution of

Economic Activity

Global Stratification

“Champagne

Glass Model”

of global

inequality

全球收入的百分比 Quánqiú shōurù de bǎifēnbǐ

香槟玻璃模型 “Xiāngbīn bōlí móxíng”

2011

Global Distribution of

Economic Activity

Global Stratification

“Champagne

Glass Model”

of global

inequality

全球收入的百分比 Quánqiú shōurù de bǎifēnbǐ

香槟玻璃模型 “Xiāngbīn bōlí móxíng”

Page 4: Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... · 2017-04-03 · 1 SOCI 101 Introduction to Sociology Professor Kurt Reymers, Ph.D. (DR. K) Global

4

Global Distribution of

Income

Global Stratification 世界收入分配 Shìjiè shōurù fēnpèi

家庭成员收入

Jiā

tín

g c

ng

yu

án

sh

ōu

全球收入的百分比 Quánqiú shōurù de bǎifēnbǐ

Global Stratification

3. The extent of global poverty

Absolute vs. Relative Poverty

a. Three billion people live on less than $2 a day. Absolute poverty abounds.

b. 15 million people each year starve to death

• The number of deaths due to hunger every five years surpasses the number of deaths from war, revolution, and murders during the past 150 years!

c. Global poverty today is largely concentrated in a few

places; there, it is a remnant of how the entire world once looked.

But, there have been 200 years of change. (Gapminder World).

全球贫困的程度 Quánqiú pínkùn de chéngdù

绝对贫困 Juéduì pínkùn

相对贫困 Xiāngduì pínkùn

每年有1500万人饿死 Měinián yǒu 1500 wàn rén è sǐ

200年的变化 200 Nián de biànhuà

Page 5: Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... · 2017-04-03 · 1 SOCI 101 Introduction to Sociology Professor Kurt Reymers, Ph.D. (DR. K) Global

5

Global Stratification

4. How to “upgrade” poor nations?

a. Traditional Modernization Theory (Structural-Functional)

i. Technology is central

- Focus placed on the differing levels of technological

development

- Cultural traditions are the greatest obstacle

ii. Why modernize? Look at the impact of the industrial revolution

- Where industry has taken root, countries have become

wealthier - Low income countries have changed little

如何升级穷国? Rúhé shēngjí qióng guó?

现代化理论 Xiàndàihuà lǐlùn

技术 Jìshù

为什么要现代化? Wèishéme yào xiàndàihuà?

Global Stratification 4.a. How to “upgrade” poor nations?

iii. The role of rich nations in modernizing 1. Assisting in population control

Exporting birth control and educating people on its importance

2. Increasing food production The “green revolution” involves the use of new hybrid seeds, modern

irrigation methods, the use of chemicals and pesticides

3. Introducing industrial technology Machinery and information must be shared if shifts in low-income

economies are to take place (e.g. Gapminder: internet differences)

4. Instituting programs of foreign aid Money from rich countries can be used to purchase high-tech

equipment and other equipment necessary for change to take place; must control fraud, waste, and abuses of power and status

富国的作用 Fùguó de zuòyòng

人口控制 Rénkǒu kòngzhì

食品生产 Shípǐn shēngchǎn

工业技术 Gōngyè jìshù

外援 Wàiyuán

Global Stratification

4.b. Dependency Theory (1970stoday)

(Conflict Theory)

i. There has been historic exploitation of poor countries by rich ones

• High-income societies exploit poor societies

• Example: plantation agriculture, industry in low-income nations

• They are rich only because others are poor

ii. Neocolonialism has replaced colonialism

• Colonialism consolidated the power and wealth of nations through political and military control of other countries.

• Neocolonialism = exploitation of economies

• Resources flow from “periphery” (poor) countries to “core” (rich) countries, but rarely flow back

依赖理论 Yīlài lǐlùn

对穷国的历史性剥削 Duì qióng guó de lìshǐ xìng bōxuè

新殖民主义 Xīn zhímín zhǔyì

是的 shì de

经济 jīngjì

殖民主义 Zhímín zhǔyì

是的 shì de

政治 zhèngzhì

Page 6: Intro to Sociology - notessociology.morrisville.edu/Class Notes/SOCI101/OC1/OC1-H... · 2017-04-03 · 1 SOCI 101 Introduction to Sociology Professor Kurt Reymers, Ph.D. (DR. K) Global

6

Global Stratification

4.b. Dependency Theory 1970s (Conflict Theory)

i. There has been historic exploitation of poor countries by rich ones

• High-income societies exploit poor societies

• They are rich only because others are poor

ii. Neocolonialism has replaced colonialism

• Colonialism consolidated the power and wealth of nations through political and military control of other countries.

• Neocolonialism = exploitation of economies

• Resources flow from “periphery” (poor) countries to “core” (rich) countries, but rarely flow back

新殖民主义 (1914)

Zhímín zhǔyì

Global Stratification Corporate NeoColonialism - Late 20th Century

Global corporations: Reebok, Nike.com, Ford Motor Company, Honda Worldwide

新殖民主义 (2000)

Xīn zhímín zhǔyì