Intro to Genetics. Human Chromosomes Mendels Work Gregor Mendel- b.1822- Father of Genetics Studied...
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Transcript of Intro to Genetics. Human Chromosomes Mendels Work Gregor Mendel- b.1822- Father of Genetics Studied...
Intro to Genetics
Human Chromosomes
Mendel’s Work
Gregor Mendel- b.1822- Father of Genetics
Studied 7 different traits: seed shape & color, seed coat color, pod shape & color, flower position and plant height.
Pollination- transfer of pollen (carries sperm) to female part of flower (pistil) Self- pollen to same plant= 1 parent Cross- pollen to different plant= 2 parents
7 Traits
Mendel’s Work
Mendel cross pollinated pure breeding pea plants with opposing alleles.
EX: P (parent) generation= tall (TT) & short (tt)
F1 cross= tall (TT) X short(tt)F1 (first filial) Generation = all tall (Tt)
F2 cross= tall (Tt) X tall (Tt)F2 Generation = ¾ tall (TT or Tt) ¼ short (tt)
Mendel’s Work
From his results he concluded that: If an allele is expressed (shows up) in a hybrid, then
the allele is dominant(T). If an allele is NOT expressed in a hybrid, then the
allele is recessive(t).Phenotype- traits that show up in the organism.Genotype- genetic makeup (allele combination)
of the organism1. Homozygous (pure)- both alleles the same EX: TT
or tt2. Heterozygous (hybrid)- alleles differ EX: Tt
Mendel’s Work
Mendel’s Principles:1. Genes determine biological
characteristics.2. Offspring receive one allele for a gene
from each parent.3. One allele may be dominant over
another.4. Some genes segregate independently.
Independent Assortment
Probabilities
The likelihood that one trait or another will show up in offspring.
EX: ¼ BB, ½ Bb, ¼ bb25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb1 in 4 BB, 1 in 2 Bb, 1 in 4 bb1:2:1
Incomplete Dominance
Occurs when the alleles for a gene are neither dominant nor recessive.
Heterozygous organisms display a blend of both traits.
EX: Snapdragons flower color- RR= red rr= white Rr= pink
Codominance
Occurs when both alleles for a gene are dominant.
Both traits are expressed in the organism.
EX: Blood type in humans- AA= type A, BB= type B, AB= type AB
Multiple Alleles
Occurs when a gene has more than two alleles.Produces a variety of different phenotypes.
EX: Blood type in humans- three alleles= A, B, & O.
Type A= AA or AOType B= BB or BOType O= OOType AB= ABNote: both A and B alleles are dominant over O.
Polygenic Traits
Occurs when more than one gene controls an expressed trait in an organism.
More genes involved= wider range of phenotypes.
EX: Height, weight, metabolism, & skin color.