INTRO. TO CORRECTIONS
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Transcript of INTRO. TO CORRECTIONS
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INTRO. TO CORRECTIONS
Chapter 1
The Goals of Corrections
Policy
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Corrections
• The term used to describe a set of agencies created to control the behavior of people accused or convicted of a criminal offense.
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Social Control
• Any set of methods designed to encourage people to obey norms
• Crime control is only one area of social control.
• Informal social controls
• CRJ system is the last resort
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Correctional Agencies
• Four types
• Jails
• Prisons
• Probation
• Parole
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Efficiency and Fairness
• Long struggle for society
• Efficiency concerns focus on how to keep society safe at the lowest cost
• Fairness is a fundamental value that is basic to our morality and sense of justice
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Defining the study of corrections
• Content- Four agencies
• Context- Politics
• Goals- Efficient Crime control, low
• recidivism, Public Safety
• Fair and thorough treatment for
• each person and case
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Never extremely efficient
• Democratic values stress fair and equal treatment over efficient social control
• Social control- Informal
• CRJ System designed for occasional failures of family and community
• Democracies- Not guilty unless proven
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BURDEN OF PROOF
• Criminal- Beyond a reasonable doubt
• Civil- Preponderance of the evidence
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PROBABLE CAUSE
• Arrest Warrant- A reasonable person would agree that a crime has or will be committed and the person to be arrested committed the crime
• Search Warrant- A reasonable person would agree that a crime has or will be committed and evidence will be found in the place to be searched
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Corrections has little control
• Police and prosecutors decide on offenders
• Legislatures set rules for courts
• Executive Branch appoints policymakers
• Correctional systems then handle offenders
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Legislative Control
• Design sentencing structures for the courts
• Describe each agency’s legal powers and duties
• Setting the state agency’s budget
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Defining Modern Goals
• Control and punish offenders
• Attempts to change offenders’ behavior are secondary
• Control makes the public feel safer
• Punishment appeals to current sense of
• values
• Reform is more cost effective
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PUNISHMENT
• Inflict a penalty for wrongdoing by deliberately causing someone to experience pain
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DO NOT THINK LIKE AN INMATE
• Sometimes punishment changes behavior
• Usually offender resents punishment and results in bitterness toward those felt to be responsible
• People act on the basis of their own perceptions rather than on the basis of what society perceives
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DISCIPLINE
• Training designed to assure obedience to a set of rules
• Instills self control that assures law-abiding behavior
• Creates long term thinking and appreciate the needs of others
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Honesty and Respect
• Honesty is crucial to self-discipline
• Respect is most easily achieved when loyalty and warmth toward the source of the rules are the dominant emotions
• HARD to be warm and respectful to that which is the source of inflicted pain
• Parental discipline
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OFFENDERS VIEW
• Government is the oppressor that denies their dignity and freedom
• Principle of least eligibility
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MORAL AND UTILITARIAN VIEWS
• Moral arguments focus on the search for fairness and try to compensate for the wrongs done by crime
• Utilitarian arguments focus on the practical goal of reducing crime while spending as little as possible
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Moral/ Utilitarian Goals
• Moral- Efficiency is of secondary concern- primary goal is fairness- Pay for the crime
• Utilitarian- Look to the future safety of citizens and the costs of corrections action
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PHILOSOPHIES OF PUNISHMENT
• 1. RETRIBUTION• JUST DESERTS• 2. DETERRENCE• 3. REHABILITATION • BOUNDARY SETTING• RESTITUTION• TREATMENT/ REINTEGRATION• 4. INCAPACITATION
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RETRIBUTION
• Infliction of pain that is equal to or slightly greater than the harm than that done to the victim
• Vengeance or legalized revenge
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JUST DESERTS
• Punishment should be used to assure a sense of fairness
• Stresses social justice rather than revenge
• Emphasis is on punishment certainty and consistency
• Focused on society’s sense of fairness rather than the status of victim or offender
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DETERRENCE
• Threat of punishment to influence how people make decisions
• Attempt to minimize crime by influencing rational, conscious choices
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Effective deterrence
• Certain
• Swift
• Severe
• Maximum effect is achieved when most criminals are quickly caught and punished
• Offenders’ perception/ not objective reality
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Deterrence/ RetributionAssumptions
• 1. Crime results from a rational calculation of the expected costs and benefits of various acts
• 2. This calculation can be affected by legal penalties
• Offenders believe that others will be caught rather than themselves
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Offender mentality
• Present orientation of person’s thinking causes resistance to deterrence
• Common criminal state of mind
• Criminals think they have “Street Smarts”
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Two types of Deterrence
• General deterrence punishes one offender in an effort to discourage others from committing crimes
• Specific deterrence suggests that punishing a particular offender will discourage that individual from committing crimes in the future
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BOUNDARY SETTING
• Societies have always defined some behavior as criminal
• Members of society cannot feel united as “we” unless there is a readily identified “they”
• By defining actions as criminal the group sets itself apart from others
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RESTITUTION
• Repays the victim for material and financial losses
• State Victims compensation
• Used to punish minor crimesCommunity service
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INCAPACITATION
• Prevents re-offending by making the offender physically unable to commit other crimes
• Primarily by imprisonment
• Warehouses offenders until age and/or deterrence discourages re-offending
• Surest means of safeguarding society
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Legal Approaches to Incapacitation
• Habitual offender laws
• “Three-strikes” laws
• Life without parole
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Prediction Problems
• Presumption that repeat offenders can be predicted
Few offenders commit most crimes
Some types of offenders are more likely
Gross increase in imprisonment with little or no effect on crime
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Treatment- Reintegration
• Correctional treatment is an attempt to convert offenders into law abiding citizens
• Most treatment advocates believe that crime occurs because of some sort of mental, spiritual, educational, or vocational inadequacy of the offender
• Correct the inadequacy/ crime ceases?• Crime is a symptom of individual’s
problem
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Treatment vs. Retribution
• Offends many citizens’ sense of justice
• If crime is a result of social organization or inequalities, then society has the responsibility to help re-integrate offenders
• Ignoring “Free will” is also problematic
• May help change habits, lifestyle, and changeable personality traits
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Correctional Decision Making
• Justice Model
• Scientific or “medical” model
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Justice Model
• Started in 1700s
• Basis of US Constitution
• Deterrence basis
• Regained popularity late 1970s
• Current trend is justice
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Scientific Approach
• Courts should judge each offender as a unique individual
• Can stress culpability, dangerousness, treatment needs, or other factors
• Some are less able to avoid crime
• Questions that crime is by free will
• Supporters note that most will return to society
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Indeterminate Sentencing
• Broad range of sentence
• Part may be in custody and part may be in community supervision
• Based upon dangerousness and treatment needs of the criminal rather than the type of offense
• Originally designed to make offenders work for release- Good time
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The Legal Approach
• Based upon the Justice Model
• Laws should be used to cause people to make desirable choices by using punishment to deter crime
• The seriousness of crime is the only relevant factor
• Seriousness is defined in terms of offenders blameworthiness and harm
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Determinate Sentences
• Penalties are determined solely by the person’s crime and prior record
• Penalty may be in a range of years
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Mandatory Sentencing
• Judges have no discretion
• Sentences set when offender is convicted
• Legislature sets sentences
• Most cannot be suspended
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Presumptive Sentences
• Federal system used since 1987
• Sentences set by a presidentially appointed panel of judges
• Set based upon average of older sentences
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Basis of Ranges
• 1. Seriousness of the offense
• 2. Salient factors in criminal history that predict recidivism
• Determination of ranges by research
• Race and economic factors illegal
• Variations must be explained by judges
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Truth in Sentencing Laws
• Mostly used with violent offenders
• Most require to serve 50% of sentence
• Some require two thirds of sentence
• Economics are the problem
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Justice Model Impact
• Mandatory, presumptive, and determinate sentences are all attempts to assure equality in sentencing
• Treatment is not considered
• Punishment “fits the crime”
• Average violent offender 85 months paroled in 50 months or less
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Impact- Continued
• Justice model advocates believe that longer sentences are responsible for the drop in crime in the mid 1990s
• Others credit numbers of young people, improved economic opportunities, better policing methods, greater community cooperation, and tougher gun laws- (I disagree completely with the gun laws)
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Contradictions
• Different sentencing develops out of different justifications for punishment
• Polls indicate that treatment is favored
• Deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution all favor punishment rather than treatment
• Conflicts with treatment and reintegration
• Most fundamental contradiction
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Summary
• Punishment drives offenders out
• Treatment pulls them back into society
• Retribution reduces offender status
• Deprives in some way
• Reintegration requires improvement
• Least eligibility
• Treatment helps offenders no recidivism