MCI 028B

MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE

INTRODUCTION TO COMBATINTELLIGENCE

MARINE BARRACKSWASHINGTON, DC

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSMARINE CORPS INSTITUTEWASHINGTON NAVY YARD

912 POOR STREET SEWASHINGTON, DC 20391-5680

IN REPLY REFER TO:

028B 17 Dec 99

MCI 02.8B INTRODUCTION TO COMBAT INTELLIGENCE

1. Purpose. The MCI 028B, Introduction to Combat Intelligence, provides all Marines with thegeneral knowledge relevant to the publications and directive systems.Additionally, this course provides guidelines for establishing and maintaining a publicationslibrary.

2. Scope. MCI 028B outlines an area that is constantly changing. New publications are added,changes are made to existing publications, and publications are being replaced on a daily basis.Therefore, the establishment of a publications library is only half the battle. It is also necessaryand just as vital to your mission to maintain a system that will support the continuing operationof an effective publications library.

3. Applicability. This course is intended for instructional purposes only. This course isdesigned for all Marines who have access to their publications library.

4. Recommendations. Comments and recommendations on the contents of the course areinvited and will aid in subsequent course revisions. Please complete the course evaluationquestionnaire at the end of the final examination. Return the questionnaire and the examinationbooklet to your proctor.

Lloyd HamashinLieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Deputy Director

iINTRODUCTION TO COMBAT INTELLIGENCE

CONTENTS Page

Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Student Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Course Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Study Unit 1 Direction of the Intelligence Effort

Lesson 1 Determining Intelligence Requirements . 1-2Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

Lesson 2 Planning Collection Activities. . . . . 1-7Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18

Lesson 3 Issuing Orders and Requests toCollection Agencies . . . . . . . . . . 1-19Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28

Study Unit 2 Collection : Databases and Assets

Lesson 1 The Naval Intelligence ProcessingSystem (NIPS) Database. . . . . . . . . 2-1Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

Lesson 2 Aerial Reconnaissance andSurveil lance Assets . . . . . . . . . . 2-11Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18

Study Unit 3 Processing and Production ofIntelligence

Lesson 1 Processing Information. . . . . . . . . 3-1Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

Lesson 2 Recording Information . . . . . . . . . 3-9Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19

Lesson 3 Evaluating, Integrating, andInterpreting Information. . . . . . . . 3-20Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28

Lesson 4 Analyzing and Testing Information . . . 3-29Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35

ii

CONTENTS--cont'd

Page

Study Unit 4 Dissemination

Lesson 1 General and Special Considerations. . . 4-1Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

Lesson 2 Intelligence Reporting. . . . . . . . . 4-7Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30

Lesson 3 Intelligence Briefing . . . . . . . . . 4-32Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45

Study Unit 5 Aerial Imagery

Lesson 1 Terminology, Sensors, and Imagery . . . 5-1Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

Lesson 2 Basic Photographic Requirements . . . . 5-8Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27

Lesson 3 Constructing a Graphic Scale. . . . . . 5-29Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41

Study Unit 6 Information Security

Lesson 1 Classification Management . . . . . . . 6-1Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

Lesson 2 Declassifying, Downgrading, andUpgrading Classified Information. . . . 6-13Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19

Lesson 3 Marking Classified Materials. . . . . . 6-20Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29

Lesson 4 Auditing and Controlling ClassifiedMaterial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-30Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-47

Study Unit 7 Personnel Security

Lesson 1 Determining Eligibility for aPersonnel Security Clearance. . . . . . 7-1Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9

Lesson 2 Granting a Security Clearance . . . . . 7-10Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

Appendix A The Intelligence Community. . . . . . . A-1

Appendix B Extracts from United StatesEspionage Laws and Other Statutes . . . B-1

Review Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-1

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Student Information

Number andTitle

MCI 028B INTRODUCTION TO COMBAT INTELLIGENCE

Study Hours 18

CourseMaterials

Text

Review Agency Naval and Marine Corps Intelligence Training Center, Dam Neck, VirginiaBeach, VA 22461-5575

ReserveRetirementCredits (RRC)

4 Reserve Retirement Credits

ACE Not applicable to civilian training/education

Assistance For administrative assistance, have your training officer or NCO log on to theMCI home page at www.mci.usmc.mil to access the Unit Verification Report(UVR) or MCI Hotline. Marines CONUS may call toll free 1-800-MCI-USMC. Marines worldwide may call DSN 325-7596.

For assistance concerning course content matters, call the Distance LearningTechnologies Departments Support Division at DSN 325-7516 orcommercial (202) 685-7516.

vStudy Guide

Congratulations Congratulations on your enrollment in a distance learning course from theDistance Learning and Technologies Department (DLTD) of the MarineCorps Institute (MCI). Since 1920, the Marine Corps Institute has beenhelping tens of thousands of hard-charging Marines, like you, improve theirtechnical job performance skills through distance training. By enrolling inthis course, you have shown a desire to improve the skills you have andmaster new skills to enhance your job performance. The distance learningcourse you have chosen, MCI 028B, Introduction to Combat Intelligence,prepares Marines for the job of publications clerk at the unit or commoditylevel.

Your PersonalCharacteristics

YOU ARE PROPERLY MOTIVATED. You have made a positivedecision to get training on your own. Self-motivation is perhaps the mostimportant force in learning or achieving anything. Doing whatever isnecessary to learn is motivation. You have it!

YOU SEEK TO IMPROVE YOURSELF. You are enrolled to improvethose skills you already possess, and to learn new skills. When youimprove yourself, you improve the Corps!

YOU HAVE THE INITIATIVE TO ACT. By acting on your own, youhave shown you are a self-starter, willing to reach out for opportunities tolearn and grow.

YOU ACCEPT CHALLENGES. You have self-confidence and believein your ability to acquire knowledge and skills. You have the self-confidence to set goals and the ability to achieve them, enabling you tomeet every challenge.

YOU ARE ABLE TO SET AND ACCOMPLISH PRACTICALGOALS. You are willing to commit time, effort, and the resourcesnecessary to set and accomplish your goals. These professional traits willhelp you successfully complete this distance training course.

Continued on next page

vi

Study Guide, Continued

Beginning YourCourse

Before you actually begin this course of study, read the student informationpage. If you find any course materials missing, notify your training officer ortraining NCO. If you have all the required materials, you are ready to begin.

To begin your course of study, familiarize yourself with the structure of thecourse text. One way to do this is to read the table of contents. Notice thetable of contents covers specific areas of study and the order in which they arepresented. You will find the text divided into several study units. Each studyunit is comprised of two or more lessons, lesson exercises, and finally, a studyunit exercise.

LeafingThrough theText

Leaf through the text and look at the course. Read a few lesson exercisequestions to get an idea of the type of material in the course. If the course hasadditional study aids, such as a handbook or plotting board, familiarizeyourself with them.

The First StudyUnit

Turn to the first page of study unit 1. On this page you will find anintroduction to the study unit and generally the first study unit lesson. Studyunit lessons contain learning objectives, lesson text, and exercises.

Reading theLearningObjectives

Learning objectives describe in concise terms what the successful learner,you, will be able to do as a result of mastering the content of the lesson text.Read the objectives for each lesson and then read the lesson text. As you readthe lesson text, make notes on the points you feel are important.

Completing theExercises

To determine your mastery of the learning objectives and text, complete theexercises developed for you. Exercises are located at the end of each lesson,and at the end of each study unit. Without referring to the text, complete theexercise questions and then check your responses against those provided.

Continued on next page

vii

Study Guide, Continued

Continuing toMarch

Continue on to the next lesson, repeating the above process until you havecompleted all lessons in the study unit. Follow the same procedures for eachstudy unit in the course.

SeekingAssistance

If you have problems with the text or exercise items that you cannot solve,ask your training officer or training NCO for assistance. If they cannot helpyou, request assistance from your MCI distance learning instructor bycompleting the course content assistance request form located at the back ofthe course.

Preparing forthe Final Exam

To prepare for your final exam, you must review what you learned in thecourse. The following suggestions will help make the review interesting andchallenging.

CHALLENGE YOURSELF. Try to recall the entire learning sequencewithout referring to the text. Can you do it? Now look back at the text tosee if you have left anything out. This review should be interesting.Undoubtedly, youll find you were not able to recall everything. But witha little effort, youll be able to recall a great deal of the information.

USE UNUSED MINUTES. Use your spare moments to review. Readyour notes or a part of a study unit, rework exercise items, review again;you can do many of these things during the unused minutes of every day.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED. It is always best to use theskill or knowledge youve learned as soon as possible. If it isnt possibleto actually use the skill or knowledge, at least try to imagine a situation inwhich you would apply this learning. For example make up and solveyour own problems. Or, better still, make up and solve problems that usemost of the elements of a study unit.

Continued on next page

viii

Study Guide, Continued

Preparing forthe Final Exam,continued

USE THE SHAKEDOWN CRUISE TECHNIQUE. Ask anotherMarine to lend a hand by asking you questions about the course. Choosea particular study unit and let your buddy fire away. This technique canbe interesting and challenging for both of you!

MAKE REVIEWS FUN AND BENEFICIAL. Reviews are good habitsthat enhance learning. They dont have to be long and tedious. In act,some learners find short reviews conducted more often prove morebeneficial.

Tackling theFinal Exam

When you have completed your study of the course material and are confidentwith the results attained on your study unit exercises, take the sealed envelopemarked FINAL EXAM to your unit training NCO or training officer.Your training NCO or officer will administer the final examination and returnthe examination and the answer sheet to MCI for grading. Before taking yourfinal examination, read the directions on the DP-37 answer sheet carefully.

CompletingYour Course

The sooner you complete your course, the sooner you can better yourself byapplying what youve learned! HOWEVER--you do have 2 years from thedate of enrollment to complete this course. If you need an extension, pleasecomplete the Student Request/Inquiry Form (MCI-R11) located at the back ofthe course and deliver it to your training officer or training NCO.

Graduating! As a graduate of this distance learning course and as a dedicated Marine, yourjob performance skills will improve, benefiting you, your unit, and the MarineCorps.

Semper Fidelis!

1- 1

STUDY UNIT 1

DIRECTION OF THE INTELLIGENCE EFFORT

Introduction. One thing that you will discover as anintelligence specialist in the Marine Corps is that there isalways a need for accurate, timely, and mission-orientedintelligence. This has been especially true during the lasttwo decades in which Marines performing as intelligencespecialists have been involved in actions such as those ofthe multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon; operationsin Monrovia, Liberia; and Operations Desert Shield and DesertStorm. Intelligence specialists must provide accurate andtimely intelligence to help the unit accomplish its assignedmission. As you can see in figure 1-1, the intelligencecycle consists of five interrelated phases : direction,collection, processing, production, and dissemination.

Fig 1-1. The intelligence cycle.

Directing the intelligence effort is a process that enablesyou to

focus collection activity on mission-relevant information.

assign specific collection responsibilities toappropriate collection agencies and services.

ensure that all relevant information is collected,processed, produced, and disseminated.

In this study unit you will learn how to direct theintelligence effort. There are three activities you mustperform to direct that effort : You must determineintelligence requirements, plan collection activities foragencies, and issue orders and requests to those agencies.

1- 2

Lesson 1. DETERMINING INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS

Introduction. Unit commanders and their staff officersidentify items of information they need to plan, conduct, andconclude operations. The intelligence section receives theseinformation requests and determines from them the specificinformation and intelligence required to accomplish theunit's mission. In this lesson, you will learn aboutinformation and intelligence requirements, how to determineexactly what must be collected to respond to therequirements, and how to assign a priority for theircollection.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. State the three types of intelligence requirements andthe one information requirement.

2. List the three steps that must be considered whenprioritizing requirements.

3. State the definition of an intell igence indicator.

1101. Intelligence and Information Requirements

An information requirement is a piece of information needed tofill a gap in knowledge; intelligence may or may not have to beobtained to fill this knowledge gap. Intelligence requirements,on the other hand, are information requirements which require thecollection and production of intelligence to obtain theinformation needed to fill the particular knowledge gap.

The three types of intelligence requirements are essentialelements of information (EEI), other intelligence requirements(OIR), and basic intelligence requirements (BIR). Table 1-1 onthe next page discusses the functions of each type.

1- 3

Table 1-1. The Three Types of Intelligence Requirements

REQUIREMENT FUNTION

Essential Elements ofInformation (EEI)

Provide the commander with criticalinformation about the weather, terrain,and enemy in the area. Commanders needthis information to engage in combatoperations.

Other IntelligenceRequirements (OIR)

Provide the commander with knowledge ofthe operating environment, the enemy, andother factors related to the conduct ofmilitary operations.

Basic IntelligenceRequirements (BIR)

Provide the commander with a workingknowledge, for planning purposes, ofclimate, weather, enemy, and terrainconditions in the area of interest.

Essential elements of friendly information (EEFI), on the otherhand, is an information requirement, not an intelligencerequirement. Table 1-2 discusses its functions.

Table 1-2. Essentia l Elements of Friendly Information

REQUIREMENT

FUNCTION

Essential Elements ofFriendly Information(EEFI)

Provide your commander with a list ofitems that the enemy commander wouldwant to know about your unit.

In joint operations, the term refers toitems of information your commanderneeds to know about Allied forces toconduct operations with them.

Identifying EEFI's helps enhance operational and physicalsecurity. It also helps your commander assess your unit'svulnerability to the enemy's collection effort.

Let's take a minute to review. Can you name the three typesof intelligence requirements and give an example of aspecific type of information requirement?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

1- 4

If you said that the three types of intelligence requirements arethe EEI, OIR, and BIR, and that an EEFI is a specific example ofan information requirement, you're right ; congratulations! Ifyou answered differently, you should review tables 1-1 and 1-2and paragraph 1101.

1102. Prioritizing Requirements

You must determine which intelligence or information requirementsare the most important according to the circumstances of thesituation. To do so, follow these three steps:

a. Determine the type of requirement . The type of intelligenceor information requirement is based on the type of informationyou need. Determine whether the requirement results from a needfor information about the enemy or what the enemy would like toknow, the area of interest, or the terrain and weather in theoperating environment.

b. Determine the urgency of the need for the information . Inorder of decreasing urgency, the intelligence requirements followthe sequence of EEI, OIR, and BIR; notice that's just how they'relisted in table 1-1. The more urgent requirements should beassigned a higher priority for collection. Consider thefollowing factors:

(1) The command level (national and theater, task force, ororganic) at which the collection will be performed

(2) Capabilities of the various assets or systems that willcollect the information

(3) Date/time when the information is no longer of value

(4) Time frame (s) when collection is to occur

Note: In general, it takes less time to initiate andcomplete the collection activities of organic assetsthan it does to initiate and complete the collectionactivities of national and theater assets. To offsetthis delay, you must assign a higher priority torequirements that the higher commands are to collect.

c. Find the information . But, before you do, you must determinewhether the information needed is available, where you can findit, and how long it will take to get.

1- 5

I hope you said (1), determine the type of requirement, (2),determine the urgency of the need for the information, and (3),find the information. If you didn't get these answers, youshould review paragraph 1102.

1103. Analyzing Intelligence Requirements

In most cases, an EEI or an OIR will present a relatively clearpicture of the information needed to respond to (satisfy) anintelligence requirement. In cases like these, intelligencecollection is tasked or levied against the condition or situationstated in the requirement.

Some EEI's and OIR's relate to actions or conditions that are notdirectly measurable or observable; a good example is an enemy'sintention to mount an attack. For these situations, we mustdevelop a list of distinct items of evidence, called intelligenceindicators or, more simply, indicators, that help confirm ornegate the condition stated in the intelligence requirement.

Let's continue with our example. Since it's impossible to tellwhat the enemy is thinking, we have to look at concrete items ofevidence called intelligence indicators that show what the enemyis doing or might plan to do. In this case, indicators couldinclude the forward movement and/or massing of artillery orarmored units, the arrival of reinforcements, the stockpiling ofmunitions and/or other supplies, and an unusual increase or evena decrease (radio silence) in communications between the fieldand headquarters. Having collected evidence of the presence orabsence of these indicators along with other information, youcould then affirm or deny the likelihood that the event orcondition you're looking for would take place. At one time oranother, you'll analyze an EEI or OIR using this line ofreasoning.

How do you determine which indicators are related to a specificrequirement? You should try to answer these questions:

Do you remember the three steps which must be considered whenprioritizing requirements? Write them on the lines below.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

1- 6

What must the enemy do, and when must he do it, toprepare for the possible action?

What observable actions or conditions provide evidencethat the enemy is (or is not) making those preparations?

Warning: Appendix J of FMFM 3-21 provides a list of sampleindicators that can provide evidence of an enemy'scourse of action. Do not use these samples, or anysimilar list, for anything but illustrativepurposes. Collecting intelligence against theseindicators instead of using a set you develop tomeet a specific situation may result in the failureof your unit to accomplish its mission. You mayalso get your fellow Marines killed too!

I hope you said something like this : An intelligence indicatoris evidence, which, when collected and coupled with otherindicators and interpreted, affirms or negates an action statedin an EEI or an OIR. It indicates what an enemy is doing orplanning to do. If you got this answer, congratulations! It's alittle different from what the text gave. You should rememberthis statement of the definition as you study the course.

Lesson Summary. In this lesson, you learned about the process ofdetermining information requirements. You identified each of thethree types of intelligence requirements and a specific exampleof an information requirement. You learned how to prioritizerequirements for collection purposes and how to analyzerequirements to obtain intelligence indicators. In the nextlesson, you will learn how to plan collection activity to obtainresponses to each requirement.

On the lines below, write the definition for the termintelligence indicator .

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

1- 7

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the actionrequired. Check your responses against those listedat the end of this study unit.

1. List the three types of intelligence requirements.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

2. In the space below, state the definition of aninformation requirement.

_____________________________________________________

3. List the three steps that must be considered whenprioritizing requirements.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

4. In the space below, write the definition of intelligenceindicator.

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lesson 2. PLANNING COLLECTION ACTIVITIES

Introduction. In this lesson you will learn how to plancollection activities. You will learn the types ofcollection activities and you will be able to identify thefunctions of the different agencies and services availablefor intelligence collection. Specifically, you will examinethe basic intelligence disciplines, the basic types ofintelligence they provide, and the activities they employ incollection. Next, you will review the principal functions ofcollection agencies and services in the national and MarineCorps communities. You will also preview national, theater,and tactical collection systems. Finally, you will applywhat you have learned to several situations in which you willselect agencies to collect intelligence to satisfy a givenrequirement.

1- 8

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. State the one item you must have to collect informationproperly.

2. List the three intelligence disciplines.

3. List the three types of collection activities.

4. Given an intelligence requirement, select the agency thatis best suited to collect the required information.

1201. Gathering the Required Information

Gathering the required information is crucial to the intelligenceeffort. To ensure that all relevant information is collected andprocessed, submitted to production, and disseminated properly,you must design, implement, and adhere to a collection plan .

The main idea in implementing that plan is to collect therequired information using the assets that are best able to doso. You'll make your selection based on your knowledge of thecapabilities and limitations of each asset and a familiarity withthe specific functions which it performs. Doing so will help youacquire, process, and forward the information to your command asquickly as possible.

If you said a collection plan, you're right ; congratulations! Ifyou answered differently, go back and study paragraph 1201 again.

1202. Planning Process

a. Planning collection activities . To plan collectionactivities properly, you must do the following:

(1) Determine the specific information required.

(2) Determine which of the available collection agencies andservices have the capability to collect the requiredinformation.

(3) Select the agency or agencies that will provide the bestchance of collecting the required information.

(4) Task the appropriate agencies and services with thecollection requirements.

Do you remember the one item that you must have to collectinformation properly? Write it in the space provided below.

___________________________________________________________

1- 9

b. Intelligence disciplines . To plan collection activities, youmust know about the three types of intelligence disciplines : signal intelligence (SIGINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT), andhuman intelligence (HUMINT). Table 1-3 below describes thesethree disciplines.

Table 1-3. Basic Intelligence Disciplines

DISCIPLINE DESCRIPTION

Signal Intelligence(SIGINT) . IncludesCommunicatinsIntelligence andElectronics Intelligence

Intelligence derived from thecollection of emissions in theelectromagnetic spectrum. In moreeveryday terms, this means gettingintelligence information by monitoringtelephone, telegraph, and radiotransmissions and other electronicsignals.

Imagery Intelligence(IMINT)

Intelligence information obtained fromphotographic images and from nearphotographic images which includeradar, laser, and infrared pictures.

Human Intelligence(HUMINT)

Intelligence derived from humansources. Men and women are theprincipal information collectors inthis oldest of the intelligencedisciplines.

If you wrote signal intelligence (SIGINT), imagery intelligence(IMINT) and human intelligence (HUMINT), you're right! If youanswered differently, you might want to spend some more timestudying table 1-3.

List the three intelligence disciplines on the lines below.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

1- 10

1203. Types of Collection Activities

If you are to plan the gathering of appropriate information, youmust also know about the three types of collection activities. They are overt, covert, and clandestine; table 1-4 gives adefinition and example of each. You should realize that detailsof the processes used in all three of the collection methods maybe classified to protect sources of information, the activitiesused, and the people involved.

Table 1-4. Types of Collection Activities

TYPE DESCRIPTION

OVERT The open collection of information that is freelyavailable from available from public media,through government-to-government dialogue, byrequest, of from the sharing of data that isopenly acquired.

Example: A foreign embassy decides to openlySubscribe to a wide variety ofscientific magazines that areavailable to the general public. Representatives fr om that embassyalso look through and purchase booksthat are available from book storesor through catalogs.

COVERT The collection of information in a misleadingmanner. The target may or may not be aware ofwhich agency the information collector representsor that information is even being collected.

Example: Several countries send intelligenceagents to an international scientificconference. Based on theircountries needs, the agents havebeen instructe d to contact a numberof the scientists present and toobtain information that may or maynot be on the conference agenda. Although intelligence officers frommost of the countries participatingin the conference suspec t thatinformation gathering may be takingplace, they dont necessarily knowthe identities of the agents involvedor of the countries those agentsrepresent.

1- 11

Table 1-4. Types of Collection Activities-- cont'd.

CLANDESTINE The covert collection of information conductedsecretly. If the operation is conductedcorrectly, the target will not know what agencythe collector represents or that information iseven being collected in the first place. Example: A country recruits an agent from the

group of key scientists who work inits enemy's most important researchfacility. A citizen and native of theenemy country, the agent passed abackground investigation that coveredmost of his life. This investigationwas a part of his pre-employmentsecurity clearance and nothing foundin it revealed any chance ofdisloyalty. The agent had beenworking at the f acility for many yearsbefore being recruited to gatherintelligence. Now, having theimplicit trust of his government, heuses his security clearance and access

to copy many classified documents. He passes the information to an in-

country contact from the intelligenceagency that recruited him. During theagent's long years of employment atthe facility, his own country neverlearns that the security of its mostvital rese arch work has beencompromised.

Note: Marine Corps intelligence collection agencies mayengage in covert or clandestine activities onlyduring declared war or when specifically authorizedto do so by the President of the United States.

If you wrote overt, covert, and clandestine; you're right ; congratulations! If you answered differently, go back and reviewparagraph 1203.

Write the three types of collection activities on the line below.

__________________, ________________, and _________________.

1- 12

1204. Basic Types of Intelligence

To properly plan collection activities for agencies, you need toknow the basic types of intelligence. If you are familiar withthe types of intelligence, you will better understand theorganizations you will be tasking to collect the intelligence andthe methods they in turn use to obtain it. Table 1-5 belowcontains a description of the basic types of intelligence.

Table 1-5. Basic Types of Intelligence

TYPE DESCRIPTION

Stategic Intelligence Intelligence required to form militarypolicies and plans at the national andinternational levels. It also involvesusing politacal, economic, military,and psychological forces in support ofdefense intiatives.

Tactical Intelligence Intelligence required to plan andconduct an intelligence-based campaignor similar operation. Tacticalintelligence differs from strategicintelligence primarily in the level ofits application; it also may differ interms of scope and detail.

Combat Intelligence Intelligence that relates to the enemy,the weather, and geographical featuresthe unit commander must know about tobe able to plan and conduct combatoperations.

Scientific & TechnicalIntelligence (S&TINT)

Intelligence that relates to foreignscientific research and engineeringdevelopment.

1205. Intelligence Collection Agencies

a. National collection agencies and services . These agenciesand services provide specific information and report thatinformation to the proper authorities. Each agency or service inthis community collects, processes, and disseminates foreign anddomestic intelligence to support national defense objectives. Agencies in this intelligence community also collect informationon and counteract the intelligence activities of foreign nationsagainst the United States. Other national agencies act tocounter international terrorist and narcotics activities andsimilar hostile actions directed against the U.S. Table 1-6 onthe following page is a guide to the national intelligenceagencies and services.

1- 13

Table 1-6. National Intelligence Community Agencies andFunctions

AGENCY FUNCTION

Central IntelligenceAgency

Coordinates and produces intelligencerelating to national security

Department of State Collects and produces intelligencerelating to U.S. foreign policy

Department of theTreasury

Collects and produces intelligencerelating to U.S. foreign economic policy

Department of Energy Collects and produces intelligencerelating to foreign energy matters anddefines U.S. policy on the development,use, and control of nuclear energy

Federal Bureau ofInvestigation

Collects and produces foreign intelligenceand counterintelligence within the U.S.

Department of Defense Collects and produces foreign military-related intelligence andcounterintelligence

Defense IntelligenceAgency

Collects and produces foreign military andmilitary-related intelligence for theSecretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs ofStaff, service components and, addirected, for other agencies

National SecurityAgency

Collects and produce SIGINT on foreignsources for national security purpose

Offices for thecollection ofspecializedintelligence throughreconnaisanceprograms (DOD Recon)

Conduct consolidated reconnaissanceprograms for specialized intelligence anddirect research, development, andoperation of designated reconnaissancesystems

Foreign intelligenceand counterintelli-gence elements of theNavy, Marine Corps,Army, and Air Force

Collect and produce foreign military andmilitary-related intelligence andcounterintelligence and information on theforeign aspects of narcotics productionand trafficking

Defense InvestigativeAgency

Conducts personnel security investigations

1- 14

b. Units in the Marine Corps intelligence community . Now thatyou have studied the principal functions of the nationalintelligence community agencies, let's examine table 1- 7 whichgives a list of Marine Corps intelligence units and their primaryfunctions. Table 1-8 discusses the organization of Marine Corpsintelligence units at several different levels.

Table 1-7. Units in the Marine Corps Intelligence Community

UNIT FUNCTION

CounterintelligencePlatoon

Conducts HUMINT activities to reduce,prevent, or deny hostile intelligencecollection activity

Interrogator-Translator Platoon

Plans and conducts HUMINT collection byinterrogating PWs, debriefing detainees,escapees, and evacuees; and by translatingforeign language documents

Force ImageryInterpretation Unit

Provides IMINT by analyzing imagery fromvarious sources; provides first and secondphase reports, limited second phasegraphics (special studies), and otherimagery products

Topographic Platoon Provides intelligence reports and otherproducts relating to terrain, militaryconstruction, and natural resources

Intelligence Sections

Ground

Air

MAGTF

Collect, process, produce, and disseminatemission-relevant combat, tactical, andstrategic intelligence for the unitcommander and for other users

Table 1-8. Marine Corps Intelligence Unit Organization andPlacement

Ground: At battalion, regiment and division staff levels Air: At squadron, group and wing staff levels Marine Air-Ground Task Forces (MAGTF): Each of the three elements (GCE, ACE, and CSSG) has an intelligence section. The MAGTF command intelligence staff section is set up to provide collection, processing, and production capabilities consistent with the size of the MAGTF.

1- 15

Note: Appendix A contains additional information about theresponsibilities and functions of agencies, services,and units in the national and Marine Corpsintelligence communities.

c. Marine Corps units with intelligence or intelligence-relatedmissions . Table 1-9 identifies Marine Corps units and theirprimary functions. Although these are not specificallyintelligence units, they may be tasked to perform intelligencemissions such as information collection or target surveillance.Other units, such as the artillery battalion's target acquisitionbattery and light armored vehicle (LAV) battalions, collect andprocess information to support their particular missions. Thisinformation can also have intelligence value to the overallcommand.

Table 1-9. Marine Corps Units With Intelligence or IntelligenceRelated Missions

UNIT FUNCTION

Radio Battalion Conducts COMINT (communicationsintelligence) collections and othercommunications warfare activities

Force ReconnaissanceCompany

Conducts deep visual reconnaissance and/orsurveillance

ReconnaissancePlatoon

Conducts deep visual reconnaissance and/orsurveillance in support of a Marineregiment and its elements

Sensor Control andManagement Platoon(SCAMP)

Processes and reports the informationrelayed from remotely situated seismic andacoustic sensors in support of landingforce elements

Scout/Sniper Platoon Conducts limited reconnaissance of thebattlefield and provides sniper support toa Marine rifle battalion or regiment

Marine TacticalElectronic WarfareSquadron (VMAQ-2)

Conducts aerial electronic reconnaissanceand aerial electronic warfare in supportof the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)

Marine ImageryReconnaisance CapableAircraft (F-18)

Provides multisenor imagery reconnaissancein support or the MEF

Remotely PilotedVehicle Platoon (RPV)

Provides near real-time target acquisitionand intelligence collection for the MEF

1- 16

Table 1-9. Marine Corps Units with Intelligence or Intelligence related Missions-- cont'd.

UNIT FUNCTION

Combat Engineers Provide engineering support and engineerintelligence to elements of the landingforce

Individual Marines Provide information on the enemy. Marines gain this information from dailycontact with the enemy in combat, throughground or aerial patrol, and throughcontact with civilians.

d. National and theater collection systems . Although nationalagencies and theater intelligence elements direct theircollection efforts toward strategic requirements, theintelligence they collect and produce also has tactical value tocombat units. The standing operating procedures (SOP) for therespective theaters and the Joint Tactical Exploitation ofNational Systems (J-TENS) Manual contain specific references andprocedures for requesting IMINT, SIGINT, and HUMINT collectionand processing at these levels. Systems used within national andtheater collection organizations include various IMINT and SIGINTsatellites, specially configured aircraft, and several HUMINTcollection organizations and entities.

(1) These systems are de signed for the collection ofstrategic intelligence. Due to that design, theoperational characteristics of the systems, and otherfactors, you will find that the systems are less flexiblethan tactical systems and have a limited capacity to fillcertain combat intelligence requirements.

(2) For security reasons, you will not normally see the datacollected by these systems. Instead, you will receive aclassified message report that interprets the dataaccording to your requirement.

e. Tactical collection systems . In most cases, the mostresponsive and flexible collection systems are the ones that areorganic to the task force and within your unit. These airborne,shipborne, and ground-based systems are operated by units inadjacent, parallel, and subordinate commands. Tables 1-7 through1-9 provide a review of the functions of Marine Corps Tacticalcollection systems and units.

Note: Additional airborne and shipborne collection systemsare discussed in SOP's and J-TENS manuals.

1- 17

If you said:

a. Topographic platoo n or combat engineers

b. Interrogator-translator platoon

c. A national or theater IMINT system,

you are right. Congratulations! If you answered differently,review the information presented in this lesson and try again.

Lesson Summary. In this lesson you learned the basic elements ofplanning intelligence collection activities. You identified thebasic intelligence disciplines, the basic types of intelligencethey can provide, and the types of activities they employ. Youalso reviewed the principal functions of collection agencies andservices in the national and Marine Corps communities andnational, theater, and tactical collection systems. In the nextlesson, you will learn how to task or levy assets and how todocument the collection plan.

Using information from tables 1-1 through 1-9 and Appendix A,determine which agency, service, or tactical unit is best able tocollect, process, and forward intelligence information in response tothe following requirements. Write the names of the agency or systemyou select in the blank spaces.

a. Build a terrain model of the area of operations.

________________________________________________

b. Provide a translation of a captured map overlay and accompanying documents. ________________________________________________

c. Obtain a current photograph of an enemy installation 2,500 miles in the rear of the battle line.

________________________________________________

1- 18

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 6 by performing the actionrequired. Check your responses against those listedat the end of this study unit.

1. State the one item that you must have to collectinformation properly.

_______________________________ ______________________

2. List the three intelligence disciplines.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

3. List the three types of collection activities.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

Items 4 through 6 refer to situations. Determine which agency,service, or tactical unit is best able to collect, process, andforward intelligence information in response to the requirementstated in the situation. Write the name of the agency oragencies you select in the space below each requirement. You maylist as many as three agencies for each.

4. Situation : Determine whether or not the bridge atcoordinates 19RPG12345678 will bear sustained armoredvehicle (tank) traffic.

_____________________________________________________

5. Situation : Determine which radio frequency the enemy isusing to direct his tactical air operations.

_____________________________________________________

6. Situation : Determine the location and type of enemyanti-aircraft defenses currently on, and within 25nautical miles of, R'as al Obiyah port facility andairfield.

_____________________________________________________

1- 19

Lesson 3. ISSUING ORDERS AND REQUESTS TO COLLECTION AGENCIES

Introduction. The direction phase of the intelligence cyclemerges with the collection phase when you, the intelligenceanalyst, begin to determine which agencies or systems arebest able to collect the required information. You then task(order) or levy (request) those agencies and systems to begincollection. In this lesson you will learn the principalorders and requests that are used to begin collection ofspecific information. You will learn the procedures used forissuing tasking orders and requests, the type of orders mostcommonly used, and the procedures for overseeing thecollection effort. You will also learn two principal ways todocument a collection plan so you can more readily supervisethe overall collection effort.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Given a collection agency or asset, state the order thatyou would use to task or levy its collection activity.

2. State the two main ways to document a collection plan.

3. List the six recommended column headings for a collectionworksheet.

4. State two supervisory tasks you must complete whenoverseeing the collection effort.

1301. Principal Collection Orders and Requests

a. Tasking tactical agencies and services . Table 1 -10 providesa reference to the orders used to task tactical intelligencecollection agencies and services.

Table 1-10. Task ing Orders

ORDER TYPE FUNCTION

Joint Tactical ElectronicsReconnaissaince/SurveillanceRequest (JTER)

A preformatted joint service(USN, USMC, USAF, and USA) formused to request the services oftactical SIGINT

Joint Tactical AerialReconnaissance/SurveillanceRequest (JTAR)

A preformatted joint serviceform used to request imagery orvisual reconnaissance of anarea, route, or other target

1- 20

Table 1-10. Intelligence Tasking Orders-- cont'd.

ORDER TYPE FUNCTION

Free text message orverbal request

A non-formatted request that identifiesspecific targets, required reports, andproducts. These requests are used whenpreformatted forms are unavailable orduring emergencies.

Intelligence Annex The annex is a standard addendum to anoperation order. It publishesintelligence requirements and procedures,assigns specific collection tasks toorganic units, and graphically implementsthe collection plan.

Note: You'll find instructions for completing thepreformatted joint service forms (JTER and JTAR) onthe back of each form. To get information on theprocedures and to request forms you'll use to levy(request) collection by national or theater HUMINT,SIGINT, and IMINT agencies, consult theater SOPs andthe J-TENS manual.

b. Tasking agencies during deployment . Table 1-11 on the nextpage discusses some of the methods for tasking collectionactivities. These methods have been tested during severaldeployments and have worked well in issuing tasking orders andrequests to agencies and services. When you use these methods,remember that intelligence assets within your own command will bemore responsive to your needs in terms of both the timeliness andquality of the information they give you.

1- 21

Table 1-11. Alternate Methods for Ta sking Intelligence AgenciesDuring Deployment

To. . . task within the task force structure. . .

contact the appropriate joint staff officer. For example, the naval air liaison officer can arrange aerial imagery reconnaissance by using secure voice to contact the air wing commander.

prepare and transmit appropriate standard forms such as the Annex, JTER, and JTAR.

task tactical agencies and services adjacent and senior toyour task force. . . prepare and transmit proper joint service forms.

(JTER, JTAR). transmit a free-text message using a joint service form. Note: Transmit emergency requests by a secure voice radio. task national and theater agencies and services. . . prepare and transmit appropriate time-sensitive or routine request forms as provided for in theater SOP and the Joint Tactical Exploitation of National Systems (J-TENS) manual. transmit emergency requests by a secure voice radio or by SATCOM relay. Note: In extreme need, you may levy an asset by public phone following procedures specified in the J-TENS manual.

If you are faced with unusual circumstances and are not sure whatto do when your battalion, group, or division is deployed; followthese instructions:

(1) Task agencies a nd services within your command but remainwithin the structure of the task force.

(2) Task theater and national collection agencies in supportof your unit's mission as necessary.

1- 22

c. Forwarding the collected data . After it has finishedcollection, the collecting agency forwards its data to a processing or production agency or a service that processes theraw data and reports it to your unit through the chain ofcommand.

If you said (a) JTAR, (b) JTER, (c) Annex, (d) J-TENS or theaterSOP, and (e) J-TENS or theater SOP, you're right.Congratulations! If you answered differently, you may want to goback and review paragraph 1301.

1302. Documenting the Collection Plan

A collection plan is little more than a device you can use toensure that all the information needed to satisfy your unit'sintelligence requirements is collected, submitted to aprocessing/production activity, and disseminated. The planitself may be documented on an elaborate collection worksheet orkept in the form of a stack of brief notes. It may also bepartially or wholly published in a formal operation order, or,for uncomplicated plans, tracked mentally.

The two primary ways to document a collection plan are theintelligence annex (which you will study in greater detail instudy unit 4) or a collection worksheet. Whichever of the twoways you choose to document a plan, you should ensure that theplan uses organic and national and theater HUMINT, SIGINT, andIMINT agencies and systems in the most efficient manner.

Notice that the details included in collection plans vary. Athigher command levels (division, wing, MEF), collection planningis a major undertaking. The planning includes organic, non-organic (those systems and agencies belonging to adjacent andsenior commands within the task force), and national and theateragencies and systems.

Can you state the orders or requests you would use to task or levythe collection activities of the following agencies or systems? You may refer to tables 1-1 through 1-9 and appendix A to answerthese questions.

Agency or asset Order or request

a. Aerial imagery reconnaissance ___________

b. Tactical electronics reconnaissance ___________

c. Force reconnaissance company ___________

d. Defense attach ___________

e. National imagery system ___________

1- 23

At lower command levels (regimental, group, battalion, squadron,or MEU), the plan includes mainly organic agencies and systemsand involves national and theater agencies and systems only asnecessary. Let's take a brief look first at the intelligenceannex:

a. The intelligence annex . The third paragraph of the annexsummarizes the collection plan; various standard appendixesexplain it in detail. Appendix 11, for example, is thereconnaissance and surveillance plan. It consists of thefollowing separate plans (tabs) : The ground reconnaissance andsurveillance plan, the visual aerial reconnaissance andsurveillance plan, the aerial imagery plan, the sensorsurveillance plan, and the unmanned aerial vehicle plan.

In addition, appendixes 1, 2, 3, and 13 further document thecollection plan in the annex. Refer to Appendix D of FMFM 3-21,MAGTF Intelligence Operations , for a more complete discussion ofthese appendixes.

b. The collection worksheet . The collection worksheet is therecommended way to document a collection plan because it allowsyou to track the entire collection effort in a single document. The worksheet, therefore, has value as a supervisory tool at alllevels of command. Since commands retain their completedworksheets, they can be valuable references.

If you said the intelligence annex and the collection worksheet,you're correct. If your answer was different, go back and studyparagraph 1302.

1303. Sample Collection Worksheet

A collection worksheet provides a way to minimize error, reducethe omission of details, and prevent conflicts in the tasking andlevying of collection activity. While there is no prescribedformat for the worksheet, it is usually kept in chart form. Figure 1-2 on the next page shows a sample collection worksheet.

Without looking back, can you state the two primary ways ofdocumenting a collection plan?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

1- 24

COLLECTION WORKSHEET

a. Recommended column headings. Notice that each column (aswell as the worksheet itself) is titled so that it may easily beidentified. While there are no prescribed elements that must beaddressed in individual columns of the worksheet, you should, atthe very least, list the requirements that are being collected,the specific information being sought, and the agency or systemthat is to be employed. You should also have a column forremarks.

Figure 1-2 displays the six recommended column headings. As youcan see, the column headings are:

(1) Essential Elements of Inform ation and Other IntelligenceRequirements

Fig 1-2. Sample collection worksheet .

1- 25

(2) Indications

(3) Specific Information to be Sought

(4) Agencies to be Employed

(5) Place and Time to Report

(6) Remarks

If you said (1) EEI's and OIR's, (2) Indications, (3) Specificinformation to be sought, (4) Agencies to be employed, (5) Placeand time to Report, and (6) Remarks, you're right! Congratulations. If you answered differently, go back and reviewparagraph 1303a.

b. Providing information under each column heading . Refer tofigure 1-2 as you follow the discussion of what to provide ineach of the six column headings.

(1) Under EEI's and OIR's (column 1), list each EEI and OIRthat is being tasked or levied for collection. Thefigure lists three related requirements as a consolidatedEEI.

(a) Determine if the enemy will defend landing beachesagainst our assault.

(b) If there is a defense, what will its strength be?

(c) How will the enemy organize his defenses?

(2) Under Indications, list the intelligence indicators (ifapplicable) that you've identified for each EEI/OIR. Note that indications a-f listed under column 2 in thefigure apply to the consolidated requirement.

Without looking back, can you list the six recommended columnheadings?

1 __________________________________________________

2 __________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________

1- 26

(3) Under Specific Information to be Sought, list exactly theinformation you expect to be collected and reported. Note that items 1 through 11 in this column state exactlywhat is needed, in this instance, to satisfy the statedEEI.

(4) Under Agencies to be Employed, you must list allagencies--organic, non-organic, national and theater--that are available to perform collection in support ofyour command.

(a) You must designate which of the agencies can collectthe information specified in the EEI/OIR orintelligence indicators. Do this by placing an X inthe column beneath each agency that can, according toits functions, collect the required information.

(b) You must also designate which agency (or agencies)you have tasked or levied to perform the collection. Do this by placing a circle around the X. Notice infigure 1-2 that several agencies have been tasked tocollect and report the specific information sought. Such action, known as collection redundancy, helpsensure that at least one agency collects and reportsthe information.

(5) In the column titled Place and Time to Report, the figurespecifies that, as it is obtained, the information soughtis to be reported to the headquarters where the plan wasconstructed. The Commander, Amphibious Task Force (CATF)is to submit negative reports (reports that theinformation sought has not been obtained) 12 hours beforeand again 4 hours before the assault (H-12 and H-4).

(6) In the Remarks column, you see that the CATF collectionactivity is clarified. The planning headquarters hasrequested the CATF to establish contact with friendlyagents (ashore). Additionally, the headquarters hasannounced that collection against the specificrequirement (the EEI listed in column 1) is to becancelled four hours before the assault (H-4).

1304. Overseeing the Collection Effort

The effort does not end when collection orders and requests havebeen transmitted. Overseeing the effort involves two basicsupervisory activities:

a. Continuing the effort . You will do this simply by trackingthe messages and reports transmitted between your unit and othercommands; you may, at times, have to make liaison with otherintelligence sections, with processing and/or production units,or with collection agencies themselves. The following is a listof specific items that you will track:

1- 27

(1) Make sure that transmitted orders and requests have beenreceived and that they are clearly understood.

(2) Frequently check the progress of each agency in itscollection activity.

(3) Make sure that the collecting agency has forwarded theresults of its activity to an appropriate processingunit.

(4) Verify that the processing agency has received thecollected information and that it submits the processedinformation to a production unit.

(5) Make sure that the production unit receives the processedinformation and that it produces and disseminates theresulting intelligence.

(6) Cancel a requirement (and the collection against it) whenit has been satisfied or when the need for thatinformation has expired.

(7) Task or levy the collection activity against newlyidentified requirements.

b. Redirecting the effort . You may find that you need to orderor request additional or continuing collection activity by anagency or system until you acquire the necessary information. You may have to redirect that requirement to another agency oreven start over. When you do, you will re-examine therequirements to further identify the information you are seeking. You will continue to direct the effort by determining newintelligence requirements or indicators, planning how to collectthe required information, and ordering or requesting thecollection of that information.

If you said (1), continuing the effort and (2), redirecting theeffort, you're right. Congratulations! If you answereddifferently, go back and study paragraph 1304 again.

Can you state two supervisory activities you must completewhen overseeing the collection effort?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

1- 28

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 4 by perfo rming the actionrequired. Check your responses against those listedat the end of this study unit.

1. Write the order or request in column 2 that you would useto task or levy the collection activities of the agenciesor assets listed in column 1.

Column 1 Column 2

Agency or asset Order or request

a. Defense attach _________________

b. Tactical electronics _________________reconnaissance agency

c. Aerial imagery _________________reconnaissance agency

d. National imagery sys tem _________________

e. Force reconnaissance _________________company

2. State the two primary ways of documenting a collectionplan.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________ __

3. List the six recommended column headings in a collectionworksheet.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

d. __ _______________________________________________

e. _________________________________________________

f. _________________________________________________

4. State two supervisory activities you must complete whenoverseeing the collection effort.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

1- 29

UNIT SUMMARY

You now know that directing the intelligence effort is acontinuous process. It includes determining intelligencerequirements, planning collection activities, and issuingcollection orders and requests. It also includes documenting thecollection plan in either the intelligence annex or on acollection worksheet, and overseeing the whole intelligenceeffort. In the next study unit, you will learn more aboutcollecting intelligence.

Lesson 1 Exercise SolutionsReference

1. EEI, OIR, and BIR. 1101

2. An information requirement is a piece 1101of information needed to fill a gapin knowledge; intelligence may or maynot have to be obtained to satisfy therequirement.

3. a. Determine the type of requirement 1102

b. Determine the urgency of the need forthe information

c. Prioritize the requirement

d. Find the information

4. An int elligence indicator is evidence 1103which, when coupled with other itemsof information, indicates what an enemyis doing or planning to do.

Lesson 2 Exercise SolutionsReference

1. A collection plan 12012. SIGINT, IMINT, HUMINT , 12023. Overt, covert, clandestine 1203

4. Topographic platoon or combat engineers, 1201-1204tactical IMINT system, forcereconnaissance company, orreconnaissance platoon

5. Radio Battalion, task force COMINT 1201-1204system, or national and theaterCOMINT system

6. Task force, and/or national imaging or 1201-1204electronics system

1- 30

Lesson 3 Exercise SolutionsReference

1. a. J-TENS or Theater SOP 1301b. JTERc. JTARd. J-TENS or Theater SOPe. In telligence Annex

2. ( in any order)a. Intelligence annex 1302b. Collection worksheet

3. a. EEI's and OIR's 1303b. Indications (or indicators)c. Specific Information to be Soughtd. Agencies to be Employede. Place and Time to R eportf. Remarks

4. a. Continuing the effort 1304b. Redirecting the effort

2- 1

STUDY UNIT 2

COLLECTION: DATABASES AND ASSETS

Introduction. In the second phase of the intelligencecycle - -collection --the agencies, services, systems, andassets you tasked or levied during the direction phase beginto actually collect raw information. While they are doingthat, you will research various references and databases torespond to basic intelligence requirements ( BIR's), formalrequests for information ( RFI's) and other informationrequirements. You can retrieve the information to answerthese and other requirements from a library of strategic andtactical publications called the Naval IntelligenceProcessing System (NIPS) Database.

In this study unit you will learn how to retrieve informationfrom the miniaturized (mini) and automated forms of the NIPSDatabase. You will learn about the process of intelligencegathering using aerial reconnaissance and surveillanceassets. Finally, you will learn about tactical imagery andelectronics reconnaissance assets and you will get anoverview of strategic IMINT and SIGINT assets.

Lesson 1. THE NAVAL INTELLIGENCE PROCESSING SYSTEM (NIPS) DATABASE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. State the purpose of the NIPS Miniaturized (Mini)Database.

2. List the six types of files cont ained in the NIPS MiniDatabase.

3. Select the purpose of the Automated Database.

4. List the two types of files in the Automated Database.

2101. The NIPS Mini Database

The NIPS Mini Database is distributed to using commands (atdivision or wing level and occasionally at regimental or grouplevel) as a hemispheric database which covers both the Atlanticand Pacific Hemispheres.

A typical NIPS Mini Database contains 10 to 15 years ofintelligence, but some studies or publications may beconsiderably older, depending on their subject.

2- 2

a. Purpose . The NIPS Mini Database provides a way to store andrapidly retrieve information from a wide range of intelligencepublications in a compact, easily transportable referencelibrary.

If you said that the purpose for the NIPS Mini Database is toprovide a way to store and rapidly retrieve information from awide range of intelligence publications in a compact, easilytransportable reference library, you are right. Congratulations! If you answered differently, go back and review paragraph 2101a.

b. Files contained in the NIPS Mini Database . The NIPS MiniDatabase is divided into two major parts, the Reference Directoryand the Installation Directory. Each of these directories isfurther subdivided into several groups of files as explainedbelow.

(1) Reference Directory. This directory contains a varietyof reference information. There are three types of filesin this directory.

(a) Reference files. These files contain scientific andtechnical information, intelligence studies, reports,and information from other publications.

(b) Biographic files. These files contain data onprominent foreign personalities.

(c) Photographic files. These files containtransparencies of weapons and weapons systems fromselected orders of battle.

(2) Installation Directory. The files in this directorycontain information about military installations andother facilities; the information is used to developplans for amphibious operations. You will find threetypes of files in this directory.

(a) Amphibious (AMPHIB) files. These files containCoastal Landing Beach (CLB), Helicopter LandingArea/Drop Zone (HLA/DZ), Urban Area (URB), Lines ofCommunication (LOC), and Port/Harbor (PRT) studies.

(b) Air and Seaplane Stations of the World (ASSOTW)files. These files contain studies and surveys of

Let's take a minute to review. In the space provided below,write the purpose for the NIPS Mini Database.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

2- 3

civil and military airfields, seaplane stations, andheliports.

(c) Tactical Target Materials (TTM). These files containtarget studies that include both textual and graphicinformation.

c. NIPS Mini Database indexes . You will use the indexes toretrieve the files in the Reference and Installation Directories.

Note: An index is an alphabetical listing of names, places,and subjects that gives the page on which each itemis mentioned in a printed work.

So, to successfully retrieve information from the NIPS Referenceor Installation Mini Database Directories, you must be able touse their corresponding indexes, the Reference Index and theInstallation Index.

(1) Reference Index. This index consists of a number ofmicrofiche cards that cross reference each publication ordocument in the Reference Directory by the following:

(a) Accession number

(b) Publication long title

(c) Publicati on short title

(d) Subject

(e) Object category

(f) Object class

(g) Topic

(h) Photo

The table on the next page gives an explanation of theinformation found on each Reference Index microfichecard.

2- 4

Table 2-1. Contents of the Refe rence Index Microfiche Cards

IF the microfiche cardis titled...

THEN that microfiche card lists...

Accession number

All publications in the ReferenceDirectory by accession number inalphanumerical order.

Publication long title

All publications in the ReferenceDirectory by title in alphabeticalorder.

Publication shorttitle

All publications in the Reference Directory by Document Identifica- tion Number (DIAM 57-5, DA PAM 19050) in alphanumeric order.

Subject All publications in the Reference Directory by country and subject of the publication.

Object category All technical studies of weapons systems in the Reference Directoryby country and by general weapon type (fighter, bomber, armor, etc.

Object class All technical studies of weapons systems in the Reference Directoryby NATO designation (Bear, Fan Song, Hind D, Hip C, etc.) in alphabetical order.

Topic All publications in the Reference Directory by selected topic such as government and politics, armed forces, or key personalities.

Photo All photo transparencies in the Reference Directory in numerical order.

(2) Installation Index . This index cross references allrecords in the Installation Directory by country,facility name, file type, geocoordinate, and basicencyclopedia (BE) number. It contains the AMPHIB,ASSOTW, and TTM files and consists of cross referencedmicrofiche cards.

2- 5

Note: To extract a record from the Installation Directory,you must know the appropriate country code, majorfile type, (AMPHIB, ASSOTW, or TTM), and at least oneof the following : the geocoordinate, BE number orstudy number, study type, and/or the installation orfacility name.

An explanation of the information on each cross referencedmicrofiche card in the Installation Index is given in table 2-2.

Table 2-2. Contents of the Installation Index Microfiche Cards

IF the microfiche cardis titled...

THEN the microfiche card lists all studies in the Installation Directory by...

Installations Country, geocoordinate, and file type.

Amphib Country, geocoordinate, file (study)type, study name, and study number.

ASSOTW Country, BE number, and field orstation name.

TTM Country, BE number, and facility name.

d. Retrieving a document from the NIPS Mini Database . Toretrieve a document from the NIPS Mini Database, follow thesesteps:

(1) Determine the type of information that you need and inwhich directory (Reference or Installation) you will findthat information.

Note: Table 2-3 explains where to find specific types ofinformation in the NIPS Mini Database.

(2) Once you have decided which directory you will search,refer to the appropriate directory index.

Note: Keep in mind that the two indexes are the Refer enceIndex and the Installation Index.

2- 6

Table 2-3. Locating Information in the NIPS Mini Database

If the informationConcerns...

AND the type of informationis...

THEN searchthe...

A person Biographical/other ReferenceFile

General ReferenceFile

Targeting TTMAir, Seaplane Station, Heliport ASSOTW

Place

HLA/DZ, CLB, PRT, URB, LOC AMPHIBTechnical dataOOBEquipment - - - - - - - - - - Photo transparency

ReferenceFile- - - - -PhotoFile

Organization,Training,

OOB Readiness,Infor- Logistics,Mation Combat experience,

Commanders,Major equipment

ReferenceFile

A thing

Non- Natural or culturalAmphib terrain featuresGeo-GraphicFeatures

ReferenceFile

(3) Extract the in formation from the appropriate directory.

Note: Before you can search the Reference File, you willhave to obtain the accession number from theReference Index. An explanation of the codes in anaccession number follows on the next page.

2- 7

Table 2-4. Meaning of a Sample Accession Number

Sample Accession Number: NIS92C123456/12

NIS - producing agency 92 - year microfiche produced C - produced using collateral information 123456 - publication serial number /12 - total number of fiche comprising the publication

(a) Use the instructions in the table below to extract

information from the Reference Directory.

Table 2-5. Extracting Information from the Reference Dire ctory

LOOK IN the FIND the SEARCH the EXTRACT the

Reference Index AccessionNumber

ReferenceFile

Publication orPhotograph

(b) Use the instructions in Table 2-6 on the next page

to extract information from the Installation Directory.

2- 8

Table 2-6. Extracting Information from the InstallationDirectory

When you arelooking forinformation on

FIND the SEARCH the and EXTRACT the

Targets Country Code andBE Number

Tactical TargetMaterials

Target study

Airfields Country CodeAnd BE NumberOrAirfield NameAndGeocoordinates

Air and SeaplaneStations Of TheWorld

Airfield studyOr survey

Landing Zones Country Code,Study type,

andStudy Number

orCountry Code,Geocoordinates

andStudy Name

AMPHIB HLA/DZ, CLB,LOC, PRT RO URBstudy

2102. The Automated Database

a. Purpose . The Automated Database makes intelligence moretimely by automating research and the recording, updating, andretrieving of information.

If you said that the Automated Database makes intelligence moretimely by automating research and the recording, updating, andretrieving of information; you are right. Congratulations! Ifyou answered differently, go back and review paragraph 2102a.

b. Types of files in the Automated Database . The databasecontains various major and minor order of battle (OOB) files aslisted on the next page.

Let's take a minute to review. In the space below, write thepurpose of the Automated Database.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

2- 9

(1) Major order of battle files include:

(a) Naval - (NOB)(b) Electronics - (EOB)(c) Missile - (MOB)(d) Air - (AOB)(e) Ground - (GOB--Tr oop units)(f) Artillery - (ARB)

(2) Minor order of battle files include:

(a) Ground Forces Installations (GFI)(b) Airfield Installations (AFI)(c) Naval/Maritime Installations (NMI)(d) Miscellaneous Installations (MIS)(e) Chokepoints (CHK)(f) Helicopter Landing Areas (HLA)(g) Coast/Landing Beach surveys (CLB) and others

c. Information search . Marines who have access to PC-NIPS canuse the Automated Database. In general, Marine intelligenceanalysts don't operate the computer systems containing theAutomated Database. They may access selected portions of thatdatabase when on command-configured shipping or when operatingvarious van segments of the Marine Air-Ground Intelligence System(MAGIS). They may also access a tailored portion of the databasecalled a tactical area file (TAF) through personal computer NIPS(PC-NIPS) programs. These programs are part of IBM PC compatibledesktop systems such as the Intelligence Analysis System (IAS).

(1) Accessing individual rec ords. To access individualrecords in the database or part of the database, you mustknow one or more of the following elements : countrycode, OOB type, BE number, target data inventory number,or geocoordinates.

(2) Performing an area search. You may also do ageographical area search--that is, obtain a "data dump"of all records pertinent to a limited circular, square,rectangular, or hexagonal area of interest. Once youhave entered the appropriate definitions, that is,Country Code, OOB type, BE Number, and so on, and havedefined the area to be searched, the system willautomatically search the database, sort records accordingto the conditions you have entered, and display theinformation on the monitor or direct the information to aprinter or another disk as you select.

2- 10

If you said that the Automated Database contains both major andminor order of battle files, you are right. Congratulations! Ifyou answered differently, go back and review paragraph 2102b.

Lesson Summary. In this lesson you acquired an overview of animportant resource - -the NIPS Database. You learned the purposesfor its two forms, the Mini Database and the Automated Database,the types of intelligence files in each form, and the process ofretrieving intelligence information from each database. In thenext lesson, you will learn another method of collectingintelligence information--through aerial reconnaissance andsurveillance assets. You will learn about two forms of assets,imagery and electronics, and the strategic collection systemsthat are available to Marine Corps users.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the actionrequired. Check your responses against those listedat the end of this study unit.

1. State the purpose of the NIPS Mini Database.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

2. List the six types of files contained in the NIPS MiniDatabase.

a. __________________ d. ___________________

b. __________________ e. ___________________

c. __________________ f. ___________________

Do you recall the types of files that are contained in theAutomated Database? Write your answer on the lines below.

________________________________________________________

_____________________________________ ___________________

2- 11

3. The purpose of the Automated Database is to

a. make intelligence more timely by computer automatingresearching, recording, updating, and retrievinginformation.

b. provide a rapid, readily accessible replacement forthe Miniaturized Database.

c. provide a computer-accessible database to Marineintelligence units at battalion and squadron commandlevels.

d. provide deploying Marine and naval units with aneasily transported, easily controlled, and rapidlyaccessible intelligence database.

4. List the two types of files that are contained in theAutomated Database.

a. ___________________

b. ___________________

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lesson 2. AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE ASSETS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. List six aerial imagery reconnaissance assets that a reavailable to Marine Corps users.

2. List three aerial electronics reconnaissance assets thatare available to Marine Corps users.

2201. Introduction to Aerial Imagery and Electronic Assets

Aerial imagery and electronic assets provide another way tocollect intelligence information on the terrain and to get anup-to -date status on enemy positions and fortifications.

Photographs from aerial imagery provide a permanent record. Since they can be reproduced in quantity, they can be evaluatedsimultaneously by many users, all of whom may retain the originalsource of the information. Cameras are unprejudiced, recordingeverything within their field of view to the limits of theirtechnical capabilities. Photographic imagery also providesprecise location data.

2- 12

The Marine Corps, however, will not have a dedicated tacticalaerial imagery reconnaissance asset until the reconnaissancecapable FA -18 is fielded during the mid- 1990's. Until then, theCorps will have to rely on Navy, Air Force, or Army assets, orMarine assets that have a secondary imagery capability to performimage gathering reconnaissance missions.

In this lesson you will study aerial reconnaissance andsurveillance assets and strategic collection systems. You willlearn about six imagery assets used to collect intelligenceinformation. These assets are discussed in subparagraphs 2202 athrough f and are available to Marine Corps users for imageryreconnaissance. The Expeditionary Tactical Aerial ReconnaissanceSystem (ETARS) and the Advanced Tactical Aerial ReconnaissanceSystem (ATARS) imagery systems discussed in paragraph 2202g aredevelopmental systems. They are included in this lesson to showyou the future of imagery reconnaissance.

Tables 2-6 through 2-10 describe the imagery sensors thatselected imagery assets carry. Paragraph 2203 discusses threeaerial electronic reconnaissance assets : the EA-6B Prowler, theEP-3E Orion, and the EC-135. Paragraph 2204 discusses threestrategic collection systems : strategic imagery assets,strategic SIGINT, and other strategic SIGINT. All these assetsare used to collect intelligence information.

2202. Aerial Imagery Reconnaissance Assets

a. RF-4C Phantom II (Air Force) . The Phantom II is an all-weather, day or night, multisensor imagery reconnaissanceaircraft. A variant of the Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) andcertain electro-optical (EO) sensors give it the ability totransmit acquired imagery to a remote ground station in real timeor near real time. Table 2-7 on the next page details the RADAR,infrared, and photographic sensors that are available with thisasset.

2- 13

Table 2-7. RF-4C Phantom II Imagery Sensors

RADAR Sensor INFRARED Sensor PHOTOGRAPHIC Sensors (Cameras)

Sensor Image Type Sensor Image Type Sensor(Camera)

Focal length(inches)

Sensor Position ImageType

AN/APD-10 RADAR Map AN/AAD-5 Infrared Map KA-563

Vertical Panoramic

KA-87 3, 6 Forward Oblique Oblique

KA-87 3, 6 Vertical Vertical

KA-87 3 Vertical Vertical

KA-87 3, 6, 12, 18 Oblique (L & R) Oblique

KA-87 6, 18 Split Vertical Vertical

KA-87 18 Vertical Vertical

KA-1 24, 36 Vertical Vertical

KC-1/T-11 6 Vertical Vertical

KA-91 18 Vertical Panoramic

Table 2-7 discusses the characteristics of the seven differentsensors available with the RF-4C. As you can see, the sensorsinclude the AN/AAD-5 and the KA-1, KA-56, KS-87, KA-91, andKC-1/T-11 cameras. The range of sensor configurations availab lecan produce a wide mix of photographic, infrared, and/or RADARimages simultaneously or independently.

b. OV-1D Mohawk, (Army) . The Mohawk is an all-weather,day/night multisensor (and multispectral) imagery reconnaissanceaircraft. Although this asset can perform near real-timeacquisition of imagery when the RADAR, EO, or photographicsensors are used with compatible ground station equipment, theMohawk is not as versatile an imagery asset as is the Phantom II. Table 2-8 provides a reference on the sensors this assettransports.

Table 2-8. OV-1D Mohawk Imagery Sensors

RADAR Sensor INFRARED Sensor PHOTOGRAPHIC Sensors (Cameras)

Sensor Image Type Sensor Image Type Sensor(Camera)

Focal length(inches)

SensorPosition

Image Type

AN/APS-94(SLARS)

RADAR Map AN/AAS-24 InfraredMap

KA-60 3 ForwardOblique

Panoramic

KA-60 3 Vertical PanoramicKA-30 3, 6, 12, 18 L or R

Oblique orVertical

Obique orVertical

KA-76 1.75, 3, 6,12, 18

Vertical

*The sensor is rotatable from vertical to oblique and back during flight.

As you can see in table 2-8, this platform transports a selectionof three standard photographic sensors, an infrared sensor and aside looking airborne radar (SLAR) sensor.

2- 14

The range of sensor configurations available can produce a mix ofphotographic, infrared, and/or RADAR images simultaneously orindependently.

c. P-3 Orion, (Navy) . Although this platform is primarilydesigned for anti -submarine warfare (ASW), it also has somephotographic imagery capability. Table 2-9 provides a referenceon the sensors the P-3 transports.

Table 2-9. P-3 Orion Imagery Sensors

PHOTOGRAPHIC Sensors (Cameras)

Sensor(Camera)

Focal Length(inches)

Sensor Position Image Type

KA-74 6 Forward Obliqueor Vertical

Oblique orVertical

KA-89 orKS-89

6 L or R ObliqueAft ObliqueForward Obliqueor Vertical

Oblique orVertical

KB-10 3 Forward ObliqueAft Oblique

Oblique

KB-18 3 Vertical Fore to AftPanoramic

Depending on the specific P-3 variant, just a few photographicsensors can provide a wide range of vertical, oblique, andpanoramic images to meet your requirements.

d. LA-610 Tactical Air Reconnaissance Pod System (TARPS), Navy .Table 2-10 provides a guide to sensors mounted in the TARPS podthat is usually transported aboard an F-14 (Tomcat). This assetcan provide a versatile mix of infrared or vertical, oblique, andpanoramic photographic images in response to an intelligencerequirement.

Table 2-10. TARPS Sensors INFRARED Sensor PHOTOGRAPHIC Sensors (Cameras)

Sensor Image Type Sensor(Camera) Focal Length (inches)

Sensor Position Image Type

AN/AAD-5 Infrared Map KS-87 6 Vertical * Oblique orVertical

KS-87 6 Vertical Vertical

KS-99 9 Vertical Panoramic*

* In this configuration, the camera can be rotated to forward oblique from vertical and back during flight.

2- 15

e. Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) ; Navy, Marine Corps . Although the pioneer is primarily a target acquisition andbattlefield management asset, it is also the only activereal- time imagery asset in the Marine Corps inventory. Sensors available include

f. e a tele-video camera/recorder and an infraredscanner/recorder, either of which can transmit near real-timeimages to a remote ground station. The pioneer can transportonly one sensor at a time.

f. AV-8B Harrier, (USMC) . Although the Harrier is a Marineasset, it is not a dedicated imagery asset. Currently, theimaging systems available to the AV-8B include a medium format(70mm) photographic sensor primarily intended to acquire imageryfor bomb damage assessment. The sensor produces an oblique imageonly. An infrared scanner/recorder similar to the FLIR (forward-looking infrared) systems transported by other USMC aerialp