Intro to Cell Division. Pre-Assessment Asexual vs. Sexual reproduction How do skin cells/blood...
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Transcript of Intro to Cell Division. Pre-Assessment Asexual vs. Sexual reproduction How do skin cells/blood...
Intro to Cell Division
Pre-Assessment
• Asexual vs. Sexual reproduction• How do skin cells/blood cells/muscle cells
regenerate?• Where is DNA located in a cell?• Organize the following from smallest to
largest: chromosome, gene, DNA, nucleus, organ, tissue, cell, organism
• How many chromosomes do humans have?
Asexual Reproduction
• Offspring are identical to parents• Does not require fertilization• Advantages –
• Disadvantages -
Sexual Reproduction
• Male and female (or +/- mating types)• Exchange genetic information = offspring have
unique combination of traits
Cell Division• How one cell divides into two• 2 ways: Mitosis and Meiosis
Cancer Cell Division
Organize the following...
Human Chromosomes
Down’s Syndrome
How many chromosomes are in the following cells?
Skin Cells
Egg Cell
Nerve Cell
Zygote
Sperm Cell
Blood Cell
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
• Located in nucleus of cell• Responsible for cell’s
hereditary info• Found “packaged“ in
chromosomes in a cell
Structure of DNA Molecule
DNA and Cell Division
• DNA needs to be copied before cell division occurs
• Process called DNA replication
DNA Replication
• DNA replication: cell makes an exact copy of its DNA
• Semiconservative process (each new strand has half the original strand)
Steps of DNA Replication
1) Enzyme called DNA Helicase breaks H-bonds between nitrogenous bases (allows helix to “unzip”)- points where 2 strand separate is called the replication fork
Steps of DNA Replication
Note: one end of a DNA strand is called the 5’ (5 prime) end and one is called the 3’(3 prime) end. The 5’ end has the phosphate group and the 3’ end has the sugar group
Steps of DNA Replication2) DNA polymerase (enzyme) adds nucleotides to
the strands. - nucleotides are added from the 5’ end to the 3’ direction - Base pairing method (A=T and C=G)- One strand is continuously formed while the other forms in short sections (later bonded together by and enzyme called DNA ligase).
* Leading strand vs. Lagging strand
• Video: Making a chromosome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PKjF7OumYo&feature=related
To Do:
• Model the process of DNA replication in groups of 3
• Grab the following Materials: - Liquorice (3 strands)- ~20 toothpicks (may need more later)- 40 marshmallows (10 of each colour)
• Step 1: Create DNA Molecule & show me• Step 2: Begin DNA replication. Show me when
finished.
• Video: Molecular Visualizations of DNAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=4PKjF7OumYo&feature=related• Assessment:
Create a concept map summarizing DNA Replication
The Cell Cycle
• Phases occur continuously
• Explains how cells continue to divide
• Functions to maintains our body– New cells for growth– Replaces worn out cells
Cell Cycle Phases
• G1 Phase – Rapid cell Growth– Cells uses nutrients from its surroundings to
increase in size– Chromosomes remain unduplicated
• S Phase – DNA Replication– Cells begin to prepare for division– DNA replicates and chromosomes are duplicated– Known as the “synthesis” stage
Cell Cycle Phases
• G2 Phase – Growth and Prep for Division– Period of cell growth– Preparation for cellular division
• M Phase – Mitosis and Cytokinesis– Mitosis is the process when one parent cell
divides into two daughter cells that are exact copies
– Cytokinesis = cytoplasm splitting cytoplasm divides and two new cells are produced
Cell Cycle Phases
• The G1, G2 and S phases are usually grouped together and called interphase
• Interphase is the time between divisions when a cell increases in mass, doubles its internal contents, and duplicates chromosomes
• Basically its all the stages except mitosis (when division occurs)
Can Cells Divide Indefinitely??
• Research indicates a biological clock may regulate number of cell divisions – E.g. Frozen heart cell division
• Some cells divide more often than others– Skin cell vs. Nerve cell
• Some cells seem to divide indefinitely– Sperm cells (males can produce 1 billion/day),
cancer cells
Applications of the Cell Cycle• Cloning– Considered form of asexual reproduction– Natural Cloning:
• i.e. Hydra budding.....Monozygotic (identical) twins– Artificial Cloning:
• i.e. Nucleus taken from frog embryo and inserted into cell without nucleus.
• Why Dolly Died– Cloned from an 8 year old adult – Telomeres are reduced in size each time a cell divides– Dolly began life with shorter telomeres, so she
developed arthritis & died of lung disease (age of 6 – ½ life expectancy)
• Video: Eukaryotic Cell Cyclehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=O3_PNiLWBjY
To Do:
1) Research the following terms: chromatin, chromosome, centromere, sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes, tetrad, synapsis and crossing over. Draw a diagram showing how these terms are related to one another.
MITOSIS
Producing Exact Copies of Cells
Interphase
• Stage prior to mitosis
• DNA is arranged in long fibres called chromatin
• Chromatin is replicated
• Cell grows in sizes and prepares to divide
Prophase
• Chromtin forms chromosomes– Each chromosome is
made of 2 chromatids (identical)
– Chromtids are held together by centromeres
• Nuclear membrane dissolves
• Centrioles appear and spindle fibres attach to centromeres of chromosomes
Metaphase
• Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate
• Chromosomes still attached by spindle fibres
• Nuclear membrane completely dissolves
Anaphase
• Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell (pulled by spindle fibres)
• Identical set of chromosomes move to each pole
Telophase• Chromosome reach
opposite poles and begin to form thin threads of chromatin again
• Spindle fibres disappear
• Nuclear membrane reforms around each mass of chromatin
Cytokinesis• “cytoplasm
splitting”• Begins once
chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell
• Animal cells: furrow forms
• Plant cells: Plate forms
Video: Mitosis
• The stage of mitosis• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGV3fv-u
ZYI
Meiosis
Producing genetically different copies of cells…
Video: Meiosis
• Biology – Meiosis Cell Division• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVMb4Js9
9tA&feature=related