Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
-
Upload
kamrajsingh -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
1/85
1
INTRODUCTION TO CASINO AND GAMING OPERATION
CG01
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
2/85
A WORD OF WELCOME
The casino industry holds a special fascination for the ordinary man in the street. Is it
because gambling is as old as time itself or is it the glitz and glamour of a casino thatattracts us? We will learn the internal workings of a casino as well as its external
ramifications.
The aim of the module is to provide an understanding of the casino business, its
economic and social impact, its operational and organizational structure and the
regulatory framework. Through the knowledge gained, the student should be better
prepared to debate the ethical and moral issues concerning the industry and its impact
on the country
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
3/85
MODULELEARNING OUTCOMES
a. Describe the evolution of the gaming industry and its national and
international impactsb. Identify the social, economic and regulatory implications of casino gaming
c. State the operations and organisational structure of a casino hotel
d. Describe the gaming regulations of casino operations
e. Analyze future trends in casino and gaming industry
f. Identify modern forms of gaming to attract tourists and high net worth
individuals
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
4/85
TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT 1: The evolution of gaming
1.0 Gaming has a long history
1.1 The evolution of gaming in Europe
1.2 The evolution of gaming in the US
1.3 The emergence of key gaming centers in the US
1.4 The unsavory elements in the gaming industry
1.5 Rise of gaming in Indian reservations
UNIT 2: Gaming Regulations
2.0 Why the need for close regulation
2.1 The Nevada model
2.2 Types of Licenses used in Nevada
2.3 The New Jersey model
2.4 Types of employee licenses used in New Jersey
UNIT 3: The Economic Impact of Casinos
3.0 Rapid growth in casino revenues
3.1 The re-vitalization of cities
3.2 Job creation in the industry
3. 3. Chasing after the tourist dollar
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
5/85
3.4 Recognizing the liabilities and costs
UNIT 4: The sociological impact of casino gambling
4.0 The arguments for an against casinos
4.1 Is gambling just entertainment?
4.2 Why people gamble
4.3 Some social problems with casinos
4.4 The social cost of addictive gambling
UNIT 5:Modern casino and gaming operations
5.0 The modern day casino-hotel
5.1 Financial concerns and control
5.2 Regulatory standards
5.3 Marketing to casino customers
5.4 How gaming helped save the Niagara Frontier
5.5
UNIT 6: The future of the casino industry
6.0 How the industry is likely to be perceived in the future
6.1 How human resource in the casino industry is likely to change
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
6/85
6.2 The Impact of technological changes
6.3 Geographical expansion of the industry
6.4 Casinos are getting bigger and more expensive
6.5 The effect of globalization
7 REFERENCES
1 Rudd, D.P. & Marshall, L.H. (2000), Casino & Gaming
Operations, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
2 Kilby,J. Fox,J., Lucas, A.F. (2005), Casino Operations
Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
3 Kathryn Hasimoto, (2008), Casino Management, Pearson
Educational Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
7/85
8 APPENDIX
8.1. Appendix 1. Game over for TOTO machine at Food Center Straits
Times. 4th Sept 2009
8.2. Appendix 2 Universal Allure, Straits Times 21stOct 2009
8.3. Appendix 3. IR to get top chefs , Straits Times 24th Oct 2009
8.4. Appendix 4 Boost for gaming as China eases limits on citizens
visiting Macau , Straits Times 22nd Sept 2009
8.5. Appendix 5. Casino for Kinmen? Varsity may be winning bet,
Straits times 31st Oct 2009.
8.6 Appendix 6 I cannot let him go to casinos , Straits Times , 23rd
Sept 2009
8.7 Appendix 7 15% of gambling addicts tried to kill themselves Straits
Times, 25th Sept 2009
8.8. Appendix 8 SMU group to educate young on pitfalls of gambling
Straits Times 22nd Sept 2009
8.9. Appendix 9 Most problem gamblers get hooked at early age ,
Straits Times, 18th Aug 2009
8.10 Appendix 10 As temptations to gamble grow, many are turning to
counseling centers to stay clean , Straits Times 29Aug 2009
8.11 Appendix 11 Whereabouts of gambler stumps all Straits Times
15th Oct 2009
8.12 Appendix 12 $66 for a day pass to Universal Studios Straits
Times 19th Nov 2009
8.13 Appendix 13 Play Incentives from Kathryn Hasimoto, (2008),
Casino Management, p303.
8.14 Appendix 14 "Changes Made to Casino Control Act"
Straits Times 16th Sept 2009
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
8/85
UNIT 1 The Evolution of Gaming
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
9/85
UNIT OBJECTIVES
I. Appreciate how gaming has evolved as a social activity over its long history
II. Know some modern gaming formsIII. Appreciate how gaming has attracted supporters and detractors
IV. Recognize where gaming is heading
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
10/85
UNIT 1 (1.0) Gaming has a long history
It goes back 4000 years. Man was not just preoccupied with hunting for food.
They had gaming as a social and cultural activity. Archeologists have found that
gaming existed during the days of the Pharaohs of Egypt. Gaming is as ancient
as time itself. Around 100BC a Chinese Emperor used a form of gaming
resembling Keno to raise money for his armies. It is possible that the Great Wall
of China depended on money raised through gambling. Even the Romans had a
go at it. Modern casinos may have had their origins in ancient Rome. Around 68
A.D. the Roman Caesar, Nero, held lotteries and gave prizes consisting of land,
jobs, ships and slaves. . Emperor Caligula is said to have lost the entire treasury
through a game of dice. Even the famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle, wrote on
how to cheat at dice.
The Greeks worshipped a goddess of gambling named Tyche; the Romans
called theirs Fortuna. A Greek mythology believed that Zeus was given controlof heaven,Poseidon the seas, and Hades, hell because they played a game of
dice to decide who should control what. Stories in the Bible reveal gamblingexisted. Soldiers gambled for the clothes of Christ, and the Old Testament tells
us that Aaron was instructed to cast lots to determine which of his two goats
would be sacrificed.
From the earliest of time, gambling was considered a sin and in many societies
throughout the different periods there were laws forbidding gambling. Ancient
Greeks viewed gambling as a sin. In ancient Egypt, those who owed money
through gambling were forced to pay off their debts by working in the quarries. In
early Rome, there were laws forbidding gambling. Yet gambling survived through
the ages. Gambling was too popular to be stopped
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
11/85
Activity
1. Can you recollect your early gambling experiences? Have you ever
placed a bet with anyone before? What did you bet on? Why did
you bet?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
12/85
Early gambling may have been linked to religious practices. Betting often led to
life or death situations. If you were sick, the throw of a dice could determine
whether you were going to live or die. If you were going to be sacrificed together
with others, drawing lots could mean that you may be spared. In early Rome,
gladiators drew lots and fought to the death.
Illustration
1,In Chinese culture, the worshipping of various gods or ancestors often involves
the picking of numbers for lotteries.
See Appendix 1. Game over for TOTO machine at Food Center Straits Times.
4th Sept 2009
Activity
2.
Can you see the connection between religion and gambling in Appendix 1?
Do you see any connection between your own culture/religion and gambling?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
13/85
UNIT 1 (1.1)The evolution of Gaming in Europe
From 5
th
to 9
th
century, not much was written about gambling. We do know thatthe Germanic tribes played a dice game and losers had to become the slaves of
the winners. At the time of the Crusades, Richard the Lion Heart, disallowed
those below the rank of knights to gamble. The punishment for losing more than
20 shillings a day often meant that you were stripped and flogged for 3 days.
Interestingly enough, clerics were permitted to gamble. Kings, of course, were
above their own laws and were often frequent gamblers. After the Crusades,
gambling became fairly wide spread in Europe.
The first recorded state lottery took place in France in 1520. Queen Elizabeth I
also used the lottery in 1596 to raise money to build ships. In 1770s, it was again
used to raise money to fight the American Revolution. In 1826, national lotteries
were banned in England ( this ban was only removed in 1992 ).
During 18th and first half 19th century, gambling went through its troughs and
peaks. In the 1860s gambling was banned in Italy and France but the latter half
of the 19th century saw the rise of the big gambling houses. Francois Blanc built a
casino in Luxembourg and a still bigger one in Baden Baden (Germany). Itattracted the rich all over Europe and was a tremendous success. In 1863, the
Grimaldi family began their famous casino in Monaco. It attracted royalties like
the Prince of Wales, Emperor Franz Joseph, Czar Nicholas and Leopold II
(Belgium) .Even wealthy Americans flocked to Monaco to gamble. John
Morrissey, an American, took the concept back to the US. He built the luxurious
Saratoga Club in Saratoga Springs, New York. Gambling casinos are still allowed
to operate in Europe today in Germany, Monte Carlo, Austria and Great Britain.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
14/85
Illustration
Some of the more prominent gambling addicts in old Europe were:
King Henry XVII who gambled away the Jesus Bells of St. Pauls cathedral to Sir
Miles PartridgeHenry IV of France who hired professionals to cheat his court officials on his
behalf
The commanding officer of Charles V of France who lost all his soldiers pay
during the siege of Orange. Charles V had to surrender. Thereafter cavalry
officers were not allowed to gamble under pain of death.
Activity
In the 1960s, gaming was legalized in Great Britain. Churches were allowed to
raise funds through Bingo games. Private enterprise took advantage of this
liberalization. Today there are more than a thousand casinos in the UK. Bookie
joints were also legalized and before long it became morally acceptable to make
use of gaming to make money.
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
15/85
UNIT 1 (1.2) The evolution of gaming in the US
It began in 1492 with the sailors on the three ships of Christopher Columbus.
Spanish and Portuguese sailors brought cards, dice and horses for betting.
Some of the horses escaped into the wild plains and eventually the Indians were
gambling on herds and ponies. This often led to war with neighboring tribes as
they needed to make good their losses. The Indians used pear and plum pits as
dice.
In colonial America, almost every household had playing cards. Colonial Americaloved gambling. George Washington was an avid card player. Benjamin Franklin
made and sold cards. The British in imposing their infamous Stamp Act, also
levied a tax on every pack of cards sold.
Virgina was founded mainly by lottery money. Universities like Yale, Harvard,
Princeton, Columbia were all started with seed money from lotteries. Lotteries
were used to finance public works like roads, schools, churches, buildings, dams
and hospitals.
Ben Franklin used the lottery to defend Philadelphia from the French and the
Indians The Continental Congress started a $5m lottery to fund the Revolutionary
War in 1777. They were so poor that those who betted more than $50 were told
that they would be given promissory notes payable in the future if they won.
However in places like New England, where the deeply religious and
conservative puritans lived, gambling could not be condoned and fines and
physical punishments were inflicted on those caught gambling. It was ironic,
however, that the Puritans themselves, had earlier on, used a form of lottery to
raise sufficient funds to build the Mayflower to enable them to sail to America.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
16/85
Other states generally had a live and let live policy and although illegal, many
chose to keep a blind eye to gambling especially to lotteries. After 1776, state
franchised lottery companies were fairly widespread, even though it was against
the law. In the absence of an efficient taxation policy, lotteries were often the
quickest and cheapest way of raising funds.
Illustration
Activity
Spread of gaming in USA after 1800:
In the early 1800s, gaming houses sprouted, taking their cue from the European
and English gaming houses New Orleans became a gambing center. The
Crescent City House in 1827 was one of the first gambling houses to be
regulated in New Orleans. Other gaming activities included cock-fighting, bear
baiting, horse-racing, and dog fighting.
Unfortunately, fraudulent lotteries became widespread and this lead to an anti-
gaming reform movement. By the time of the Civil War, only 3 states allowed
lotteries Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky.
All of this changed once more after the Civil War, beginning with the famous
Louisiana Lottery in 1865. Because the stakes were high, gaming syndicates
often bribed politicians and law enforcers to look the other way. The Louisiana
lottery was one such example. The syndicate was allowed to operate the lottery
for 25 years by paying a $40K fee per year to the state. It became increasingly
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
17/85
corrupt. Despite various efforts to stop it, the syndicate continued to bribe its way
through until it finally ended in 1895.
In the river states of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, riverboat gaming attracted
cheats and unsavory characters. New Orleans became a gamblers haven. Faro,
3 card monte, poker, were common on riverboats and in gaming houses.
Cheating was widespread. Sharpers marked cards and kept cards up their
sleeves. Thieves and prostitutes were also attracted to the gaming centers in
Louisville, Natchez, Memphis and Cincinnati. The lawlessness is best epitomized
by the Clan of the Mystic Confederacy which started in 1832. It had 100 criminals
in its Grand Council and 1500 outlaws as members.
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
18/85
UNIT 1 (1.3) The emergence of key gaming centers in the USA
Content
New York city became a primary gaming center after the Civil War in the 1850s.
It boasted more than 6000 gambling houses. Gambling became synonymous
with corrupt legislators and law enforcers. John Morrissey who built the Saratoga
Club, was the undisputed king of gambling in New York for 20 years. He even
went on to become a Congressman
Chicago was another important gaming center. The prominent player was Mike
McDonald. After the great Chicago fire in 1871, he became the big man behindgambling in Chicago. He even staged police raids on his own gaming house just
to pacify the public.
Other gamblers took to the West. San Francisco became the gaming capital of
the West during the time of the first Gold Rush in the late 1840s. There were
some 40,000 prospectors in San Francisco who were gamblers in spirit and
desperate for entertainment. Free food and entertaining lured the gamblers into
the dens Some of the most famous Wild West towns associated with gaming and
lawlessness included Deadwood, Tombstone, Dodge City. These towns were
famous for their gun fights and western folk lore. Denver and Kansas City were
also prominent gambling towns. Most games were dishonest but this did not
deter the gamblers. Frontier life was often hard and lonely and gambling provided
relief and excitement..
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
19/85
Illustration
Activity3. Given that most gamblers knew the gaming houses were dishonest, why were
they still attracted to such places?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
20/85
At the beginning of the 20th century, anti-gambling advocates had closed down
many gaming houses, race tracks, numbers and book-making operations. By
1915, only 7 states allowed horse racing. As America became more urbanized,
gambling syndicates developed in the city slums. In the Prohibition era, gambling
became a highly organized national activity. It went hand in hand with organized
crime, with infamous mobsters like Al Capone, Frank Costello and others relying
on gambling as the main money spinner. Like alcohol, banning gambling did not
mean the death of gambling. It only served to drive it underground, thereby
enriching the mobsters.
In 1894 the Beach Club casino in Palm Beach, Florida was built. It went on for 48years although it was an illegal establishment. But Miami became important only
when Al Capone moved in. By 1930s, Miami Beach had first class casinos
backed by top entertainers. Race tracks, dog tracks and jai alai were popular. By
1950s, mobsters had turned gambling into legitimate businesses. The Beach
Club was the first to welcome wealthy society women to gamble. They proved to
be extravagant gamblers.
Nevada banned gambling in 1910 but legalized it in 1931 after the Great
Depression. In the beginning the same gambling houses were known as saw
dust joints.. Towards the end of World War 2, Las Vegas began to flourish.
Workers building the nearby Hoover Dam had little else to do but entertain
themselves in the gambling casinos in Las Vegas. The glitzy Vegas we know
today was started by mobsters with Bugsy Siegal leading the way with the
Flamingo. As more and more mobsters and their families settled in Vegas, the
mobsters themselves installed their own brand of law and order to ensure their
investments were not jeopardized.
Vegas today is different from its past. It has become clean through Nevadas
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
21/85
tough gaming laws and enforcement. Free drinks, top entertainers, great hotel
accommodation, cheap food, free gambling chips draw customers from all over
the world. Even families with children are able to have fun in casinos like the
Excaliber, MGM Grand, Circus Circus and Treasure Island.
In 1976, New Jersey allowed casinos to open in Atlantic City. The gaming taxes
were meant to be used to reduce the normal taxes for the people and to look
after the elderly and disabled. Although more people visit Atlantic City than
Vegas, it makes less money out of gambling. Its customers are mostly day
trippers with the sole purpose of gambling, not entertainment. The noble
intentions of putting gambling money to good use by the legislators have notbeen fully realized.
Other States continued to exercise a tight control over gaming establishments.
By 1993, however, charitable gambling was endorsed by 43 states. Bingo games
even found their way into Indian Reservations. In 1964, New Hampshire became
the first to legalize lottery. By 1998, 38 states had followed suit. New Jersey was
the first to legalize numbers. (betting on 3 digits between 000-999). Off-track
betting operated illegally until it was legalized by New York in 1970 and soon
after, 32 other states followed.
The gaming business has shown tremendous growth in the US. Only Utah and
Hawaii prohibit any form of gaming. Riverboat gambling is on the uptrend again.
Casinos now operate in many Indian Reservations.
Despite the growth of gaming and the growing legitimization of gaming, the
under-currents of anti gambling sentiments continue to exist.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
22/85
Illustration
Activity
4. It would seem that gaming activities continued to grow in spite of the fact that
they were illegal. Would it not have been easier for governments to legitimize
gambling from the start? Why would criminal elements be attracted to gambling?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
23/85
UNIT 1 (1.4) The unsavory elements in the gaming industry
Somehow gambling has always attracted the cheaters from the earliest of times.
Artistotle, the famous Greek philosopher, wrote on how to cheat at dice. Emperor
Caligula, in ancient Rome, having lost the entire treasury through gambling ,
promptly accused two noblemen of treachery, confiscated their wealth and
continued with his gambling. As earlier discussed, Henry IV of France hired
professionals to cheat on his behalf. Cheaters, who were called "sharpers",
already identified their victims the moment they set foot on the Mississippi
riverboats. The cheaters used marked cards or kept cards up their sleeves.
Fraudulent lotteries were widespread.
Often the politicians and law enforcement agencies were bribed to look the other
way. We have seen how lawlessness in New Orleans is best epitomized by the
Clan of the Mystic Confederacy. Set up in 1832 it was made up of 100 criminals
in its Grand Council and 1500 outlaws as its members. The Beach Club in Miami
was able to operate for 48 years even though it was an illegal establishment.
The gaming industry was and still is highly profitable. It early growth went hand in
hand with famous mobsters like Al Capone, Frank Costello and others. Las
Vegas was started by a mobster called "Bugsy" Siegal who built the Flamingo.
John Morrissey who built the Saratoga Club was the undisputed king of gambling
in New York for 20 years. Mike McDonald controlled Chicago gaming and as
previously indicated, even staged occasional police raids on his own
establishments to pacify the public. Governments were powerless to stop the
underworld from taking control of the gaming facilities all over the US.
Over time the gaming business became more legitimate. Governments set up
regulatory bodies to ensure the customer was no longer fleeced and the criminal
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
24/85
elements were kept out. Because of its long historical association with unsavory
elements and the underworld, the casino industry today remains one of the most
regulated industry in the world.
Illustration
Activity
5. Now that you have a better understanding of how gaming evolved in the USA,
would you say that it brought more good than harm to the country?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
25/85
Gaming in the US, served a useful purpose in the days when government taxes
were either not fully implemented or were non-existent. Gaming could provide a
quick and significant source of funding for government activities. As gambling
grew, it attracted the unsavory elements. The industry was highly lucrative and
relatively easy to organize. Gambling became dishonest. This in turn generated
anti-gaming sentiments leading to governments clamping down on the industry.
Unfortunately like Prohibition, it merely benefited organized crime. By banning
gaming houses and lotteries, organized crime became richer and more powerful.
After the Great Depression, the fortunes for gambling turned once again and
governments were more keen to have a share of the lucrative proceeds. With
legitimization came greater regulatory control.
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
26/85
UNIT 1 (1.5) Rise of gaming in Indian Reservations
In the early days Native American Indians were placed in reservations and in the1830s, the government allowed them to self-regulate their reservations. Poor
education and high alcohol consumption within the reservations lead to high
suicide rates and unemployment and poverty. With the passing of the Indian
Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988, some Indian reservations were quick to seize
the opportunities offered through the establishment of gaming operations within
Indian reservations. In 1998 tribal gambling takings had reached $288 million. By
2003 this figure climbed to $16 billion. Tribal casinos employ some 400,000
people with most jobs going to the non-Native Americans.
There were early funding issues but some foreign investments bridged the gap.
Foxwoods Resort casino, in Pequot reservation, is one of the biggest casino in
the world, This was made possible through foreign funds from Malaysia.
Illustration
Activity
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
27/85
UNIT REVIEW
The evolution of gaming shows that despite all the measures taken to make
gambling illegal, public acceptance of gambling continued. Although there is a
growing legitimization of gaming, and wider public acceptance, the under-current
of anti-gambling sentiments continue to exist.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
28/85
UNIT 2 Gaming Regulations
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
29/85
UNIT OBJECTIVES
I. Analyze the development of casino regulatory bodies in Nevada and New
Jersey
II. Appreciate the regulations that would normally be imposed on the casino
industry
III. Discuss the types of gaming and casino licenses given out in Nevada and
New Jersey to regulate and control the players in the industry
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
30/85
UNIT 2 (2.0) Why is there a need to regulate the gaming industry so
closely?
As we have seen from the previous lesson, the evolution of gaming in the US
was closely associated with cheats, mobsters, corrupt politicians, corrupt law
enforcers, murderers, thieves, prostitutes and other unsavory characters.
Most gaming houses were dishonest.
Dishonest lotteries presented quick and easy ways to make lots of money.
On the other hand, gaming also provided an opportunity for governments to raise
funds which could be channeled into other worthwhile causes.
The bottom line was that gaming was alright so long as there was a way to keep
out all the bad elements.
Although Nevada legalized gambling in 1931, a Senate Committee finding
revealed that as late as the 1950s casino owners still had links to organized
crime. Therefore the gaming industry must be highly regulated and properly
policed so that governments can enjoy the good without suffering the bad.
Illustration
Activity
Las Vegas, for example, started off with money from mobsters and for a while,
the mobsters even imposed its own brand of law and order in the City to keep the
peace. All this has changed. Today the casino businesses have all been
legitimized through tight regulations and Las Vegas has become a fine example
of clean gambling where even families with small children can come to for their
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
31/85
vacation.
Casinos today have transformed themselves into integrated resorts.
Illustration
Read Appendix 8.2. Straits Times 21st Oct 2009 Universal Allure Understand
how casinos are transforming themselves into Integrated Resorts through
amusement parks and theme playgrounds.
Read Appendix 8.3 Straits Times, 24 Oct 2009. IR to get top chefs. Understand
how Marina Bay Sands is getting top chefs from around the world.
Activity
6. What are the possible features or facilities that can be added to a casino to
transform them into integrated resorts?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
32/85
UNIT 2 (2.1) The Nevada Model
The Nevada gaming regulations have often been copied by other governments
because they were the pioneering state in the US to legalize gambling in 1931 on
a large scale. It has over time evolved a set of regulations through trial and error
and through painful experiences. Hence other governments could make use of
Nevada's experience to draw up their own regulatory framework.
The Nevada authorities had three main considerations when they drafted the
casino regulations:
1. they wanted to make sure that the money earned by the gaming houses wereproperly taxed
2. they wanted to be sure that all the games conducted were above board and
customers were not being cheated.
3. they wanted to ensure that the criminal elements that are normally associated
with the gaming industry were kept out of the industry
Illustration
Activity
The Nevada form of regulatory control is based on a three tier set up to create
checks and balances between regulatory bodies:
1. The Nevada Gaming Control Board - This is the enforcement agency for
licensing and operation of all gaming places. It has three members appointed by
the Governor and is backed by more than 300 professional employees operating
in 7 divisions within the Gaming Board
2. The Gaming Commission - it serves to say yes or no to the recommendations
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
33/85
of the Gaming Board. It is the final authority on licensing matters. It can approve,
revoke, restrict, deny, condition or suspend gaming licenses. It consists of 5 part
time members appointed by the Governor, supported by a full time Executive
Secretary. It has to meet at least once a month.
3. The Gaming Policy Committee - it serves as an advisory body to both the
Commission and the Board. It is chaired by the state Governor himself, assisted
by 8 members from the legislative bodies, the gaming industry, the regulatory
agencies and the public. Its recommendations however are not binding on the
Gaming Control Board or the Gaming Commission
The 7 divisions in the Gaming Control Board consist of:
1. Administration: responsible for issuing and amending licenses for casinogames and slot machines, updating files.
2. Audit: Its largest division. It audits the accounting records of industry players,
ensures compliance, review internal controls, make surprise checks on cash
counting procedures. All audit employees are required to be accountants.
3. Special investigation & Intelligence: investigates post-licensing and non routine
gambling problems and gathering industry intelligence
4. Investigations: responsible for checking background of all applicants. Also
checks on casino operational methods. Extensive field work requires agents to
travel frequently
5. Electronic services: monitors all electronic devices in the industry. Checks all
newly designed machines, develop standards for electronic gaming devices, spot
checks on slot machines and develop methods to uncover machines that are not
functioning properly.
6. Tax and License Economic Research: collects, controls and does the
accounting for tax and license fees. Conducts research and development studies
and provides information to the industry players.
7. Enforcement: Its offices are opened 24/7. Responsible for enforcing the
Gaming Control Act., and checks playing cards., performs undercover roles and
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
34/85
arrest of cheaters. Oversees a hearing examiner for complaints
Illustration
Activity
7. Do you think the Nevada model can be effective elsewhere? What if the
government itself is inherently corrupt in the first place?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
35/85
UNIT 2 (2.2) Types of licenses used in Nevada
1.Gaming Licenses.
There are 3 types:
A. Restricted Licenses. This is for operations with 15 or fewer machines and no
other gaming. The License is issued annually and has to be renewed quarterly.
B. Nonrestricted Licenses: This is for those with 16 or more slot machines or one
or more slot machines operated together with table games. This license is issued
annually and has to be renewed quarterly.
C. Nonrestricted slot machine licenses. This is for large scale slot operators. Thelicense is issued and renewed annually.
2. Manufacturers licenses.
This is issued to manufacturers of gaming machines, devices, equipment and
related material. It is issued and renewed annually.
3. Distributors licenses.
This is issued to distributors of gaming devices, equipment and other related
material. The license is issued and renewed annually.
Illustration
Activity
Licensing of individuals
1. Individual license:
Granted to casino owners who derive profits from operations
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
36/85
2. Partnership license:
Given to both general and limited partners. Passive partners are not given a
license. Corporate partners must also be approved for a gaming license
3. Corporation license:
Owners and shareholders of publicly traded gambling corporations must be
registered. The Gaming Control Board and the Gaming Commission will decide if
any individual needs to be formally licensed. All officers, directors and
shareholders of closely held corporations however must be licensed
4. Employees to be licensed
All individuals wanting to work in the gaming industry must be approved by the
Nevada Gaming Commission. Fingerprints and personal history will have to besubmitted to the local police or sheriff department. Granting of licenses to work in
the industry is considered a privilege. Key employees with licenses are not
permitted to gamble within their sponsored casino. Generally key employees are
considered as anyone who is a Supervisor and above or anyone who has
influence over decision making in any part of the casino operations or listed in
the annual employee report. Even labor organizations and labour leaders require
licensing
Apart from these regulatory licenses there are also rules regarding the minimum
number of hotel rooms that must be built in conjunction with a casino .e.g. In
Reno, the minimum is 300 rooms. Other regulations relate to casino layout and
public space usage, credit procedures, gaming rules, accounting records,
etc
Illustration
Activity
8. What other industry can you think of that has to subject itself to onerous rules
and regulations?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
37/85
UNIT 2 (2.3) The New Jersey Model
The regulations are stricter than Nevada. They also have a larger enforcement
team. Gambling was legalized in 1976 by referendum. The Casino Control Act
led to the setting up of New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the Division
of Gaming Enforcement. It is very difficult to get a casino license in New Jersey.
Gambling is only permitted in Control Commission approved hotels. The
minimum hotel accommodation to be provided as part of a casino is 500 rooms.
There must also be minimum meeting and exhibition space and dining facilities,
live entertainment and indoor sports. Credit practices and collection of winningsare all tightly controlled
Illustration
Activity
Controlling bodies
1. Division of Gaming Enforcement
Operating under the Attorney General, it does background checks on all
applicants, makes nonbinding recommendations to the Casino Control
Commission, and enforces the criminal provisions in line with the Casino Control
Act. Their activities must be approved by the CCC. (Casino Control Commission)
There are 4 main departments - Investigation, Intelligence & Research, Legaland Administration.
2. Casino Control Commission
The CCC is an independent unit of the New Jersey Department of Treasury
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
38/85
Its role is to ensure the vitality and integrity of the gambling industry. It also aims
to re-vitalize the economy of Atlantic City. It undertakes regular reviews of the
financial performance and internal control of all casinos. It licenses all individuals
and companies and collects licensing fees and taxes. It holds administrative
hearings and has subpoena powers. There are 5 full time members, appointed
by Governor. No more than three members can be from the same political party.
No member must have any active involvement in the industry. The members
serve overlapping 5 year terms. Commissioners can be removed with cause.
There are 4 divisions: Financial Evaluation and Control, Legal, Administration,
Licensing.
The Investigations department within the Division of Gaming Enforcement has 4sub-units:
1. Enforcement unit cheating and complaints, proper operations by casinos
2. Compliance unit supervision and security of each and every casino
3. Individual background unit background checks on individuals
4. Gaming School unit- background investigations into conduct of business
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
39/85
UNIT 2 (2.4) Types of employment licenses used in New Jersey
A. Casino service employee non-gaming license: This is required for those
working in casino-hotels, and includes the room division, F&B, and Front Office
personnel. A one time registration fee is required. There is no need for renewals.
A thorough background check will be conducted for all applicants..
B. 2-1 casino gaming license. This is for those working directly on the casino
floor e.g. dealers, security and finance personnel. It carries a validity of 3 years
and is renewable upon payment of a fee. Again personal disclosure is required of
the applicant together with checks on his/her personal background.C. Key License These are usually for managers and are renewed every 3
years. They are also subject to thorough checks before the license can be given.
D. Junket License: This is granted to junket operators only after a
comprehensive investigation by the CCC. The license has to be renewed every
two years
Illustration
Activity
9. Do you see any similarities or differences between the way gaming is
controlled in Nevada and in New Jersey?
Content
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
40/85
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
41/85
UNIT REVIEW
Given the dishonest elements associated with the growth of gaming in the US, ithas become necessary for governments to impose strict regulations to control
gaming activities. As the pioneer states to legalize gaming, both the Nevada and
New Jersey experiences allow us the opportunity to learn from their regulatory
frameworks and experiences.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
42/85
UNIT 3 The Economic Impact of Casinos
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
43/85
UNIT OBJECTIVESI. To understand the benefits generated by the casino industry to governments
and its people
II. To appreciate that there is also a downside to the industry
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
44/85
UNIT 3 (3.0) Rapid Growth in Casino revenues
In 1997, the estimated revenues from the casino industry in America was about$51 billion. This was only $9 billion in 1961.
This growth was due to several factors:
-the rise of more casinos, such as riverboat casinos, Native American reservation
casinos, slot machines at horse racing venues, and mega casinos in the
traditional casino destinations of Nevada and New Jersey.
-the increase in disposable income within the population and greater number of
participants
Research by casino operators showed that the people who frequent casinos
were usually more wealthy and more educated than the population's average
figures.
There were more males than females.
Illustration
Activity
10. What do you think are the other industries that can benefit from the growth of
the casino industry? Name 5.
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
45/85
UNIT 3 (3.1) The re-vitalization of cities
Casinos provide an easy way out for governments struggling to find an answer to
re-vitalize a city.
It generates a huge amount of gambling tax, creates many jobs and attracts the
construction of related attractions and infrastructure, leading to increased
spending by "outsiders"
Before casinos were introduced in Atlantic City, the local government was faced
with the problem of an economically depressed city. Today, Atlantic City's
casinos provide for Atlantic County's total budget.
The same economic reasons were used to grow the casino industry in South
Dakota, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana and Mississippi.
Casinos generally pay gaming taxes ranging from 6.5% in Nevada to 20% in
Illinois and Indiana.
New Jersey collects about $400 million in gaming taxes alone each year.
There is also a sales tax of about 3-6 % generally but Atlantic City collects 12%
in sales tax.Casinos pay a higher property tax than other industries and in Atlantic County
almost a third of all property taxes collected come from twelve casinos.
Illustration
Activity
11. Millions of dollars in tax revenues are lost each year to illegal gambling.
Governments often use this "excuse" to encourage the growth of casinos. Do you
feel that this is an acceptable reason?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
46/85
Content
Illustration
Activity
12. Would you describe the casino industry as "robbing" from the rich to feed the
"poor"? Does the end justify the means?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
47/85
UNIT 3 (3.2) Job creation in the industry
The casino industry is labour intensive. It is estimated that for every milliondollars in casino revenues generated, 13 new jobs are created.
Apart from direct employment by the casinos, thousands of other jobs are
created in supporting industries, like hotels, food outlets, entertainment facilities,
construction, transportation, housing, etc
Because casinos are highly profitable businesses in a stable economy, average
wages paid to those people working in the industry was found to be higher that
the national average in the US in similar industries.
For example the average wage for a casino employee in 1995 was about
$26,000 a year versus $16,000 - $20,000 for those in the hotel, service and
motion picture industries
A large proportion of the jobs in a casino are white collar jobs and it employs
great numbers of managers, professionals and technicians.
Illustration
Activity
13. Is there a potential problem if a city becomes over-dependent on a single
industry
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
48/85
UNIT 3 (3.3) Chasing after the Tourist Dollar
The casino industry is really a part of the tourist industry. It is often sold as atourist attraction. In Las Vegas, many casinos like Circus Circus cater to the
whole family.
When the Singapore government decided to go into the casino industry, after
many years of refusing to do so, it was for the purpose of re-making Singapore
into a more attractive tourist destination as it does not have many natural
attractions to offer the tourist.
Las Vegas and Atlantic City are able to attract more than 30 million visitors each
annually
Infrastructure development is a key component of tourism growth. For casinos to
be successful, it must attract large numbers of "outsiders". Accessibility by land,
air and sea becomes crucial. There must also be adequate hotel
accommodation, a comprehensive transport system as well as a wide range of
food choice.
Transient gamblers and the influx of casino workers create a more attractive
cosmopolitan atmosphere which adds to the re-vitalization of cities..
Illustration
Refer Appendix 4. Straits Times 22nd Sept 2009 Boost for gaming as China
eases limits on citizens visiting Macau. Understand the importance of foreign
based gamblers to a casino
Activity
14. What do you think are the key factors in the casino industry that encourages
the growth of tourism?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
49/85
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
50/85
UNIT 3 (3.4) Recognizing the liabilities and costs
There are various downsides to the casino industry.Apart from the fact that casinos will place a higher demand on the city's
resources (e.g. water, electricity,) and infrastructure, there are also issues related
to law enforcement and the rise of gambling as an addiction amongst the local
population.
In a study conducted in several states in the US, it was found that gambling
addiction jumped 3 fold with the introduction of casinos.
The invisible social costs associated with gambling would include suicide,
bankruptcy, loss of jobs, and domestic violence.
Illustration
Refer Appendix 5 Straits Times 31stOct 2009. Casino for Kinmen? Varsity may
be winning bet. Understand how some cities have rejected casinos.
Activity
15. Do you think the benefits of having a casino far outweighs the "social costs"
associated with the industry?
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
51/85
UNIT REVIEW
The casino industry continues to be an attractive and tempting proposition formany governments because it generates significant taxes, creates many jobs,
supports many other associated industries, draws many visitors and adds a new
vitality and cosmopolitan look to a city. However, there are social costs to be paid
before such benefits can be achieved.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
52/85
UNIT 4 The sociological impact of casino gambling
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
53/85
UNIT OBJECTIVES
I. Understand how casinos can generate social problems
II. Recognize the existence of problem gamblingIII. Appreciating the social costs associated with gambling
IV. Understand the need for a balanced approach to gambling
UNIT 4 (4.0) The arguments for and against casinos
In our previous lesson, we have seen how casinos can play a useful part in re-
vitalizing a city, generating income that can be channeled to other worthwhile
causes, attracting more tourists and creating more jobs.The IR in Sentosa for example is likely to generate some 8000 new jobs for
Singapore and a similar number in Marina Bays Sand in 2010..
Against this positive note, we need to also recognize that there are several
negative aspects to the casino industry, especially in terms of social costs to the
state and its people.
The debate over whether a casino is good or bad for the country usually revolves
around the issue of the economic benefits versus the sociological costs.
Illustration
Activity
Content
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
54/85
UNIT 4 (4.1) Is gambling just entertainment?
In earlier lessons on the evolution of gambling we have recognized that gamblinghas been a social activity through most of mankind's existence. There is always
this fascination regarding getting easy money with minimum effort - a something
for nothing attitude. Can we view gambling as just another form of
entertainment? Should we treat it no differently from a person who watches
movies as a form of entertainment? The problem with gambling lies in one's
obsession to win. It can become so addictive that a person may cheat just to win
or steal just to fund his/her gambling habit. This obsessive behavior often leads
a person to commit further criminal acts which causes considerable hurt and pain
to those close to them.
The environment within casinos can also be addictive. The drinking, the music
and the women can create the perfect environment to push one into becoming a
casino addict.
Illustration
See Appendix 10. Straits Times Report 29th Aug 2009 "As temptations to gambling
grow, many are turning to counseling centers to stay clean"
Activity
16. Do you consider gambling as a form of bad habit like smoking or do you think
gambling is more in line with substance and alcohol abuse?
Content
Illustration
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
55/85
UNIT 4 (4.2) Why do people gamble?
People gamble for a variety of reasons: Pure greed, rubbing shoulders with therich, showing off to a girlfriend, wanting to kill boredom, masochism, as an
intellectual exercise, desire to be able to overcome the odds, the sheer
excitement of winning, achieving unfulfilled goals
Some psychologists even see gambling as related to sexual problems.
There can be as many as 10 million compulsive gamblers in the US that require
help. In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association officially recognized that
addictive gambling was a form of mental disorder and had to be addressed like
any other mental disorders.
There are different types of gamblers. - The problem gamblers, the pathological
gamblers, the social gamblers, the professional gamblers and the compulsive
gamblers.
Depending on their levels of addiction, gamblers can attempt suicide, resort to
cheating and stealing and borrowing, be totally uncontrollable, and develop
chronic mental disorders.
Casinos are also wary of the compulsive gamblers who chalk up huge amountsof credits and later declare bankruptcy.
Illustration
Refer Appendix 6. Straits Times 23rdSept 2009. I cannot let him go to casinos
Understand how gambling addicting can impact family quality
Activity
17. If money were a secondary issue, would you still be turned on by gambling?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
56/85
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
57/85
UNIT 4 (4.3) Some social problems with casinos
Some of the problems associated with the introduction of casinos are:
1. Increase in crime rate. When Deadwood, South Dakota, legalized gambling in
1990, arrests increased 250 %, reports of child abuse and neglect also
increased. Many families moved out. While New Jersey's Atlantic City attracted
33 million visitors annually, its local population shrank by 20%. The police dept
had to treble its budget and its crime rate is still the highest in the state.
2. Increase in under aged gamblers. Even though the casinos in Nevada and
Atlantic City set the age limit at 21 years for entry into the casinos, those below21 still manage to sneak in. The under aged gamblers often sell drugs, steal
money and commit crimes to fund their compulsion for gambling. In Atlantic City
alone in 1992, some 200,000 under aged youths were caught gambling in the
casinos. The wide use of video games in the casinos are likely to further
encourage the growth of pathological under aged gamblers
3. Increase in street crimes, prostitution, embezzlement, drugs and alcohol
abuse. and loan sharking.
4. Increase in bankruptcies and gambling debts and homelessness
5. Working under stressful shift conditions many casino employees take to drugs
and alcohol abuse and even become addicted to gambling themselves
Illustration
See Appendix 9 Straits Times report on 18th August 2009 "Most problem
gamblers get hooked at early age". Understand issues relating to under aged
gamblers.
Activity
18. Do you know of any pathological gambler? What is your experience? What
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
58/85
would you do if a close family member became a gambling addict? Refer
Appendix 8. Straits Times 22nd Sept 2009. SMU group to educate young on
pitfalls of gambling. Understand the importance of peer pressure..
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
59/85
UNIT 4 (4.4) The social cost of addictive gambling
One pathological gambler can affect 10 to 17 other persons. The social costs of
casino gambling would include:
1. cost of rehabilitating the addict
2. cost of resolving the gambling debts
3. cost to insurance companies
4. cost of reduced work productivity
5. cost of bankruptcies 6. losses through white collar crimes
7. cost of family problems
8. cost of abusive behaviour
9. cost of increased police budgets
What has been put on the spotlight in recent years is the way casinos advertise
to attract more customers. Some of the advertisements are focused on retirees
and young people.
Illustration
Refer Appendix7 Straits Times 25thSept 2009 15% of gambling addicts tried to
kill themselves. Understand how gambling addiction is a serious medical
condition.
Activity
19. Do you think we should control advertisements by casinos the same way we
control advertisements for cigarettes?
Content
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
60/85
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
61/85
UNIT REVIEW
The advocates of casinos often use the economic advantage approach. Thoseagainst casinos would use the sociological costs approach. Whatever the
viewpoints, it is clear that various preventive policies and a strong regulatory
framework has to be in place before a state/country embraces the casino
industry
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
62/85
UNIT 5 Modern casino and gaming operations
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
63/85
UNIT OBJECTIVES
I. Understand the strong growth of casinos
II. Appreciate some of the regulatory and control procedures within the casinoindustry
III. Understand how casinos market to customers
IV. Learning from the Niagara Frontier experience
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
64/85
UNIT 5 (5.0) Operating a modern day casino-hotel
In the past, casino were more focused on the profits made from gamingoperations. With the modernization of the industry, today's casino is more likely
to have multiple revenue streams like hotel rooms, F&B, entertainment, and
others. The areas outside of pure gambling are considered as profit centers
whereas in the past, they were seen as loss leaders to generate a greater
volume of customers for the casino.
The gaming industry in the US has been growing at over 7% a year, with casinos
growing at an even faster rate of 13% within the gaming industry. There are
several reasons for this:
1. More states in the US need to generate funds for development without having
to increase taxes
2. Casinos are becoming more acceptable to the public with globalization and
greater exposure through travel
3. The view that "if the neighbors can benefit from casinos, why can't we?" is
becoming more prevalent
To illustrate how lucrative a casino industry can be we only have to look at LasVegas. In 1998, Las Vegas had over 30 million visitors, spending about $25
billion. Hotel occupancy averaged 87%, the gaming industry employed some
175,000 people directly, and close to 4000 conventions were held,
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
65/85
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
66/85
UNIT 5 (5.1) Financial concerns and control
Customers in a casino either purchase chips to gamble with or they use cash.When a customer wins, he/she is usually paid with chips which he/she can
change for cash.
Some of the common jargons used in the industry are:
1. Drop. This is the money/chips that is collected from the customer. Casinos are
able to tell the amount of money collected from each table for each shift. It can
be a reflection of the dealer's skill.
2. Win. As each table is given an amount of money/chips to start with, any
excess in the drop over the bank represents the win
3. Hold. This is given in percentage terms and represents the win over the drop
(like gross margin)
For a casino the drop is more important than the win. If the drop continues to
increase, over the long run, the casino will make good money. Over the short
term, wins may be erratic. Different games will produce different odds; hence it
may be possible for the casino to actually lose on certain nights or for certain
tables but so long as the drop increases day by day, the casino will recover all itslosses over the long run and go on to make substantial gains.
For example, Frank Sinatra performed at Caesar's Palace in 1968 and was
responsible for attracting huge crowds to the casino. Over the first three days the
casino actually lost $1million but the drops continued to be strong and as Sinatra
performed for four weeks, the casino went on to recover their losses and made
more money
Illustration
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
67/85
Activity
All casino monies are eventually channeled to the cage. The cage represents the
financial hub of the casino and controls money as tightly as a bank. Like the
bank, they also make credit decisions and keep proper financial records of all
transactions. Cage personnel do not report to casino operations. They report to
the finance department and the Cage Manager reports directly to the Controller.
At the lower level, the cage assistant exchanges chips, issues credit, provides
safe deposit, approves "walking money", has custody of special keys, checks
and conducts routine audits.
Illustration
Activity
20. Have you been in a casino before or have you seen a movie that showed the
activities and ambience in a casino? If so, what was your impression?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
68/85
UNIT 5 (5.2) Regulatory standards
Regulations within the casino industry are usually strict and tight. There areregulations covering many areas such as:
1. quality - the facility has to be of a certain standard
2. public space requirements - it has to follow local zoning requirements
3. layout of facilities - the areas allocated to various games are very specific eg
for every "x" thousand sq feet, the casino is allowed to put "y" black jack tables,
"z" slot machines, etc
4. accounting records - this has to follow explicitly the guidelines laid down by the
Gaming Commission
5. Table and Slot drop counts - again the regulations laid down are very specific
especially the activities in the count rooms
6. Credit procedures - proper bank checks are needed, credit can only be
authorized by certain accounting personnel.
7. Game rules - the rules governing every game must be consistent and follow
the guidelines given by the commission and be available for all to see.
8. Employee Licensing - Minimum standards are set and personal historychecked thoroughly. There cannot be any criminal record or bad credit history
and field investigations can also be carried out.
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
69/85
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
70/85
UNIT 5 (5.3) Marketing to casino customers
There are two kinds of customers:
1. the grind customer - these are usually the small players. They may change
$20 into $1 chips and slowly gamble them away
2. the premium customer who places huge bets and are often referred to as the
"high rollers"
With grind players the hold rate is pretty stable and does not vary very much. But
high rollers can cause large swings in the hold rates because of the huge bets
and the differences of the odds in the gameThe casino has to rely on repeat customers. The computer databases developed
for the casino industry can tell who the big players are, how much they spend
each time, what games they play and even for how long they would normally stay
with a game.
Certain groups like the independent business people have a tendency to take
higher risks and consistently lose a great deal of money.
Operators use all kinds of incentives to reach out to the regulars. Free air travel,
accommodations, etc can be offered. Read Appendix 13 to understand more
about the kinds of incentives that can be extended to high rollers.
The mid-range frequent gambler is much sought after. They can be attracted with
booze, parties and other incentives. The high end gamblers have a tendency to
switch casinos often.
"Walking money" is sometimes given out by cage personnel to high rollers who
have lost all their money in the casino and the "walking money" takes care of
their needs for the rest of their stay, excluding gambling money, of course.
Casinos are becoming increasingly dependent on credit customers. 40% of
gambling money in Las Vegas is based on credit. In Asian markets this figure
can be as high as 90%. Every year casinos need to write off a substantial
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
71/85
amount of bad debts.
IllustrationRefer Appendix 11 Straits Times 15 th )ct 2009 Whereabouts of gambler stumps
all. Understand the risks associated with casinos granting credit to customers.
Activity
21. Given that casinos have to write off large amounts in bad debts each year,
why do you think they would want to continue with the credit system?
Content
Illustration
Activity
22. Are you a grind customer or a potential high roller? What benefits would you
expect from a casino if you were a high roller?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
72/85
UNIT 5 (5.4) How gaming helped save the Niagara Frontier
Although the Niagara Falls is one of the wonders of the world and attracts many
visitors each year, the area suffers from seasonality. The Niagara Frontier suffers
from a lack of tourist arrivals in the winter and spring months. Plant closings and
lay offs had also turned this once economically booming area into a place of high
unemployment and many welfare receivers. Initial studies found that the area
would be able to benefit substantially from a gaming casino. It was estimated that
some $545 million would be spent on gaming, yielding almost 29,000 jobs.
Opened in 1996, the Niagara Falls casino complex in Ontario is one of the mostsuccessful in the world. It has lived up to its expectations in job creation, revenue
generation, tourism development, and community development.
Illustration
Activity
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
73/85
UNIT REVIEW
Casinos today have come a long way from the mobster controlled image to one
that is legitimate and family friendly. Governments are aware of the methods they
need to employ to keep the casinos well regulated and to put in place facilities to
cushion the sociological downside of gambling. This twin approach is necessary
to derive maximum benefit from the casino industry and minimum cost to the
people.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
74/85
UNIT 6 The future of the casino industry
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
75/85
UNIT OBJECTIVES
I. Understand how the industry is likely to change in the future
II. Appreciate the need for change in human resource policies within casinosIII. Understand the impact of technological changes
IV. Appreciate how globalization has affected cultural attitudes toward casinos
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
76/85
UNIT 6 (6.0) How the industry is likely to be perceived in the future
We can be certain that there will be more and more casinos worldwide in thefuture as well as an increase in the types of gaming devices.
It is estimated that in the US more than 95 million people visited casinos in 1998
alone. There are more people going to casinos than there are watching
Broadway plays, musical events, or concerts.
In the future casino patrons are expected to be younger and better educated.
Conditioned by modern day influences and the desire to make a fast buck, the
new generation will take to casinos because of their desire for immediate
gratification. Better accessibility and more casinos will lead to more players in the
industry.
Cheaper transportation and a growing desire to travel, especially amongst the
younger generation, will generate more support for the casinos from customers
overseas. As the world moves toward becoming a global village , peoples
perception of the casino is likely to change and with all the attractions of an
integrated resort, the casino will become more and more a place of entertainment
rather than pure gambling.Previously, in America, there was only Nevada and Atlantic CIty. Now it is
possible to find gaming facilities scattered all over the US, including those on
cruise vessels, in the Riverboats and in Native American reservations.
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
77/85
The social cost of gambling will continue to be a concern in the future. Minorities,
low-income and underage individuals will continue to need help from the
government and other volunteer groups. Countries that are considering legalizing
casinos must be constantly aware of the need to ensure that criminal elements
do not infiltrate the industry. Once a community feels that a casino is poorly
regulated or its integrity compromised, the casino be unlikely to succeed.
There is constant pressure from interested parties in Nevada and Atlantic City to
loosen the controls and the government must be strong enough to withstand
such pressure groups.
Social concerns must be tackled proactively and treatment centers and
preventive measures legislated.
Illustration
See Appendix 14 Straits Times 16th Sept 2009 on "Changes Made to Casino
Control Act". Understand the concerns of the Singapore government in regulating
the casino industry.
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
78/85
UNIT 6 (6.1) How human resource in the casino industry is likely to change
Presently the casino industry is faced with the following manpower problems:
1. growing incidence of sexual harassment
2. high turnover rate
3. greater addiction to drugs , alcohol and gambling addiction
4. employee shortage
5. insufficient numbers of better qualified personnel at various levels
In the 1980s there were few tertiary institutes that offered casino operations as a
course. Today in the US there are more than 50 courses being taught. It is now
possible to obtain a graduate degree in casino management. Casinos have also
gone out of their ways to participate in job fairs to attract better quality people into
the industry. The introduction of new games makes in-house training an on-going
activity.
Illustration
Activity
23. Do you feel that working in a casino is special and very different from other
jobs in the hospitality and tourism industries?
Content
Illustration
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
79/85
UNIT 6 (6.2) The impact of technological changes
Technology is expected to change the way companies work in the future.
Likewise in the casino industry, the technological impact will also be felt in
several areas:
1. the innovative virtual-reality games. The younger generation have become
accustomed to playing virtual reality games over the computer. The casino has
been quick to adapt the same technology so that the younger customers can
continue to play these games, albeit in a gambling fashion, within the casino.
These are becoming addictive to the young.2. the greater use of touch screens in many new games. More games can now
be played on a single machine. It is left to the discretion of customers to decide
which they would consider their lucky games for the day. They have the option to
switch back and forth between several games to try to find the lucky streak.
3. Internet gaming. They can pose a threat to casinos but can also be harnessed
to the casinos advantage. Although illegal in the USA, governments are virtually
powerless to prevent the growth of internet gambling. Even if the computer used
for gaming can be traced, it would be very difficult to prove who the player was.
Internet gambling is expected to generate over $18billion by 2010 in the US
supported by close to 2000 gambling sites.
4. use of credit cards to activate games. This would probably encourage more
people to try their luck in the casino. It also effectively passes the credit risk to
the credit card company instead of the casino.
5. Computers are changing the way casinos are able to track down the high
rollers, understand their gambling profiles and allow the marketers to reach out to
them in a more effective way. It would be difficult to work out the level of
complimentaries for each high roller without the help of computerized data.
6. They have become an indispensable part of operating a casino-hotel.
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
80/85
Computers generate a great deal of data in a very short time, enabling managers
to make better decisions. Technology has also made it possible for all the various
activities and services in an Integrated Resort to be better co-ordinated with
increased work productivity.
Illustration
Activity
24. Do you feel that internet gambling will replace the casino one day?
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
81/85
UNIT 6 (6.3) Geographical Expansion
Once governments are comfortable with the idea that a strong regulatory
framework coupled with proactive social nets are all that is needed to control the
casino industry, then it is very likely to be supportive of casinos.
The Asian and Pacific rim countries are likely to see a proliferation of casinos in
the near future.
Mega casino operators in the US are also interested to move beyond the shores
of the USA. They can see the potential in Asia because of large populations and
growing wealth.
The casinos in Macau have become bigger than Las Vegas in revenue terms in a
few short years.
Non-gaming activities within the resort complex are also becoming important.
The Las Vegas experience shows that more and more, people are spending on
shows, food, and shopping instead of gaming. Theme concepts and family type
packages are catching on. Read Appendix 12 $66 for a day pass to Universal
Studios Straits Times 19th Nov 2009. to appreciate the contribution made by a
casinos non-gaming attraction. Given the number of visitors expected, therevenues can be quite significant.
As more and more Asian countries go into the casino industry to attract more
tourists and generate higher tax revenues, it will attract more casinos as no
country wants to be left out of such a seemingly lucrative business.
Illustration
Activity
25. If every country were to develop its own integrated casino resort, what will
happen? Will its popularity ironically lead to its own demise in the future?
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
82/85
Content
Illustration
Activity
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
83/85
UNIT 6 (6.4) Casinos are becoming bigger and more expensive
ContentAlthough boutique casinos do exist, the trend is toward building bigger and more
expensive casinos in new markets as casino operators try to outdo one another
in terms of grandeur and size. The two new casinos that will surface in Singapore
in 2010 will each cost about US$2-$3 billion. With such huge investments,
operators and owners are not likely to share any pessimistic outlook of the
industry in the future. The size of the investments have also made it necessary
for some owners to raise funds through the equity markets..
Within the more established Las Vegas strip, MGM Grand alone boasts of a
5000 room hotel. Others like Foxwoods can lay claim to having over 7,000 slot
machines, over 300 table games , 25 restaurants and employing over 11,000
workers.
Illustration
Activity
25. I. Nelson Rose in his article The rise and fall of the third wave believes that
the casino industry goes through 70 year cycles and by 2029, the casino industry
will come to an end. Do you share this view? If not, why?
Content
Illustration
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
84/85
UNIT 6 (6.5) The effect of globalization
It is likely as people and goods move more frequently from country to country in
an increasingly borderless world, perceptions of gaming as an undesirable
industry is likely to change, facilitated by the transformation of casinos into
wholesome Integrated Resorts. Countries are likely to want a slice of the action
when they see their neighbors reaping the positive benefits of the casino
industry. Massachusettes would probably like to see the money lost to the
casinos in nearby Connecticut flow back to the state. Many Asian countries are
contemplating whether to introduce the casino industry into their economies after
watching the successful launches of mega projects in Macau and the future
developments in Singapore . As governments achieve greater confidence in the
provision of safety nets for gambling addiction, they may feel that the casinos
ability to re-vitalize a city and to generate significant revenue streams, not only in
gaming but through its multiplier effect, would be sufficient to tip the scale in favor
of a casino.
Illustration
Activity
Content
Illustration
-
8/3/2019 Intro to Casinos - Matrerial
85/85
UNIT REVIEW
There will always be someone who will see the casino as an opportunity to make
a fast buck; a way out of their financial problems. But more and more casinos areleaning towards providing a form of wholesome entertainment for the entire
family through their non-gaming facilities and attractions.