The Rise of Islam

World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shiite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.Intro QuestionsNotesRead Chapter 6 Section 1 on pages 191-194GRA 6-1

Intro Questions True or False 1______ Before Islam, most Arabs were polytheistic 2._____ Muhammad believed that Jesus and Moses revealed truths about Allah 3._____ Sheikhs were selected by tribesmen4._____ According to Islam, Allah spoke to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel 5._____ Muhammad was a purely religious leader Intro Questions True or False 1. True Before Islam, most Arabs were polytheistic 2. True Muhammad believed that Jesus and Moses revealed truths about Allah 3. False Sheikhs were selected by tribesmen by a council of elders 4. True According to Islam, Allah spoke to Muhammad through the angle Gabriel 5. False Muhammad was a purely religious and political leader The Rise of IslamI. The ArabsA. Like the Hebrews and Assyrians the Arabs were a Semitic-speaking people that lived on the Arabian Peninsula, a desert land lacking in lakes rivers and nomads The Arabs were nomads who moved constantly to find food and water for themselves and their animals

B. Survival in this area of the world was difficult and the Arabs organized into tribes to help one another . Each tribe was ruled by a SHEIKH who was selected from one of the leading families or a council of elders

C. Early on the Arabs were polytheistic, believing in many gods. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham who is believed to have built a house of worship in Mecca (Makkah) called the Kaaba

C. The domestication of the camel in 1000 BC led to the expansion of the Arabs throughout the region. The Arabs developed trade by using caravans and developed towns along the Silk Road

II. The Life of MuhammadMuhammad was born in a merchant family in Makkah. He was orphaned early . He became a caravan manager and married his employer a rich widow , Khadija ,Although he was wealthy , successful , he became trouble by the growing gap in his society between Rich and Poor.

C. He went to mediate in the mountains. While there he believed the angel Gabriel revealed messages from God D. He came to believe that Allah ( God) had revealed himself to Moses and Jesus, but the final revelations where made to him

E. The Quran contains the revelations to Muhammad . The Quran contains the ethnical guidelines of Islam ( the faith ) to Muslims ( followers), 1. Islam means submission to the will of God 2. Muslims means those that submit

The city of Madinah ( Medina ) F. Muhammad set out to convince people that his revelations were true, but he had only 30 followers after 3 years . G. Fearing death, Muhammad and his followers went to the city of Madinah . This journey is called the Hijrah in 622 ( year 1 of the Muslim calendar)

The Tomb of Mohammad H. In 630, Muhammad returned to Makkah with ten thousand soldiers. The City surrendered and most converted to IslamI. Muhammad destroyed idols and declared the Kaaba , a sacred shrine of IslamJ. Muhammad died in 632

III. The Teachings of MuhammadLike Christianity and Judaism, Islam is monotheistic (believing in 1 god)Allah is the all powerful being that created the universe and everything in itIslam emphasizes salvation and offers the hope of an afterlife

On the Saudi Arabian Flag it is says there is no God, but God and Muhammad is his prophet

D. Muslims are instructed to follow the Five Pillars of IslamBelief That there is one God and Muhammad is his messengerPrayer Five times a dayCharity Giving to the poorFasting No food or drink during RamadanPilgrimage Make at least 1 trip to Mecca

E. Muslims developed a code known as SHARIAH1. A set of laws to regulate daily lifea. Familyb. Businessc. Government d. Moral Conduct2.Muslims may also not a. gamble b. eat pork c. drink alcohol d. Be dishonest 3.Shariah does not separate religious law from political law

World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shiite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.Intro QuestionsNotesCheck GRA 6-1 Quiz on Chapter 6-1 on pages 191-194Read Chapter 6 Section 2GRA 6-2

Intro Questions True or False ______ Muslims believe in many gods, the most powerful is Allah ______ Muslims believe that salvation ( going to Heaven ) is possible ______ One of the five Pillars of Islam is not eating Pork _____ SHARIAH is the leader of a Muslim Community _____ Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet Intro Questions True or False False Muslims believe in many gods, the most powerful is Allah only one God , Allah True Muslims believe that salvation ( going to Heaven ) is possible False One of the five Pillars of Islam is not eating Pork False SHARIAH is the leader of a Muslim Community is Islamic law True Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet, but not the Savior or the Christ I. Creation of an Arab Empire

A. Muhammads death left his followers with a problem of succession. He had no sons and his daughters could not led in male dominated society . Some of Muhammad's closest followers chose Abu Bakr, Muhammads father in law. He was named Caliph (successor too Muhammad)

B. Islam grew under Abu Bakr . To spread the movement Abu Bakr took part in Jihad ( struggle in the way of God) 1. by 650 Syria and the Persian empire were part of the Arab empire

C. The Arabs were fierce fighters led by brilliant Generals . Military courage was enhanced by the Belief that a warrior killed in battle was assured a place in paradise

D. The first two caliphs to rule after Abu Bakrs death were assassinated. In 656 Muhammads son in law , Ali, became caliph. He was assassinated after 5 years

E. Arab Administrators were tolerant in their conquered territories . No one was forced to convert to Islam, but non Muslims had to pay a special tax and had to vow not to rebel against Muslim rule

The Rock of the dome built by the Umayyad Caliphate II. The Umayyads A. In 661, the General Muawiyah became Caliph. 1. He used forced only when necessary 2. He made the title of Caliph heredity 3. He moved the capital to Damascus, Syria

B. In the 8th Century , Arabs conquered and converted the Berbers of Northern Africa.A combine Army of Arabs and Berbers attacked ( in 710) and conquered ( in 725) Spain In 732, the Muslims lost the Battle of Tours and failed to Conquer France In 717, Muslims attacked Constantinople but their navy was defeated

C. Internal struggles threatened the Stability of the Empire. Revolts broke out, the most important was led by Hussein , second son of Ali. In 680, he battled Umayyad rule1. He had 72 warriors against 10,000 Umayyad soldiers . He lost

D. This struggle caused a permanent split in IslamShiite - followers of the descendants of AliSunni followers of the Umayyad dynasty. Most Muslims are Sunni, but Shiites are in large numbers in Iran and Iraq

III. The Abbasid DynastyA. Because of Favoritism toward Arabs and Umayyad corruption , resentment against Umayyad rule grew. In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and founded the Abbasid dynasty which lasted until 1258

B. In 762, the Abbasids built a new capital at Baghdad on the Tigris River. This location took advantage of the river and caravan trade routes. The move gave the empire a new cultural outlook; Judges, merchants and government officials were the heroes, ( not warriors)All Muslims ( not just Arabs ) could hold military and political office C. the reign of Harun al-Rashid was considered their golden Age. He was known for his charity and patronage of the arts. His son al-Mamun supported astronomical investigations and created a foundation for translating Greek works into Arabic 1. Baghdad became a center of a huge trading empire.

D. The Decline of the Abbasid dynasty began when Harun al-Rushids two sons destroyed much of Baghdad in fight of succession.Wealth led to corruptionPersians and Turks began to moved away from the Empire.Spain established it own Caliphate Egypt established a caliphate and set it capital in Cairo Answers GRA 6-1 What language did the Arabs speak and where did they ? Arabs were semitic speaking people in the Arabian peninsula How were Arabian tribes rule and how were the rulers selected ?Each tribe was ruled by a shiekd who was chosen formone of the leading families by a council of elders What accomplishment made it possible for the Arabs to begin to take part ion the caravan trade ? The Camel What object became the principal object of worship among the Arabs? All tribes worshipped a black meteorite placed in the Kaaba in the city of Makkah As Muhammad grew to manhood , what did he find troubling within his culture ? He becaem troubled by the Gap between the simple Bedouins and the greediness of the trading elites What do Muslims believe was given to Muhammad while he mediated alone in the hills ? Muslims believe Muahmmad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel Answers to GRA 6-1 cont. 7. What written document resulted from Muhammad's revelations from Allah ? The Quran 8. Define Hijrah . The Hijrah was the journey of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Madinah 9. What are three similarities between Islam, Christianity and Judaism ? A. Monotheism ( one god), B. Salvation C. the necessity of submitting to the will of God 10. What is the difference between Islam and Christianity? Muslims do not believe that Jesus was the savior 11. Name the five Pillars of Islam. 1. Belief 2. Prayer 3. giving to the poor (alms ) 4. Fasting 5. hajj ( trip to Makkah ) World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shiite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.Intro QuestionsNotesCheck GRA 6-2 Quiz Chapter 6 Section 2on pages 191-194Read Chapter 6 Section 3 on pages GRA 6- 3 Intro Questions True or False ___ from the 8th Century on, the three most important Muslim cities were Makkah, Medinah , and Tehran ___ a Bazaar was a covered marketplace that a vital part of every Muslim city ___ Most people of the Arab Empire were merchants and they largely lived in cities ___ Slavery was forbidden by the Quran ____ the Quran granted women spiritual equality with men Intro Questions True or False False from the 8th Century on, the three most important Muslim cities were Makkah, Medinah , and Tehran Cairo , Baghdad and Damascus True a Bazaar was a covered marketplace that a vital part of every Muslim city False Most people of the Arab Empire were merchants and they largely lived in cities Farmers and Herders False Slavery was forbidden by the Quran Slavery was widespread in the Empire, but Muslims could not enslave other Muslims True the Quran granted women spiritual equality with men , but women could not won or inherit property I. Prosperity in the Islamic World A. The period of the Arab empire generally was prosperous Much of it was based on the extensive trade by ship and camel. Camel Caravans went from Morocco to countries beyond the Caspian Sea

B. Trade began to prosper around 750 under the Abbasid Dynasty . 1.Gold and Slaves came from south of the Sahara,2. gold and ivory from East Africa , 3.India contributed sandalwood, spices, and textiles. 4.China contributed silk and porcelain . 5. Egypt provided grain 6. Iraq produced linens, dates and jewels,. Banking and coinage developed which made exchanges easier C. Large magnificent cities came to prominence , Baghdad under the Abbasids and Cairo under the Fatimids. These and Damascus were administrative , Cultural and economic centers of the region, Islamic cities generally surpassed the cities of the ;largely rural Europe of the time . The Islamic city of Cordoba in Spain was Europes greatest city after Constantinople D. Islamic cities had their own physical appearance . The palaces and mosques were the most impressive buildings . They had public buildings with fountains, public baths, and marketplaces ( bazaars ). The Bazaar ( covered market) was a vital part of every Muslim city or town. Inspectors guaranteed the quality of goods. Bazaar also had craftspeople and offered services such as laundries E. Although the Arab Empire was urban for its time, most people farmed or herded. Early in the empire, free peasants owned most of the farmland. The wealthy landowners amassed large estates in certain areas of the empire. The free peasant farmers along the Nile farmed the way their ancestors had II. Islamic Society Muslims live their lives in accordance with Allahs teachings as revealed in the Quran, which was completed in 635Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah. Such was not always the case in the Arab Empire, however. For example, it had a well defined upper class of ruling families , wealthy merchants ad other elites C. One group clearly not considered equal was slaves. Slavery was widespread in the Arab empire. Because Muslims could not be slaves, most of the slaves came from Africa or Asia. Many were captives of war. Slaves often served as soldiers. Many of these were eventually freed and some exercised power. Women slaves were often domestic servants. Islamic law said to treat slaves fairly, and setting slaves free was considered a good act D. The Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with men and women could not own and inherit property. Nevertheless. Men dominated in the Arab Empire, Every women had a male guardian. Women were secluded at home and kept from social contacts with men outside their families E. Parents or Guardians arranged marriages fore their children. Muslim men could have up to four wives. But most had fewer because of having to pay a dowry to the brides. Only the wealthy could afford multiple dowries . Although women had a right to divorce, in practice the right was extended only to men . Women covered much of their bodies when appearing in public , a custom that continues in many Islamic societies today. This custom however, owes more to traditional Arab practice than to the Quran F. Despite these restrictions , the position of women in Islamic society was an improvement over earlier times when women had often been treated like slaves Answers to GRA 6-2

False 1. Muhammad left clear instructions as to who would succeed him at death Muhammad had never named a successor and had no living sons True 2. Raiding ones enemies was known in the Quran as the struggle in the way of God or jihad False 3. the courage of the Arab soldiers was enhanced by the fact that they had superior weapons to most of their enemies Their courage was enhanced by the belief in salvation False 4. The General Muawiyah was known for one outstanding trait he used more force than necessary whether it was needed or not He was known for only using force when absolutely necessary True 5. Muawiyah moved the capital of the Arab empire from Madinah to Damascus False 6. Arab Expansion in Europe came to a halt because of Geographical barriers that stood in the way of advancing Arab armies Arab Expansion was halted at the Battle of Tours True 7. The Shiite Muslims accept only the Descendants of Ali as the True leader of Islam, while the Sunni Muslims claim the descendants of the Umayyads were the true caliphs True 8. in 1187 Saladins Army invaded the kingdom of Jerusalem and destroyed Christian forces there True 9. As a result of the Mongol Destruction of Baghdad , the new center of Islamic civilization became Cairo, Egypt World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shiite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.Intro QuestionsNotesCheck GRA 6-3 Quiz Chapter 6 Section 3 on pages 191-194Read Chapter 6 Section 4 on pages GRA 6- 4

Intro Questions True or False 1_____ Arabs did not value the work of ancient Greeks, because they were not Muslims 2. ___ Arabic Numbers (example 1, 2, 3 ) were invented by the Arabs3.____ Medical encyclopedias created by the Arabs were used in European Medical schools 4.____ Arabs consider the Rubaiyat to be it greatest Arab literary work5.____ There are many images and paintings of Muhammad Intro Questions True or False 1. False Arabs did not value the work of ancient Greeks, because they were not Muslims. Translated much of the ancient Greek writings into Arabic 2. False Arabic Numbers (example 1, 2, 3 ) were invented by the Arabs Indians 3. True Medical encyclopedias created by the Arabs were used in European Medical schools 4. False Arabs consider the Rubaiyat the Quran to be it greatest Arab literary work5. False There are many no images and paintings of Muhammad I. Preservation of Knowledge and Philosophy , Science and History

A. During the first few centuries of the Arab Empire, Arab scholars read and translated into Arabic works by Plato and Aristotle . The translations were put into a library in Baghdad called the House of Wisdom. Mathematics text were brought from India

B. Papermaking was introduced from China, which aided this Arabs in translating and storing Greek and Roman writings. Paper factories were established in Baghdad. Booksellers and libraries followed

C. Europeans recovered the works of Aristotle and the Greek philosophers thought the Muslim world. When Aristotle s work made it to Europe, they were accompanied by brilliant commentaries by Arab scholars. One of the most important scholars was Ibn-Rushd . Who wrote commentaries on almost all of Aristotle Works

D. Islamic scholars also made contributions to mathematics and the natural sciences. They gave shape to algebra and passed on Indias numerical systems known as Arabic in Europe. Baghdad had an observatory where scientists studied and named many stars. Muslims also perfected the Astrolabe , used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of stars and planets . This instrument enabled Europeans to sail to the Americas

E. Muslims also developed medicine as a field of study . The famous philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia and showed how unsanitary conditions could spread contagious diseases. His medical works, translated into Latin, were standard in medieval European universities

F. Arabic Scholars helped European intellectual life develop in the 12th and 13th centuries, laying the basis for the Renaissance

G. In his Muqaddimah ( Introduction to History ) , the Muslim historian Ibn-Khaldun argued that history was cyclical , going through regular cycles of birth, growth, and decay. He tried to understand the political and social factors that determine the changes in history II. Arab Literature A. Muslims believed the Quran was their greatest work of literature , but pre-Islamic forms continued to be used . One of the most familiar works of Middle eastern literature is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, who was a poet, astronomer and mathematician. He composed his poems orally. In his work he wondered about the meaning of life when life was so transitory

B. Another important work of Arabic Literature is the Arabian Nights also called the 1001 Nights.. It is a collection of folktales, fables and romances that combine the natural and supernatural . The stories were first told orally, and then written down over many years, the story of Aladdin was added in the 18th Century

III Art and Architecture A. Islamic art blends the Arabic ,Turkish and Persian traditions . It highest expression is found in the mosques which represent Islam's spirit

B. The Great Mosque of Samarra was the worlds largest mosque at the time it was built. In present day Iraq, it covers 10 acres. It minaret is famous, the Minaret is the tower from which the crier or Muezzin , calls the faithful to prayer five times a day. The Minaret of Samarra is nearly 90 feet high with an impressive unusual spiral staircase

C. Palaces also reflected the glory of Islam. They were designed around the central courtyard surrounded by high arches and massive gate towers . They also served as fortresses. A gallery over the entrance had holes for pouring boiling oil on attackers,. The feature became part of European castles The Alhambra in Granada Spain is the fines Islamic palace . Every inch of its surface is decorated in floral And abstract patterns, some done in such detail they look the lace D. Most decorations on Islamic Art are of repeated Arabic , letters, plants and abstract figures. These geometric patterns are called Arabesques. They cover an objects surface completelyE. No representation of Muhammad is in any Islamic Art. The hadith an early collection of the prophets sayings , warns against imitating god, by creating pictures of living things, From early on, therefore no representation of a living appears on Islamic religious art Answers to 6-3 For the most part, the period of the Arab empires was (1) Prosperous . Trade was carried both by ship and by (2) Camel caravans, which traveled from Morocco in the far west to the countries beyond the Caspian sea. The development of (3) Banking and the use of (4) coins made it easier to exchange goods. (5) Baghdad , (6) Cairo and (7) Damscus were centers of Administrative cultural and economic activity for their regions. Usually the most impressive urban buildings were the (8) palaces for the caliphs and the great (9) mosques for worship. Rules for the sale of meat in the market stated, Grilled meats shoud only be made with (10) Fresh meat and not with meat coming from a sick animal and bought for its cheapnessAnswers to 6-3 cont.

To be a Muslims is not simple to worship Allah but also to live ones life according to Allah's teachings as revealed in the (11) Quran . According to Islam, all people are equal in the eyes of Allah except one ; (12) Slaves were not considered equal. Slavery was (13) widespread in the Islamic world. The Quran granted women (14) spiritual and (15) Social equality with men. Both had (16) duties and (17) responsibilities. Most men had one wife because the men were required to pay (18) a dowry to their bride. Women had the right to freely enter into marriage, but they also had the right of (19) divorce World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shiite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.Time Line Check GRA 6-4 Quiz Chapter 6 Section 4 on pages Begin Review for Test A.D. 570 Birth of Muhammad

A.D. 610 Muhammads first revelation

A.D. 622 Hirah to YathribA.D. Muhammad returns to Makkah A.D. 632 Muhammad dies A.D. 650 Arabs conquer the Persian empire A.D. 661 Umayyads establish Islamic Empire A.D. 680 Hussein revolts against Umayyad Rule A.D. 732 Battle of Tours A.D. 750 Defeat of the Umayyad s, beginning of the Abbasid Dynasty A.D.762 Abbasids move their capital to BaghdadA.D. 848-852 Great Mosque of Samarra is built Answers to time line 1. in A.D 762, Baghdad became the news capital for the Abbasid Dynasty2. Muhammad returned to Makkah in A.D. 630 3. the Battle of Tours took place in A.D. 732 4. What event took place exactly s century before the Battle of Tours ? The Death of Muhammad5. the Hijrah took place in A.D. 622 6. the Umayyad dynasty ended in A.D. 750 7. Muhammad had his first reveletion in A.D. 6108. the Great Mosque of Samarra was built in A.d. 848- 852 9. the Persian Empire was conquered in A.d. 650 10. Hussein revolted against Umayyad rule in A.D. 680Answers to 6-4 1.Arabs were not only aware of Greek Philosophy , they were translating works by Plato and Aristotle into Arabic 2. The Muslims adopted and passed on the Numerical system of India, including the use of the zero.3. They also perfected the Astrolabe , an instrument the that made it possible foe Europeans to sail to the Americas 4. Ibn-Khaldun , who lived in the fourteenth century, was the most prominent Muslim Historian of the age5. One of the most familiar works of the middle Eastern Literature is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Answers to 6-4 cont. 6. The Great Mosque of Samarra in present-day Iraq was the worlds largest mosque at the time it was built covering 10 acres 7. Because the Muslim religion combines spiritual and political power in one, palaces also reflected the glory of Islam8. One feature of these places that looked like castles was a gallery over the entrance gate with holes through which Boiling oil could be poured down on the heads of attacking forces 9. The finest example of the Islamic palace is the fourteenth century Alhambra in Spain 10. No representation of the Prophet Muhammad ever adorns a mosque in painting or in any other art form