Intro Orgo Chem for Psych Majors
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Transcript of Intro Orgo Chem for Psych Majors
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A1
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Introduction toIntroduction toOrganic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
1.11.1 What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?
1.21.2 The Unique Nature of CarbonThe Unique Nature of Carbon
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1.11.1
What isWhat isOrganicOrganic
Chemistry?Chemistry?
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1.1 What is Organic Chemistry (SB .2!
Organic ChemistryO
rganic Chemistry
" Chemistry of the compounds presentin living organisms.
" They all contain carbon.
Organic Chemistry is the Chemistryof Carbon.
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Livingthings /
biological
sources
Carbohydrates /Proteins / Fats /Vitamins /
ntibiotics
1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
!solation from "ature/"atural #ources!solation from "ature/"atural #ources
of Organic Compoundsof Or
ganic Compounds
variety of
organic productsobtained fromliving things
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"aturalgas$Petroleum
$ Crude oilor coal
Fractional distillation /destructive distillation
l%anes /l%enes /l%ynes /
romatichydrocarbons
1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
!solation from "ature/"atural #ources!solation from "ature/"atural #ources
of Organic Compoundsof Or
ganic Compounds
variety of
usefulproducts
derived fromcrude oil and
coal
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1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
#ynthesis in the Laboratory
#ynthesis in the Laboratory
scorbic acid$ valium$ vasotec$ &antac$Viagra$ aspirin and !buprofen
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!n the past'$
ChemistryChemistry
OrganiccompoundsOrganic
compounds
obtained fromliving organisms
!norganiccompounds!norganiccompounds
obtained fromnon(living sources
1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
)evelopment of Organic Chemistry)evelopment of Organic Chemistry
as a #cienceas a #cience
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!n the past'$
Vitalism
Theory
Vitalism
Theory
*vital force from
living organisms +asnecessary to ma%e an
organic compound
1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
)evelopment of Organic Chemistry)evelopment of Organic Chemistry
as a #cienceas a #cience
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(#norganic
comoun$!(Organic
comoun$!
!n ,--$ ohler 0a 1erman chemist2
1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
)evelopment of Organic Chemistry)evelopment of Organic Chemistry
as a #cienceas a #cience
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3edefining ' ...
Organic chemistry is the study of carboncompounds 0e4cept CO$ CO$ carbonates$
hydrogencarbonates$ carbides and
cyanides2 obtained from natural sources orsynthesi5ed in the laboratories.
Organic chemistryis the study of carboncompounds 0e4cept CO$CO$ carbonates$
hydrogencarbonates$ carbides and
cyanides2obtained from natural sources orsynthesi5ed in the laboratories.
)evelopment of Organic Chemistry)evelopment of Organic Chemistryas a #cienceas a #cience
1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
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1.21.2
The UniqueThe UniqueNature ofNature of
CarbonCarbon
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
bility to form fourbility to form four strongstrongcovalent bondscovalent bonds
Carbon 0ground state2
6lectronic configuration of carbon0ground state2 7 ,ssp
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
6ach carbon atom has four unpairedelectrons+hen e4cited
Tend to form four strong covalent bonds
Carbon 0e4cited state2
bility to form fourbility to form four strongstrongcovalent bondscovalent bonds
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
Carbon atoms lin% together to formchainsof varying length$ branchedchains and ringsof different si5es
Catenation7
bility of atoms in forming stable
bonds +ith itself$ hence 8oining upinto chains or rings
bility to Catenatebility to Catenate
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
bility to Catenatebility to Catenate
C 9 C : #i 9 #i : 1e 9 1e : #n 9 #n
;ond strength as bond length
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
bility to Catenatebility to Catenate
C 9 C : " 9 " : O 9 O
;ond strength
as the number of lone pairs
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
bility to Catenatebility to Catenate
Cn ,$$?$'0no limit for n2
#in , to @ only silanes
1en , to ? only germanes
#nn
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Carbon (e%cite$ state!
1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
bility to Form Bultiple ;ondsbility to Form Bultiple ;onds
s
bonds$ bonds
s2
,bond$ ?bonds
s& Abonds
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Single bond Double bond Triple bond
1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
' ) ha*ogens
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1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
(a)How was organic chemistry defnedbeore 1800s?
ns+er(a! The +no,*e$ge of organic an$ inorganic
comoun$s ,as raise$ $uring the 1-/s.
Scientists $efine$ organic chemistry as the
stu$y of comoun$s that cou*$ be obtaine$
from *i0ing organisms. They be*ie0e$ that the
synthesis of organic comoun$s too+ *ace in
*i0ing organisms on*y.
1 1 O C
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1.1 What is Organic Chemistry
(b) How is organic chemistry defnednowadays?
Back
ns+er(b! No,a$ays scientists ha0e $isco0ere$ that
many organic comoun$s can be synthesie$
from inorganic substances. The u$ate$
$efinition of organic chemistry is the stu$y of
carbon comoun$s e%cet for carbon
mono%i$e carbon $io%i$e carbonates
hy$rogencarbonates carbi$es an$ cyani$es.These comoun$s ha0e been tra$itiona**y
c*assifie$ un$er inorganic chemistry.
1 2 Th U i N t f C b
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
hy is carbon able to catenate
Back
ns+erThe abi*ity to catenate of carbon is chief*y $ue tothe high strength of the CC sing*e bon$ (bon$
entha*y of C C sing*e bon$ is &34 +5 mo*61!.
1 2 Th U i N t f C b
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
Would you expect silicon which is !ust belowcarbon in the "eriodic #able to catenate to ormdi$erse molecular structures? %xplain youranswer& ns+er
Si*icon un*i+e carbon $oes not catenate to form $i0erse
mo*ecu*ar structures. Carbon is ab*e to catenate because
carbon atoms ha0e a re*ati0e*y sma** atomic sie. This
enab*es a carbon atom to form strong co0a*ent bon$s
,ith other carbon atoms. 7o,e0er $ue to the greater
atomic sie of si*icon its abi*ity to catenate is much *o,erthan that of carbon.
Back
1 2 Th U i N t f C b
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
Would you expect sulphur which has anelectronegati$ity $alue $ery close tocarbon to catenate? Why?
Back
ns+er
The e*ectronic configuration of su*hur is 1s22s224&s2&8. #t
has on*y t,o unaire$ e*ectrons. #ts atomic sie is *arger than
that of carbon. So it has a much *o,er ten$ency to catenate
than carbon.
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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon
B. #$entify ,hether the fo**o,ing comoun$s
are O>:9N#C or #NO>:9N#C. (Copy and
answer on a piece of pad paper).
1. Ba+ing so$a
2. 9cetic aci$
&. Sugar8. 7y$roch*oric aci$
3. Water
4. actic aci$
-. 9sirin. Carbon $io%i$e
@. Urea
1/.Tab*e sa*t
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