Intro into Scientific Method
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Transcript of Intro into Scientific Method
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Distance Chemistry 100X
The scientific method
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The Scientific MethodScience is a cyclic process to determine the best
explanation of a phenomena.
explain observe / experiment ?
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The Scientific MethodExplanations, called hypotheses, are “tested” with controlled experiments in a laboratory, and/or systematic collection of data in the uncontrolled ‘real world.’
Hypothesis
more experiments
more real world observations
experiments repeated experiments
real worldobservations
repeated real world observations
speculation theory
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The Scientific Method
Explanation 1Explanation 2Explanation 3?
Usually, multiple explanations are possible and each needs to be evaluated.
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For example: CO2, CH4, and the transmission of heat and light through air
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) hinder the transmission of heat (long wave radiation) through air
Co2Co2Ch4
Ch4
long wave radiation
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For example: CO2, CH4, and the transmission of heat and light through air
• The temperature of the Earth has warmed as the concentration of CO2 and CH4 have increased
• “Proof” that human contributions of those gasses are the cause is not possible. It will never be possible, even if all the ice melts.
Co2Co2 Ch4
Ch4
other factors(volcanoes, planetary cycles…)
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• Science supports or refutes hypotheses with evidence.
• Scientific evidence is
ALWAYS subject to
interpretation.
• It is the weight of multiple lines of evidence that is sometimes accepted as “proof.”
“Proof” is in the eye of the beholder
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… is the best explanation of multiple lines of evidence, e.g.:– earthquakes along lines of contact– sea floor spreading– rock record of organism interactions
… has been extensively studied and supported… is accepted as theory
plate tectonics
…
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IMAGE SOURCE http://asiasociety.org/files/issn-science2.jpg
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Technology
• The application of knowledge for practical purposes; the modification of materials to meet human needs.
• Cooked food, smelted ores, alcohol, pharmaceuticals.
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Philosophy
• The application of scientific theory, developed over time with extensive experimentation and observation, to explain the behavior of matter.
• Plate tectonics, evolution, global warming.
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A very brief history of science
Greek philosophers (~2500 yrs ago)
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history of science, continued
• Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)explained matter as composed of four elements:
• Air• Fire• Water• Earth
in different combinations with variable temperature and moisture content – to yield solids, liquids, and gases with different properties.
• Dominated for ~2000 years
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Alchemy (500-1600 AD)– A mystical blend of chemistry,
magic, and religion
– Gold, seen as the purest form of matter, was the goal
– Several metals are still identified with their planetary symbol, first assigned by alchemists
– Planted the roots of experimental science, especially chemistry
history of science, continued
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Robert Boyle – Boyle’s Gas Law (which lead to the Ideal Gas Law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle%27s_lawIn a closed system with fixed mass and temperature, pressure and volume are
inversely proportional—meaning that as one goes up, the other goes down.
Antoine Lavosier – Law of the Conservation of Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_massIn a closed system, mass is neither created nor destroyed, though it can take
different forms.
Robert Dalton – Dalton’s Atomic Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton#Atomic_theory• All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.• All atoms of a particular element are identical, but the atoms of one element differ
from the atoms of any other element.• Atoms of different elements combine with each other in certain whole-number
proportions to form compounds.• In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to form new compounds; they are not
created, destroyed, or changed into atoms of any other elements.
Other Chemistry GREATS
All links IYW
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Learn more about Alchemy
http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/alchemist/alchemy.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy
And the history of Chemical Science
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chemistry
history of science, continued
All links IYW