Intro Classification Systematics
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8/28/2011 1 BIOL 216 – Botany Fall 2011 Dr. James E. Moore • Office: AH 110 • Office Phone: 321-3451 • E-mail: [email protected] • Website: http://www cbu edu/~jmoore25 Website: http://www.cbu.edu/ jmoore25 • Office Hours: – Monday 1300 – 1500 – Tuesday 0830 – 0930 – Thursday 1300 – 1600 – Or by appointment Syllabus
Transcript of Intro Classification Systematics
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BIOL 216 – BotanyFall 2011
Dr. James E. Moore• Office: AH 110• Office Phone: 321-3451• E-mail: [email protected]• Website: http://www cbu edu/~jmoore25Website: http://www.cbu.edu/ jmoore25• Office Hours:
– Monday 1300 – 1500– Tuesday 0830 – 0930– Thursday 1300 – 1600– Or by appointment
Syllabus
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Evolution of Plants
• Earth is ~ 4.6 b.y.o.• Earliest known fossils ~ 3.5 b.y.o.
– Resembling bacteria
Geologic Erashttp://www.rocksinmyheadtoo.com/USGSTime.jpg
Auto vs. Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs– “Self-feeders” make own food
• HeterotrophsD d t t id f i– Dependent on outside source of organic molecules for energy
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• As Heterotrophs increased in number– What do you think happened?
• Competition for energy sources
• Organisms began to evolve• Organisms began to evolve – Most successful autotrophs?
• Those that used photosynthesis
Photosynthesis altered evolution
• > 2.2 b.y.a. iron oxide dominated.• 2.7 – 2.2 b.y.a. O2 gradually accumulated
in atmosphere.700 O l l b t h• 700 m.y.a. O2 levels began to approach modern levels during Cambrian Period;– (570 – 510 m.y.a)
Increase in O2
• First-– Ozone was formed
• Absorbing UV light – which is harmful
• Second• Second-– Allowed for respiration to occur
• Allowed more energy to be converted– (Think of anaerobic respiration)
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Migration to Land• First photosynthetic organisms were free-
floating microscopic cells in the ocean.• Organisms growing near shores had different
selection pressures:– Evolved specialized structures to cope– Evolved specialized structures to cope
• Transition to land involved– Roots– Stems– Specialized epidermal cells to allow gas
exchange• stomata
Migration to land allowed for communities to develop
• Plants came first – Followed by primary consumers
• Name a few!!!!!
Appearance of Humans
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Botany – many areas of study
• Plant physiology• Plant morphology• Plant anatomy• Plant taxonomy• Ethnobotany• Paleobotany• Ecology
Botany is represented in daily living
• Allows crop plants to grow outside native distribution;– Genetic engineering; transgenic plants etc.
Phytoremediation• Phytoremediation• Reclamation
Systematics
The Science of Biological Diversity
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Carl Linnaeus 1707 - 1778
• Fathered taxonomy– Indentifying, naming, and classifying species
1753• 1753– Species Plantarum– Binomial nomenclature
Species Names
• Consists of two parts– First is the genus or “generic name”– Second is the specific epithet
Violets
Viola tricolor var tricolor
Viola sororia
var. tricolor
Viola tricolor var.
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• If a species is placed in wrong genus– Must be transferred
• Specific epithet moves with it
• If species in genus already has that epithet• If species in genus already has that epithet– Alternative name must be found
Type Specimens
• Serves as basis for comparison
Biological Classification Hierarchy12 - 1
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Biological Classification Hierarchy12 - 1
Phylogeny following Darwin’s idea
“Traditional” Phylogenetic Tree
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Classification Schemes
• Monophyletic Group– a.k.a. Clade is composed of ancestors and
ALL its descendants.• Polyphyletic Groupyp y p
– Taxa that contain members descended from more than one ancestral line.
• Paraphyletic Group– Taxa that include a common ancestor, but not
all its descendants.
Homologous vs. Analogous
• Homologous features– Common origin, but not a common function.
• Analogous features (similar fx but different evolutionary background)– Thorns on roses and cacti
Wings on birds and bats– Wings on birds and bats
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Cladistics
• Cladistics– Used to understand phylogenetic
relationships.• Outgroups• Outgroups
– Used to compare; closely related taxa outside the group that is being analyzed.
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Cladograms
• Cladograms should be constructed in the most simplest form– Known as the ‘principle of parsimony’
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Universal Evolutionary Trees
Major Distinguishing Features of Domains of Life
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Origins of Eukaryotes
• Serial Endosymbiotic Theory– Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are
believed to be descendants of bacteria taken up by a host cell.p y
• ‘Serial’– Events did not occur simultaneously
• Phagocytic – Believed to precede endosymbiotic theory
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FUNGI
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• What criteria would you use to determine whether an entity is a form of life?
• What role did oxygen play in the evolution of life on Earth?
• What advantages do terrestrial plants have over their aquatic ancestors? Disadvantages?
• How many ways can you list how plants influence daily living; other than food?
