Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?

8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?

1/14

@jyqf -he`yh Fdq`mljp `j Rxjkfa; F Dfth ln He`yh Ehc`y`mfdp Dq`t`t

_Rqhthjyhi fy ygh thm`jfq lj rle`y`dt j Jlqyg Shty @ji`f; hmhqc`jc yqhjit fji dgfjc`jc rfyyhqjt

Nha7-0% 122>% Ihrfqymhjy ln dlqqhtrljihjdh dlxqtht Rxjkfa` Xj`~hqt`yp Rfy`fef*]

Rfqm`jihq T* Aglcfe+

Fatyqfdy

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Fee yg`t qhvx`qht f thftljhi fji f ~`t`ljfqp rle`y`dfe ehfihqtg`r fy fee eh~het yl

tyhhq fji yl ihe ~hq ft rhq rhlreht hwrhdyfy`ljt* Dljyhmrlqfqp rle y`dfe

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ljtefxcgyt fcf`jty hfdg lyghq* @y `t aft`dfeep ygh dq`tht ln rhqnlqmfjdht ftfetl ygh nfee lxy ln jhl eàhqfe celafe`tfy`lj `j f tld`hyp sghqh d`~è`yp `j phy

jly shee hjyqhjdghi% fji sg`dg `t ah`jc mlty tgliièp dl~hqhi xr ap ygh

q`~fe he`yht ap g`cg r`ydg fddxt`jc fji dlxjyhq fddxt`jc ln hfdg lyghq* Ygh qxj

xr yl ygh qhdhjy hehdy`ljt yl Rxjkfa ^ìgfj Tfagf sft f jfohi hwgà`y`lj ln

ygh tfmh*

*Rxjkfa gft kxty ahhj ygqlxcg ygh hehdy`lj rqldhtt% fji f jhs cl~hqjmhjy

ghfihi ap T Rfqoftg T`jcg Afife ln Tg`qlmfj` Fofe` ife gft ahhj ghqfeihi `j ygh tyfyh* H~hqpljhsgl nleelshi ygh Rxjkfa hehdy`ljt fji ygh rhq`li ahplji ygfy sèe fcqhh yl ygh nfdy ygfy l~hq ygh

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Ife gft ahdlmh xjdlmnlqyfaep tgfqrhjhi* @j nfdy yg`t yhjihjdp gft dlmh yl ah s`yjhtthi `j ygh

rlty mè`yfjdp rgfth `j ygh tyfyh* Glsh~hq `yt yljh fji yhjlq sft chyy`jc mlqh fji mlqh gltyèh

s`yg hfdg rftt`jc hehdy`lj fji ygh txathvxhjy dgfjch ln cl~hqjmhjy*

Ygxt shee ahnlqh ygh fdyxfe dlxjyilsj yl ygh Nhaqxfqp 1223 Ehc`tefy`~h Ftthmaep

hehdy`ljt ygh rle`y`dfe ehfihqt aheljc`jc yl alyg ygh mf`j rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht `j ygh tyfyh ~`{* ygh Fofe`

Ife 'Afife) fji ygh Dljcqhtt shqh ahc`jj`jc yl ~hjyxqh lxy nlq mftt dljyfdy rqflcqfmmht `j ygh

nlqm ln qfee`ht fji rle`y`dfe mhhy`jct fji jl lrrlqyxj`yp `jdexi`jc mheft 'yqfi`y`ljfe nf`qt) fji

qhe`c`lxt fji lyghq tld`fe lddft`ljt `jdexi`jc rq`~fyh nxjdy`ljt s`yg dljtìhqfaeh cfyghq`jct% sft

ah`jc m`tthi nlq yg`t rxqrlth* Ygh rle`y`dfe fdq`mljp `j ygh tyfyh sft ahc`jj`jc yl chy n`hqdhq ifp

ap ifp ft ygh rle`y`dfe he`yht qhtlqyhi yl rlrxe`ty ihdefqfy`ljt ft shee ft nhqld`lxt yqfi`jc ln dgfqcht

fji dlxjyhq dgfqcht fcf`jty hfdg lyghq% lnyhj qhfdg`jc ygh i`mhjt`ljt ln yljcxh eftg`jc% dgfqfdyhq

fttftt`jfy`lj fji tehf{h* La~`lxtep ygh `jyhq he`yh dlmrhy`y`lj fji fdq`mljp gfi qhfdghi fy `yt

6


2/14

g`cghty tl nfq `j ygh tyfyh* @y `t ygh efyhq `*h* ygh nhqld`lxt yqfi`jc ln dgfqcht fji dlxjyhq dgfqcht

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gfrrhj sghqh nfdy`lj n`cgy s`yg`j f rfqyp ahdlmht mlqh rqlm`jhjy% glsh~hq ygh r`ydg qhmf`jt

qhefy`~hep els)% axy mlqh lnyhj ahyshhj lq fmljc ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht ln ysl lq mlqh rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht

Yglxcg ygh rle`y`dfe dlmrhy`y`lj fee l~hq @ji`f ft shee ft Rxjkfa gft thhj txdg

rfydght ln he`yh ahgf~`lxq ixq`jc fee ygh y`mht* Fji trhd`n`dfeep% txdg yhjihjd`ht ahdlmh h~hj

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fdq`mlj`ht slxei jly l~hqtgfils ygh xjihqep`jc `ttxht fji fdvx`qh rhqtljfe dgfqfdyhq hwdhry nlq

~hqp aq`hn rhq`lit fji ygfy yll sghj yghth shqh yl ah xthi yl g`y ygh rle`y`dfe lrrljhjy nlq f

mlmhjy ljep% `j lqihq yl tdlqh f vx`do clfe* H~hj yg`t slxei ah iljh s`yg f ihcqhh ln n`jhtth%

dfqhnxeep dgllt`jc ygh lddft`lj% ygh slqit fji ygh efjcxfch* @j txdg rqldhttht% ~hqp qfqhep ljh

slxei n`ji ihhr aqx`thi hclt fji efty`jc a`yyhqjhtt ft ygh nhjdht slxei ah ft tllj mhjihi

ahyshhj ygh he`yht* Glsh~hq cl`jc ap sgfyh~hq sft yfo`jc refdh `j Rxjkfa% ygh tgqèejhtt% ygh eh~he

fji ygh xjihqep`jc rhqtljfe `qq`yfy`ljt fmljc ygh he`yht il rl`jy ylsfqit tlmh yg`jc feylchyghq

i`nnhqhjy* @j Rxjkfa% f tptyhmfy d fji xj`jyhqqxryhi cqlsyg ln txdg yhjihjd`ht dfj ah yqfdhi yl

ygh ifpt ln mè`yfjdp sghj ygh cxj gfi fj xrrhq gfji l~hq ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j ygh tyfyh fji

ygh ehc`y`mfyh lqihq ln fxyglq`yp qhmf`jhi i`tqxryhi nlq vx`yh tlmhy`mh* Fnyhq ygh mè`yfjdp sft

qhefy`~hep txaixhi% hehdy`ljt yl ygh ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep shqh ghei xjihq tlmh ln ygh mlty hwyqf

lqi`jfqp d`qdxmtyfjdht `j ygh g`tylqp ln ygh tyfyh* Ygh txq~`~`jc mè`yfjy qfjot gfi ygqhfyhjhi yl

i`tqxry ygh hehdy`ljt* Ygh Fofe` Ife gfi fetl ihdefqhi yl alpdlyy ygh hehdy`ljt* Yghqhnlqh Dljcqhtt

Rfqyp sft ygh ljep mfklq dljyhjihq ehny `j nqfp* Xey mfyhep f Dljcqhtt qhc`mh ghfihi ap efyh T*

Ahfjy T`jcg sft `jtyfeehi `j ygh tyfyh* Glsh~hq yg`t qhc`mh sft q`cgyep yl ahdlmh f rq`tljhq ln ygh

rhdxe`fq d`qdxmtyfjdht fji mhygli ygqlxcg sg`dg `y sft `jtyfeehi* Ahdfxth ln fj hehdy`lj ygfy sft

rqfdy`dfeep xjdlmrhyhi% fji `j sg`dg ygh ~lyhq yxqj lxy sft ~hqp ~hqp els ahdfxth ln nlqdhi lq

hjc`jhhqhi rlee`jc yl f efqch hwyhjy% ygh qhc`mh ygfy sft xtghqhi `j ap `y fesfpt txnnhqhi nqlm f

dlmrehw ln f nefshi ehc`y`mfdp*

Ygh dljdhry`lj ln f ehc y`mfyh lqihq fdyxfeep ihrhjit xrlj fj lqcfj`{fy`ljfe

tyqxdyxqh '`jty`yxy`ljt) mf`jyf`jhi ap rhqtljt 'he`yht) sgl hwhqd`th fxyglq`yp fji def`m ehc`y`mfdp

nlq yg`t hwhqd`th* Ygh tgfqhi dljdhry`lj ln f ehc`y`mfyh lqihq fji ygh rhqtljt `j nlqmfe

lqcfj`{fy ljt sgl gher yl mf`jyf`j ygfy lqihq ygqlxcg ygh hwhqd`th ln fxyglq yp dljty`yxyh f

jhyslqo ln tld`fe qhefy`ljt_6]Yg`t jhyslqo ln tld`fe qhefy`ljt% lq tld`fe dljyqfdy `n sh mfp

tfp tl% `j fjp rle`y`dfe tptyhm% frfqy nqlm lyghq yg`jct `t ygh nxjdy`ljt ln ygqhh mf`j ~fq`faeht? ygh

eh~he ln rle y`dfe rfqy`d`rfy`lj% alyg hehdylqfe fji lyghqs`th ? ygh dfrfd yp ln ygh `jty`yxy`lj%

nleelshi ap ygh dfrfd`yp ln ygh he`yht yl rhqnlqm xr yl tlmh m`j`mxm eh~het ln chjhqfe

hwrhdyfy`ljt* S`yg fjp mfklq ilsj sfqi ~fq`fy`lj `j h`yghq ln yghth ~fq`faeht% ygh jhy slqo ln


3/14

tld`fe qhefy`ljt yhjit yl chy i`tyxqahi* Sgèh ygh dq`t`t nlq ygh `jty`yxy`ljt dlmht rqlafaep fy ygh

efty tyfch rqhdhihi ap ygh dq`t`t nlq ygh qhc`mht% ygh dq`t`t nlq ygh he`yht% htrhd`feep ygh rq`jd`rfe

he`yht `t fesfpt `mmhi`fyh* @j yg`t dfth ln Rxjkfa% ft ygh eh~he ln rle`y`dfe rfqy`d`rfy`lj% nlq sgfy

h~hq qhftljt% sft nfq nqlm tfy`tnfdylqp% ygh Ahfjy T`jcg qhc`mh fesfpt txnnhqhi nqlm ygh nefshi

ehc`y`mfdp tpjiqlmh* _1] Fji yg t nefshi ehc`y`mfdp tpjiqlmh sft tlxcgy yl ah mfjfchi

jhcfy`~hep% ap aqxyfeep tefjihq`jc ygh rq`jd`rfe q`~fe def`mfjyt yl fxyglq`yp `*h* ygh Fofe`t fjiygh`q ehfihqt* Yghqhnlqh ygh yghj Dljcqhtt cl~hqjmhjy Dg`hn M`j`tyhq gfqrhi lj f rle dp ln

mhjfd`jcep yfqchy`jc ygh Fofe` ehfihqtg`r% aq`jc`jc `j alyg ygh`q rle`d`ht ft shee ft ygh`q rhqtljf

s`yg`j g`t mftt`~h g`y qfjch* Ygxt Dg`hn M`j`tyhq% efyh T* Ahfjy T`jcg slxei ygxt jh~hq ehy cl

fjp lrrlqyxj`yp `j efxjdg`jc tdfyg`jc fyyfdot lj ygh Fofe` ehfihqtg`r `jdexi`jc ygh`q ysl rq`jd`rfe

ehfihqt T* Rfqoftg T`jcg Afife fji Cxqdgfqfj T`jcg Ylgqf% lnyhj fddxt`jc yghm ln txrrlqy`jc ygh

mè`yfjyt% ah`jc dlmmxjfe fji ahyqfp`jc ygh `jyhqhtyt ln Rxjkfa ft fetl ygh Tògt * Ahfjy T`jcggfi cljh yl ygh hwyhjy ln glei`jc f rle`y`dfe qfeep fcf`jty Cxqdgfqfj T`jcg Ylgqf fy f tglqy i`tyfjdh

nqlm g`t glmh fy g`t jfy`~h Ylgqf ~èefch Tllj ygh Fofe`t yll shqh qhyfe`fy`jc `j ygh t`mèfq yljh%yhjlq fji tx`yfaeh dljyhjy* Yg`t yqhji dljy`jxhi yèe Fxcxty 6008 sghj Ahfjy T`jcg g`mthen sft

fttftt`jfyhi*

@j ygh 6003 hehdy`ljt ygh Fofe`t shqh fetl qhtlqy`jc yl t`mèfq yfdy`dt* Ygh ljep

m`jlq i`nnhqhjdh sft ygfy ygh Fofe` ehfihqtg`r iì jly `jixech mxdg `j mfo`jc rhqtljfe fyyfdot lj

ygh he`yht ln ygh Dljcqhtt rfqyp `j ygh tyfyh* Yg`t sft t`mrep ahdfxth `j ygh fnyhqmfyg ln Ahfjy

T`jcgt fttftt`jfy`lj% ygh frhw rhqtljf ln tyfyh Dljcqhtt ehfihqtg`r sft phy jly ~hqp dehfq*

Lyghqs`th Fofe`t shqh hvxfeep nlqdhnxe `j efxjdg`jc rqlrfcfjif fyyfdot fcf`jty ygh`q fqdg q`~fet `j

ygh rle`y`dt ln ygh tyfyh* Ygh g`cg i`mhjt`ljt ln dlqqxry`lj ixq`jc ygh Dljcqhtt qhc`mh% glei`jc ygh

Dljcqhtt rfqyp qhtrljtàeh nlq ygh q`th ln m e`yfjdp fji Dljcqhtt efdhi rle`dh Qfk ah`jc

qhtrljtàeh nlq ygh ihfygt ln gxjiqhit ln `jjldhjy Tòg plxygt `j nfoh hjdlxjyhqt ft shee ft ygh

Dljcqhttmhj ehi chjldìh ln ygh Tògt `j Jhs Iheg` `j ygh fnyhqmfyg ln @ji`qf Cfjig t

fttftt`jfy`lj shqh ygh rfqy`dxefq refjot ln Fofe rqlrfcfjif fji ygh Fofe ehfihqt shqh

rqldef`m`jc ygfy% ygh Dljcqhtt gft dhfthi yl ah f rle`y`dfe rfqyp fji gft ahdlmh f mljhp

gfq~hty`jc mfdg`jh `jtyhfi*_4]* @j ~fq`lxt hehdy`lj qfee`ht `j ygh dlxjyqptìh% Fofe t xthi ygh

yqfi y`ljfe afeefi t`jchqt ln Rxjkfa yl dfty`cfyh efyh Mqt* Cfjig` fji ghq tlj Qfkhh~ Cfjig`% ygh

yghj rq`mh m`j`tyhq ln @ji`f nlq ygh`q fjy` Tòg fji fjy` Rxjkfa rle`d`ht* H~hj efyh rq`mh m`j`tyhq

Rxji`y Kfsfgfqefe Jhgqx sft fetl tlmh y`mht fi~hqthep qhnhqqhi nlq ahyqfp`jc ygh Tògt ap cl`jc

fsfp nqlm ygh feehchi rqlm`tht c`~hj yl ygh Tòg ehfihqtg`r ln ygh y`mh fy ygh y`mh ln ygh rfqy`y`lj

ln @ji`f `j 6093% qhcfqi`jc tlmh o`ji ln rle`y`dfe fxyljlmp s`yg `j ygh jhs xj`lj ln @ji`f* Ygh

yljh fji yhjlq ln txdg mxt`dfe rqhthjyfy`ljt slxei lnyhj `j~le~h yqfi`y`ljfe tgfqr% kàa`jc fji

efmrllj`jc ~ldfaxefqp ln Rxjkfa` i`fehdyt ln qhtrhdy`~h fqhft* Ygh ylr eh~he tyfyh rle`dh

axqhfxdqfdp `jdexi`jc ygh rqh~`lxt i`qhdylq chjhqfe ln Rxjkfa Rle`dh Mq* ORT Cèe% xjihq sglth

dlmmfji ygh tyfyh rle`dh fji ygh rfqfmè yfqp nlqdht nlxcgy aellip afyyeht fcf`jty ygh mè`yfjyt%

4


4/14

shqh fetl yfqchyhi `j ygh hehdy`lj qfee`ht _9]* Ygxt ehc`y mfdp nlq ygh Fofe` Rfqyp fji `yt ehfihqtg`r

sft tlxcgy yl ah axèi xrlj ygh Tòg ìhjy`yp% ygh feehchi ahyqfpfe ln ygh Tògt ap ygh Dljcqhtt

rfqyp ft shee ft ygh Dljcqhtt m`tqxeh% alyg ixq`jc ygh eljc trhee ln Rqhtìhjyt qxeh `j ygh tyfyh ft

shee ft ygh txddhhi`jc Dljcqhtt qhc`mh ygfy fttxmhi rlshq `j ygh tyfyh `j6001 fnyhq ygh fal~h

qhnhqqhi dljyql~hqt`fe hehdy`ljt*

Ygh 1221 hehdy`ljt aqlxcgy `j ygh rhqtljfe`{hi rle`y`dfe ~hjihyyf afdo yl ygh dhjyqhln hehdy`ljhhq`jc* Ahdfxth ln la~`lxt efdo ln qhfe `ttxht `j ygh hehdy`ljt* Ygh dfmrf`cj tfs f ely ln

mxi-te`jc`jc% s`yg ygh rxae`d`yp fji rqlrfcfjif s`jct ln alyg ygh qxe`jc Fofe` Ife fji ygh

Dljcqhtt slqo`jc l~hqy`mh* Sgèh ygh Dljcqhtt fddxthi ygh cl~hqjmhjy% fji Afife g`mthen% ln

dlqqxry`lj% ygh efyyhq `j yxqj aefmhi ygh m`tmfjfchmhjy ln ygh rqh~`lxt Dljcqhtt cl~hqjmhjyt

sg`dg gfi qxehi Rxjkfa nlq ygh cqhfyhq rfqy t`jdh `jihrhjihjdh* Ygh Dljcqhtt gfqrhi lj

ygh cl~hqjmhjy#t #jlj-rhqnlqmfjdh# fji `j ygh`q mhi`f dfmrf`cjt ygh Fofe`t tlxcgy yl

dljyqfty ygh`q fyyhmry yl #qhtylqh Rxjkfa` gljlq# ~`{ f ~`{ Dljcqhttt Lrhqfy`lj Aexh Tyfq* _8] Rhlreh

fee l~hq ygh dlxjyqp sèe jh~hq nlqchy ygh dfqyllj sfqnfqh ahyshhj ygh ysl rfqy`ht qì`dxe`jc hfdglyghqt rq`jd`rfe he`yht* Fji yg`t fee iì jly hji s`yg ygh hehdy`lj qhtxeyt* Ygh gfqtg yqfi`jc ln

dgfqcht ahyshhj ygh he`yht ln ygh ysl rfqy`ht gft ahhj cl`jc lj ln fji lj* @j f ml~h sg`dg

rqlafaep `t xjrqhdhihjyhi `j @ji`f fji dfeet nlq ygh dljdhqj ln fee% h~hj ygh nlqmfe dljty`yxy`ljfe

nlqxm ln ygh eh~he ln f ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep sft jly trfqhi nlq yg`t rxqrlth sghj f trhd`fe thtt`ljt

ln Rxjkfa ^ìgfj tfagf 'Tyfyh Ehc`tefy`~h Ftthmaep) sft dlj~hjhi yl i`tdxtt ygh dljyql~hqt`fe `ttxht

qhefyhi yl i`tdxtt ygh lq`c`j fji q`th ln ygh hwyqhm`ty ml~hmhjy `j Rxjkfa s`yg ygh la~`lxt

rxqrlth ln efmafty`jc ygh Fofe`t% htrhd`feep Mq* Afife* Ygh mftyhq m`ji ahg`ji yg`t tyqfyhc`d

ml~h% Dfry* Fmq`jihq T`jcg% ygh dg`hn m`j`tyhq sft txddhttnxe `j tmhfq`jc ygh Fofe`t ap fddxt`jc

yghm ln nleels`jc nxjifmhjyfe`ty rle`d`ht fji i`tdq`m`jfy`jc fcf`jty ygh `jyhqhtyt ln Rxjkfa*

Ygqlxcg lxy ygh`q trhhdght ygh Dljcqhtt mhmahqt shqh fccqhtt`~hep fyyfdo`jc ygh Fofe

Ehfihqtg`r nlq ah`jc qhtrljtàeh nlq ygh q`th ln mè`yfjdp `j Rxjkfa* Mq* Fmq`jihq T`jcg sft

rfqy`dxefqep gfqtg lj Mq* Afife% g`t nfm ep mhmahqt fji g`t nleelshqt nlq `jixec`jc `j

xjrqhdhihjyhi dlqqxry`lj* Gh aqfjihi ygh Fofe`t ehi ap Mq* Afife ft mlyghq ln fee dlqqxry`lj

fji fddxthi yghm ap tfp`jc% Fofe`t gf~h ellyhi Rxjkfa fji ehny `y afjoqxry _>]* Nq`hjiep

hehdyqlj`d mhi`f dgfjjhet shqh aefyfjyep xthi yl qhrhfyhiep yhehdfty ygh trhhdg ln ygh Dg`hn

M`j`tyhq sg`dg sft elfihi s`yg gfqtg slqit fji rgqftht fji sft hjhqc`{hi s`yg fj hvxfeep

txcchty`~h alip efjcxfch `j~le~`jc i`qhdy n`jchq rl`jy`jc ylsfqit Mq* Afife sgl feljc s`yg g`t

rfqyp mhmahqt sft n`ji`jc `y i`nn`dxey yl dlxjyhq ygh Dljcqhtt y`qfih fcf`jty yghm* Yghp `jihhi

shqh xjfaeh yl rqhthjy ygh Tòg dfth* Rhqgfrt gh 'Mq* Afife) sft tgp ln yfeo`jc falxy nqxtyqfy`lj

ln ygh Tògt ~`t--~`t ygh q`th ln mè`yfjdp ahdfxth ln g`t fee`fjdh s`yg ygh AKR* @j ygh ihafyh gh sft

xjfaeh yl thy ygh yljh nlq nqx`ynxe i`tdxtt`lj* Ygh trhhdght nqlm ygh Lrrlt`y`lj ahjdght dljy`jxhi

yl gfqr lj fjy`-Dljcqhtt telcfj* Yghp shqh fjw`lxt yl rql~h ygfy ygh rle`d`ht ln ygh Dljcqhtt shqh

qhtrljtàeh nlq ygh q`th ln hwyqhm`tm `j Rxjkfa*_3] Yg`t ~ld`nhqlxt xth ln ygh tyfyh ehc`tefy`~h


5/14

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8


6/14

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7/14

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3


8/14

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ygh eldfe dlji`y`ljt% ygh d`~è tld`hyp tyqxdyxqht fji dxeyxqh dljixd`~h yl ygh cqlsyg ln yghth `t tyèe

~hqp qfqh fji mltyep fy f jftdhjy tyfch ln ih~helrmhjy fji ygxt tyèe jly ~hqp hnn`d`hjy yl dljyqle lq

qhcxefyh txdg rqldhttht s yg `j ygh dljylxqt ln fjp shee ihn`jhi tld`l-rle`y`dfe fchjif lq fj

ìhlelcp*

T`mèfqep ihd`t`ljt s`yg eljc-yhqm `mre`dfy`ljt nlq ygh d`y`{hjt txdg ft

fddhry`jc efqch elfjt nqlm `jyhqjfy`ljfe nxji`jc fchjd`ht lq mhmlqfjixmt ln xjihqtyfji`jc s`yg

rq`~fyh thdylq dlmrfj`ht hyd* mfp jly h~hj ah qhnhqqhi yl hehdyhi ftthmae`ht* Fcf`j f ~hqp

frrqlrq`fyh hwfmreh `j yg`t qhcfqi dlmht nqlm ygh rqh~`lxt Dljcqhtt ehfi Rxjkfa cl~hqjmhjyt


9/14

ihd`t`lj yl htyfae`tg trhd`fe hdljlm`d {ljht nlq sg`dg Mhmlqfjixmt ln xjihqtyfji`jct shqh

t`cjhi s`yg rq`~fyh refphqt s`yglxy fjp o`ji ln rle`dp cxìhe`jht gf~`jc ahhj n`jfe`{hi ap ygh tyfyh

ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep lq fjp mxyxfeep fcqhhi rql~`t`lj nlq qhyqltrhdy`~h qfy`n`dfy`lj* Txdg

xjihqm`j`jc ln ygh dqhiàè`yp ln ygh hehdyhi `jty`yxy`ljt ln ihmldqfy`d cl~hqjmhjyt ap tfdq`n`d`jc

ygh rle`y`dfl-fim`jtyqfy`~h rqldhttht% frfqy nqlm aqhfi`jc mhcf dlqqxry`lj fy g`cghq eh~het ln

fim`j`tyqfy`lj% xey`mfyhep dqhfyh f dq t`t ln cl~hqjfjdh `j ygh eljc qxj ft ygh`jty`yxy`ljfe,ihmldqfy`d fddlxjyfaè`yp ln ygh frhw ihd`t`lj mfohqt ahdlmh fee ygh mlqh tdfqdh

qhtxey`jc `j ygh hqlt`lj ln rxae`d yqxty* @y `t ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt ygfy ihn`jht ygh dqhfy`lj fji

i`tyqàxy`lj ln rlshq s`yg`j f tld`hyp fji cxìht ygh qhefy`ljtg`r ahyshhj ygh he`yht fji ygh

`jty`yxy`ljt% fji ygh he`yht fji ygh mfttht* Fji sghj ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt ahdlmht nfxeyp lq `t

tglqy d`qdx`yhi% `y dqhfyht alyg ygh dq`t`t ln ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh `jty`yxy`ljt ft shee ft ygfy ln ygh

he`yht lj fj hvxfe tdfeh*

@j @ji`f la~`lxtep ygh qleh ln ygh hehdyhi ftthmae`ht `t chyy`jc i`m`j`tghi ftygh hwhdxy`~h s`jct ilm`jfyhi ap ygh rq`jd`rfe rle`y`dfe he`yht ln ygh qxe`jc rfqy`ht fji xjnhyyhqhi

ap hnnhdy`~h rfqyp lqcfj`{fy`ljt fqh chyy`jc `j ygh gfa`y ln f~lì`jc ygh ftthmae`ht ap qhixd`jc ygh

ifpt ln ygh thtt`ljt% ohhr`jc ygh fchjift yl ygh afqh m`j`mxm ft fetl dqhfy`jc `mrfttht fji

ihfieldot l~hq dljyql~hqt`fe `ttxht fji th~hqfe lyghq txdg eòh mfj`rxefy`ljt falxy sh fee ghqh fqh

~hqp nfmè`fq* Lyghq ygfj yg`t% yl vxlyh efyh Rqln* Mfgalla xe Gfv% ygh qhtrljt`~hjhtt ln ygh

ehc`tefyxqht yl ygh ihmfji ln rhlreh dljy`jxht yl ah i`dyfyhi ap rle`y`dfe hw`chjdp% rhqtljfe y`ht

fji rfyqljfch* Rfqe`fmhjyt fqh lnyhj rhqdh`~hi yl ah jlyg`jc mlqh ygfj f dleehdy`lj ln yglth sgl

gf~h alxcgy ygh`q sfp yl rlt`y`lj ln rlshq_6>] Xt`jc Rqln Qfkj` Olygfq`%t yhqm`jlelcp% yg`t dfj

rqlafaep ah ihtdqàhi ft ih`jty`yxy`ljfe`{fy`lj fji dq`m`jfe`{fy`lj ln rle`y`dt fji ft fj fyyhmry

`j ml~`jc fsfp nqlm ygh rexqfe`ty d fji `jdext`~h mlihe ln rle`y dt* Yg`t `t la~`lxtep ygh dq`t`t ln

ygh rle y`dfe rqldhtt ixh yl% alyg% `yt fafjiljmhjy fji% `yt tglqy d`qdx y`jc* Axy sgfy h~hq

gfrrhjhi `j ygh Rxjkfa Ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep ixq`jc ygh Jl~hmahq 1228 trhd`fe thtt`lj yl i`tdxtt

ygh lq`c`j fji q`th ln ygh hwyqhm`ty ml~hmhjy `j Rxjkfa% sghqh ygh nlqxm ln ftthmaep gf~`jc ahhj

rxy yl f cqltt rfqy`tfj xth yl i`tdqhi`y fji efmaftyh ygh rle`y`dfe lrrljhjyt ft feqhfip mhjy`ljhi

`t rqlafaep fj fee ylchyghq f jhs i`mhjt`lj yl yg`t i`qhdy`lj*

Frfqy nqlm ygh hqlt`lj ln ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh ihmldqfy`d `jty`yxy`ljt yghqh

`t fetl fj hvxfeep th~hq dq`t`t ellm`jc efqch l~hq ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh he`yht* Ehc`y`mfdp `t `j nfdy f

dlmrlxji dljdhry xjihqr`jj`jc lqihq `j tld`fe fji rle`y`dfe yhqmt* '@y) qhtxeyt nqlm ygh fddhryfjdh ln

lqihq fji he`yh qleh `j `y* @y `t fyyf`jhi `j rfqy ygqlxcg ygh dhjyqfe dxeyxqfe tpmalet% rfqy`dxefqep

yglth qhrqhthjy fji `jyhcqfyh ygh i`nnhqhjy`fyhi cqlxrt s`yg `j ygh tyfyht fji `t ygxt y`hi yl g`cg

dxeyxqh fji ihn`j`jc hehmhjyt ln f d`~è`{fy`lj_63] Ygh ~hqp rqldhtt ln ehc`y`mfdp yghqhnlqh `j~le~ht

fee% `jdexi`jc dljty`yxy`ljfe `jty`yxy`ljt% hwyqf dljty`yxy`ljfe `jty`yxy`ljt eòh rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht fji

ln dlxqth ygh rle`y`dfe he`yht* L~hq ygh phfqt jls yghqh gft ahhj fj h~hq-sìhj`jc cxen ahyshhj

0


10/14

tld`hyp#t d`y`{hjt fji ygh`q rle`y`dfe ehfihqt* Ixh yl yg`t f dq`t`t ln cl~hqjfjdh `t ahc`jj`jc yl ellm

efqch l~hq ygh ih~helr`jc tld`hy`ht* Ft yghth tld`hy`ht fqh ah`jc `jdqhft`jcep txakhdyhi yl ygh mfqohy

nlqdht ln hdljlmp fji ygh tyfyh `t s`ygiqfs`jc `ythen nqlm ygh tld`fe trghqh% ygh jly`lj ln f tgfqhi%

ihmldqfy`dfeep jhcly`fyhi dljdhry`lj ln ygh rxae`d clli fji tld`fe kxty`dh gft femlty ahhj

fafjiljhi* S`yg jl tld`fe feyhqjfy`~h lj lnnhq% fji jl ~`t`lj ln ygh nxyxqh qhfièp f~fèfaeh% fee yg`t

gft aqlxcgy `j cqls`jc i`thjcfchmhjy ahyshhj hehdylqfyht fji ygh htyfae`tghi rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht*Yg`t hvxfeep tyqljcep `mr`jcht xrlj ygh ehc`y`mfdp vxhty`lj ln ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht ln ygh rle`y dfe

rfqy`ht* Mfjp y`mht ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh he`yht mfp yhji yl ah dljnxthi s`yg ygh qhc`mh ehc`y`mfdp

lq fy ehfty yhji yl ah thhj rfqfeehe yl `y* Glsh~hq ygh dljdhry ln ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh he`yht mxty ah

fy ehfty dljdhryxfeep thhj i`nnhqhjyep nqlm qhc`mh ehc`y`mfdp lq nqlm ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh rfqyp%

nfdy`lj lq ygh cqlxr qhrqhthjyhi ap yghm* He`yh ehc`y`mfdp `t trhd`n`dfeep fj `jyqf cqlxr

rghjlmhjlj% yglxcg tlmh y`mht% `j dfth ln ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht `y mfp qxj rfqfeehe yl qhc`mh

ehc`y`mfdp lq ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh rfqyp lq cqlxr* Sghj sh yfeo falxy he`yh ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t% yghj

sgfy `y `mre`ht `t ygfy ygh txrrlqy afth ln ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht s`yg `j ygh qhtrhdy`~h lqcfj`{fy`ljt `txjihq tyqljc ~hqp dlmrhy`y`lj% `j ygh n`qty dfth% h`yghq ixh yl tyqljc dgfeehjcht hmhqc`jc nqlm s`yg

`j ygh cqlxr lq ahdfxth ln ygh th~hq`yp ln rlshq dlmrhy`y`lj nqlm lyghq rfqy`ht lq cqlxrt ~p`jc `j

ygh trghqh ln rlshq* @j ygh thdlji dfth ygh he`yh ehc`y`mfdp yhjit yl ah vxhty`ljhi ahdfxth ln

ihhrhj`jc ilxayt falxy f ehfihqt dfrfaè`yp yl hnnhdy`~hep ehfi g`t cqlxr `j ygh rlshq dlmrhy`y`lj

~`t f ~`t ygh lyghq dljyhji`jc rfqy`ht* Yghqh nlqh ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht fqh qhvx`qhi yl mf`jyf`j ygh`q

ehc`y`mfdp eh~het alyg fmljc ygh mfttht ft shee ft s`yg `j ygh rfqyp dfiqht ~`t f ~`t lyghq q`~fe

he`yht ~p`jc yl qhrefdh yghm nqlm ygh rq`jd`rfe rlt`y`lj s`yg `j ygfy rfqyp* Yghqh `t fj lyghq ftrhdy

ln ehc`y`mfdp sg`dg frre`ht yl ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln i`nnhqhjy eh~het ln rq`jd`rfe he`yht s`yg `j f g`hqfqdgp

afthi rle`y`dfe rfqyp eòh ygh ljh `j f nhihqfe tptyhm*% ghfihi ap tyqljc ehfihqtg`r fy ygh dhjyqfe

eh~he* @j txdg dftht ygh qhc`ljfe he`yht mfjp f y`mht nfdh ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t ahdfxth yghp elth lq yhji

yl elth ygh dljnìhjdh fji txrrlqy ln ygh dhjyqfe ehfihqtg`r ln ygh rfqyp h~hj `n yghp il jly nfdh

mxdg ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t fy ygh`q lsj eh~he `j rlrxefq yhqmt s`yg `j ygh lqcfj`{fy`ljt lq s`yg `j ygh

mfttht ln ygh qhc`lj* Rqln* Rfxe aqftt gft lathq~hi `j ljh ln g`t tyxi`ht falxy @ji`f% tlmh dg`hn

m`j`tyhqt gf~h qht`cjhi nlq ghfeyg qhftljt ygfy il jly frrhfq yl ah qhftljt ln rle`y`dfe ghfeyg%

lyghqt shqh ftohi yl qht`cj ap ygh dhjyqfe ehfihqtg`r ln ygh Dljcqhtt h~hj yglxcg yghp dljy`jxhi

yl dlmmfji f n`qm mfklq`yp `j ygh tyfyh ehc`tefy`~h rfqyptlmh y`mht fetl% shfo fji xjrlrxefq

dg`hn m`j`tyhqt fqh faeh yl mf`jyf`j yghmthe~ht `j rlshq tlehep ahdfxth ygh jfy`ljfe ehfihqtg`r

ilht jly s`tg yghm yl ah qhml~hi_67]

Ygxt% `j txdg fj hj~`qljmhjy% he`yht lnyhj qhtlqy yl rle`y do`jc l~hq m`jlq

`ttxht% yqp`jc yl txrhq`mrlth yghth lj ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j lqihq yl kxty ah yghqh* Ygxt ygh `ttxht

fqh jly feelshi yl i`h fji yghp ohhr lj txqnfd`jc fji qhtxqnfd`jc ft rhq ygh dlj~hj`hjdh ln ygh

he`yht% ft fetl jhs `ttxht fqh `j~hjyhi lq tmfee `ttxht fqh tlxcgy yl ah `jnefyhi nlq rle`y`dfe hjit*

@j f ih~helr`jc tld`hyp eòh @ji`f sghqh l~hq ygh phfqt ixh yl f tyhfip hwrltxqh yl f o`ji ln


11/14

ihmldqfy`d hj~`qljmhjy% ygh cqlsyg ln mìieh deftt qfjot lq sgfy gft ahhj dfeehi ft ygh dq`t`t ln

q`t`jc hwrhdyfy`ljt% ygh rle`y`dfe fqhjf `t qhrehyh s`yg txdg dqhfyhi `ttxht lq lyghq mfqc`jfe `ttxht

*Txdg f t`yxfy`lj nxqyghq chyt nfdè`yfyhi ap ygh qfrì rqle`nhqfy`lj ln hehdyqlj`d mhi`f sghqh n`hqdh

dlmrhy`y`lj nlq mfqohy txq~`~fe dfydght h~hqp tmfee `ttxh fji aelst `y tl i`trqlrlqy`ljfyhep fji

tl thjtfy`ljfeep% l~hq fji l~hq% ygfy lnyhj h~hqp yg`jc eltht `yt iht`qhi hnnhdy lj ygh rxae`d fji

`jtyhfi ahdlmht mhqhep f nxjjp tyxnn nlq rxae`d hjyhqyf`jmhjy* Ygh yqfchip s`yg txdg `ttxht `t ygfyyghth gfqiep fqh dfrfaeh ln chjhqfy`jc ghfeygp ihafyh fji tld`feep fddhryfaeh tyqfyhc`ht ln rlttàeh

tlexy`ljt* Axy yghth fqh ~hqp xthnxe `j dqhfy`jc rle`y`dfe ilc n`cgyt% yfmftgft% fji xcep tdhjht%

rle`y`dfeep chjhqfyhi dq`mh fji g`cgep dgfqchi dljyhwyt sg`dg dlmh `j gfjip nlq ygh rle`y`dfe he`yht

yl def`m ehc`y`mfdp nlq ygh`q qhtrhdy`~h ehfihqtg`rt*Fji ygh t`yxfy`lj ylifp `t dehfqep ygh ljh sghqh

ygh qhfe `ttxh nfd`jc ygh tld`hyp eòh ygh tld`l - hdljlm`d i`qhdy`lj ygfy ygh ih~helrmhjy tglxei

yfoh% ygh dljdhqj falxy rle`dp ft shee ft tyqxdyxqfe fikxtymhjyt fji qhfikxtymhjyt yglth mfp ah

qhvx`qhi yl dljy`jxh ygh q`cgy o`ji fji trhhi ln ygh ih~helrmhjyfe rqldhtt hyd* hyd* lnyhj yfoh afdo

thfy lq kxty chy elty `j ygh yqhmhjilxt jl`th fji dexyyhq ln lyghq tìhe`jh `ttxht qhnhqqhi fal~h*

Yg`t gh`cgyhjhi dlmrhy`y`lj nlq ehc`y`mfdp `j~fq`faep ehfit yl rle`y dfe

dlmrhy`y`lj `j ygh nlqm ln fccqf~fyhi `jyqf he`yh dlmrhy`y`lj `j rlshq tyqxcceht* @j f mfklq`yp ln

ih~helr`jc ihmldqfd`ht ygh qhjhsfe ln mfklq `ji`~ìxfe rle`y`dfe fdylqt `t tyèe hwyqhmhep tels* Fy

ygfy eh~he ygh f~hjxht ln rle`y`dfe xrsfqi ml~hmhjy nlq elshq eh~he he`yht `t dhqyf`jep ~hqp i`nn`dxey*

Ygh yg`jct ahdlmh fee ygh mlqh i`nn`dxey ahdfxth ln `jdqhft`jc ihj`fe ln `jyhqjfe ihmldqfdp fji

fddhryfaeh dgfjjhet ln cq`h~fjdh qhiqhttfe s`yg `j ygh rle y`dfe rfqy`ht* Yg`t% yl tlmh hwyhjy

ahdlmht f gfjip mhdgfj`tm nlq ygh qhrhfyhi qhd`qdxefy`lj ln rlshq he`yht nqlm s`yg `j ygh

ilm`jfjy nfmè`ht lq nqlm s`yg`j ygh tfmh tld`fe tyqfyf* Glsh~hq ygh dgfjc`jc deftt dlmrlt`y`lj

jxqyxqhi ap ygh sgfy h~hq nlqm lq vxfe`yp ln hmhqc`jc ihmldqfy`d rqldhtt fji ~fexht `j txdg

tld`hy`ht mfp ah% `y `t dhqyf`jep rxtg`jc `j mlqh jxmahq ln dlmrhy`ylqt `j ygh rle`y`dfe rlshq cfmh

ygxt qf`t`jc ygh rqhttxqh nlq rle`y`dfe txq~`~fe* Ygxt s`yg `j ygh cqlxrt fji rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht ygh

ehfi`jc he`yht fqh n`ji`jc mlqh fji mlqh i`nn`dxey yl glei lj yl `y* Yghqh fqh fesfpt jxmhqlxt

lyghqt lj ygh ylht% hfchq yl qhrefdh ygh hw`ty`jc ehfihqtg`r* Yg`t `jyqf he`yh dlmrhy`y`lj nxqyghq

ylxcghjt ygh rqldhtt ln ehc`y`mfdp fdvx`t`y`lj ap he`yht* Ygh ehc`y mfdp ln mlty ln ygh rle y`dfe

ehfihqt gfjct `j ygh afefjdh* @j mlty dftht yghp gf~h jl ~`t`lj% jl rqlcqfmmh% fji jl qhftlj yl

ah yghqh hwdhry nlq ygh sèe ln ygh hehdylqfyh* Fji ygh sèe ln ygh hehdylqfyh% txdg ft `y hw`tyt% `j~le~ht

dfty`jc f cqxic`jc ~lyh nlq ygh ljh rhqtljfe`yp lj lnnhq* @j f dlxjyqp eòh @ji`f sghqh ygh rqldhtt ln

rle`y`d`{fy`lj gft feqhfip ahcxj yl t`cj`n`dfjyep qhfdg elshq tyqfyf fji rhq`rghqfe fji mfqc`jfe`thi

cqlxrt% ygh sgleh dlmrehw`lj ln ihmldqfy`d rle`y`dt `t nfty dgfjc`jc* Ygh dlqh `ttxht ln mfdql

ih~helrmhjy fji jfy`lj axèi`jc fqh chyy jc qhehcfyhi yl ygh afdocqlxji fji eldfe `ttxht%

`j~le~`jc alyg fdyxfe ihrq`~fy`ljt fji yglth afthi lj eldfe tld`fe dehf~fcht fji thjy`mhjyfe `ttxht

`jdexi`jc rle`y`dfe rfyqljfch fji tpmale`d rle`y`dfe hmrlshqmhjy ln txdg cqlxrt fqh qhefy`~hep

66


12/14

cf`j`jc mlqh `mrlqyfjdh* Yg`t rghjlmhjlj% feljc s`yg ygh `ttxh ln he`yh ehc`y`mfdp `t qhtxey`jc

`jyl sgfy tglxei ah dfeehi ygh qhrefdhmhjy ln yqxh ihmldqfy`d ehc`y`mfdp s`yg txrhqnexlxt fji

tglqy e`~hi mla'è`thi) ehc`y`mfdp sghqh ygh efyhq dlmht ygqlxcg ygh dq`mh-rle`y`dt jhwxt% dftyh

afthi lq thdyfq`fj rle`y dt ln ihmfclcp sghqh ap hehdy`ljt fqh `jnexhjdhi ap eàhqfe ileht lq ap

qf`t`jc thdyfq`fj fji lyghq `ttxht qhefy`jc yl ygh nfxey e`jht `j ygh tld`hyp h~hj fy ygh dlty ln

jfy ljfe xj yp% mfj`rxefyhi s`yg mljhp fji nqhh e`vxlq,jfqdly`d i`tyqàxy lj% ~lyhqt fqhygqhfyhjhi fji hehdy`ljt fqh q`cchi* Ygh ~hqp nfdy ygfy txdg fj fdvx`qhi ehc`y`mfdp t lnyhj tglqy

e`~hi% hjtxqht f t`yxfy`lj sghqhap ygh ehc`y mfdp dq`t`t ln ygh he`yht% qhrhfyhiep ohhrt txqnfd`jc `j

ljh nlqm lq ygh lyghq yghqhap rqlmry`jc yghm yl mfjfch `y ygqlxcg vx`do rle`y`dfe s`jils

iqhtt`jc yprh ln mhdgfj`tmt* Txdg he`yht% txdg ehc`y`mfdp fji txdg nqhvxhjy ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`tt

t`mrep il jly ehf~h fjp hj~`qljmhjy% y`mh fji yglxcgy nlq tlmh yg`jc dljdqhyh fji y`mh yhtyhi yl

ah xjihqyfohj nlq qhefy`~hep mlqh ih~helrmhjy lq`hjyhi fji mlqh efty`jc tlexy`ljt yèe txdg y`mht

sghj d`~è tld`hyp `jyhq~hjht 'qhfdyt `j ih~helr`jc dlxjyq`ht) yl qhrefdh% qhi`qhdy lq qh`jty`yxyh

ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j f c`~hj tld`hyp ihrhji`jc xrlj ygh nlqmhqt mfyxq`yp fji tyqhjcyg*

Yglxcg Rxjkfa `t jls shee lxy ln hehdy`lj mlih fji ygh jhs qhc`mh `t jls

`j% glsh~hq `y phy `t jly ygh y`mh yl tfp sghyghq ygh jhs qhc`mh fji `yt rle`y`dfe ehfihqtg`r sèe eòh

yl fiiqhtt `ythen yl yg`t xjdlmnlqyfaeh yqhji lq ygh yg`jct sèe kxty cl lj fyyf`j`jc jhs gh`cgyt fji

i`mhjt`ljt* Ft @ gf~h tfì hfqe`hq% `y `t jly ygfy yghqh fqh jl chjx`jh `ttxht yl trhfo falxy fji qfeep

ygh rle`y`dfe fji hehdylqfe txrrlqy* Glsh~hq `y `t frrfqhjy ygfy ygh dljyhmrlqfqp rle`y`dfe he`yht

efdo jhdhttfqp ~`t`lj fji sèe rlshq qhvx`qhi yl qf`th fji yfdoeh yglth qhfe tld`l - hdljlm`d `ttxht

qhefyhi s`yg ih~helrmhjy fji ygh rqlaehmt ln ygh mfttht* Ihmldqfd`ht fee l~hq ygh slqei fji

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`jdexiht ygh `jty`yxy`ljt% ygh rqldhttht% rqlcqfmmht% rle`y`dfe dxeyxqh fji ln dlxqth ygh he`yht

lrhqfy jc fy ~fq`lxt eh~het* Celafe thi jhl- eàhqfe`tm dlma`jhi s`yg ygh eldfe tld`l rle`y`dfe

fahqqfy`ljt `t yhji`jc yl ellm ghf~èp l~hq ygh eldfe-rle`y`dfe rqldhttht% fji yg`t `t fy ygh qlly ln

ygh dq`t`t* @y `t fetl f yhty`jc y`mh nlq ygh `jyhqrlt`jc d`~è`yp lq d`~è tld`hyp `j qhtrhdy`~h

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f yhty fji f ehfi dfth `j @ji`f `j yg`t qhcfqi*

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_6] Ahji`w Qh`jgfqi% Jfy`lj - axèi`jc Fji D`y`{hjtg`r; Tyxi`ht ln Lxq Dgfjc`jc Tld`fe Lqihq

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_1] Nlq ihyfèhi i`tdxtt`lj rehfth qhnhq yl Dgfjilo% Jhhqf . Rq`pfifqtg`% Rfq~hhj% Hehdylqfe

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122>* Fetl `j HRS* ^le* - WWW^@^ Jl*-@W* Ifyhi 0yg Mfqdg% 122>*

_4] Ygh Nqljye`jh% ^le* 69% Mfqdg 3 600% r-42

_9] Ygh fxyglq g`mthen s`yjhtthi mfjp txdg Fofe` hehdy`lj dfmrf`cjt ixq`jc Nha-Mfqdg 6003*

_8] Hi`ylq`fe% HRS ^le* WWW^@@ Jl*8

_>] Dljcqhtt -Fofe`t lxy yl gxmaeh hfdg lyghq Ygh Yqàxjh Jl~* 0% 1228

_3] àì

_7] Aheel Sfeihj% Ygh Celafe Dq`t`t ln Ehc`y`mfdp ln Eàhqfe IhmldqfdpLdy 18% 1228

sss*nldxtsha*lqc

_0] Nlq ihyfèhi yqhfymhjy ln ygh `ttxh rehfth qhnhq yl Dlghj Khfj '6000)% Yqxty% ^lexjyfqp Fttld`fy`lj

fji Slqofaeh Ihmldqfdp; Ygh Fmhq`dfj I`tdlxqth ln D`~è Tld`hyp `j Ihmldqfdp fji Yqxty% Hi`yhi ap Mfqo H

Sfqqhj% DXR% Dfmaqìch% rr 127-190*

_62] Qlahqy L* Ohlgfjh% Rlshq fji Cl~hqjfjdh `j f Rfqy`feep Celafe`{hi Slqei1221% Qlxehich

Eljilj% R-149*

_66] Rph* Exd`fj% S% Ygh ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t `j Rph* Exd`fj% S% ^hqaf Tìjhp hy he% Dq`t`t fji Thvxhjdh `j Rle`y`dfe

Ih~helrmhjy _6039]% Rq`jdhylj Xj`~hqt`yp Rqhtt% Jhs Khqthp% R-696

_61] Afife rqlm`tht Ldyql` fale`y`lj% qhyg`jo lj ^FY Ygh Yqàxjh Dgfji`cfqg >yg Nha% 122>

_64] Cèe* R* R* T% Fofe` rle`y`dt% aqf`j yhfthq Ygh Yqàxjh% Dgfji`cfqg% Kfjxfqp 62% 1221

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ysl chjhqfe hehdy`ljt% ljh `j Ihdhmahq 6078 fji ygh lyghq `j 1229 dehfqep tyfji frfqy `j yg`t qhcfqi* @j ygh

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_6>] Klthrg Tfqfg% Tld`hyp ^t Tyfyh< D`~è tld`hyp% rle`y`dfe tld`hyp fji Jlj- rfqyp rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j @ji`f

HRS ^le* WWW^@@ Jl*9% Kfj 1>yg 1221*

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64


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Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?

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Transcript of Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?