Intra-District Educational Scenario in Ganga Delta of West Bengal

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 762

Intra-District Educational Scenario in Ganga Delta of West Bengal

Jayatra Mandal Part-time Lecturer, Dept. of Geography, P. K. H. N. Mahavidyalaya, Howrah, W.B., India

Abstract: Education is fundamental in maintaining economic growth, infrastructure and social development. Naturally, availability of existing educational institutions of block level plays important role to delineate the balanced or imbalanced scenario of the district. In this paper six districts of Ganga delta were assessed for identification of deficient blocks by residual mapping. The co-efficient of correlation (r) and the coefficient of determination (r 2) ware used for determined of degree of relationship between educational institution and total population. The result show that the blocks of Hariharpara, Farakka, Samserganj, Suti – II, Raghunathganj – II and Domkal in Murshidabad; Nakashipara, Santipur and Chakdaha in Nadia; Chanditala-I and Chanditala-II in Hoogly; Bally and Sankrail in Haora; Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Rajarhat, Haroa and Minakhan in North 24 Praganas; Budge-Budge-I, Bhangar-II and Canning-II in South 24 Paraganas have deficiency of educational institutions. It is also found that Nadia have almost perfect positive relation (r) between educational center and population whereas Murshidabad, Hoogly, Haora and North 24 Paraganas have strong positive relation (r) and South 24 Paraganas have moderate positive (r) relation. As per coefficient of determination, Murshidabad belong with 63 percent of the total variation in y can be explained by the linear relationship between total population (x) and total educational score (y). Similarly, Nadia-96 percent, Hoogly- 83 percent, Haora-79 percent, North 24 Paraganas - 89 percent and South 24 Paraganas -43 percent can be explained. These deficiencies are not fruitful towards planning for development. To alleviate such situation, few new and high-quality schools and colleges are needed to be established. Keywords: residual mapping, co-efficient of correlation (r), coefficient of determination (r 2), educational institutions, surplus-deficit

INTRODUCTION

Development of a region, country or a district has various facets. Broadly speaking development constitutes the elements like economic growth, infrastructure and social development. The status of education is an integral part of social development. Education is an important avenue which provides a wide range of opportunities for all round development. Recognizing the value of education, our central government has always tried to reconstruct the educational system for betterment of the masses. Deep attention was paid to education as a factor vital to national progress and security. For the harmonious development of the society, education is imparted in different levels through various institutions. In West Bengal the general educational structure is divided into five stages, viz. primary school (class I - IV), middle school (class V - VIII), high school (class IX - X), higher secondary school (XI - XII), college (3 years in B.A/ B.Sc. / B.Com.) and university (2 years in M.A/ M.Sc. /M. Com.). The qualitative outcome of each and every stages based on availability of spatial distribution of educational institution. This reasons induced the author to wage the present study on a district level. The study is designed to recognize the variation in the distribution of educational institution in Ganga Delta. This is the region where 44.74 percent people (excluding Kolkata) of West Bengal are resided in 31 percent geographical area. So, education system of this area is really important. STUDY AREA The study area (fig.1) geographically lies between 21°29′00″ to 24°50′20″ north latitude and 87°30′20″ to 89°06′00″ east longitude. The Ganges delta consists of district Murshidabad, Nadia, Kolkata, Hooghly, Haora, North and South 24 Parganas. But in current study, district Kolkata have not counted. River ganges passes through this vast area and divides into three distinct parts – the old delta (i.e. Murshidabad and Nadia), the mature delta (i.e. Kolkata, Hooghly, and Howrah and part

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_District

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_24_Parganas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_24_Parganas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_24_Parganas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ganges

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_District

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah



of north 24 Parganas) and the active delta (i.e. Northern portion of south 24 Parganas district). It is cover an area of 27,921sq.km. and 40,868,973 populations with the density of population 1464 persons/sq.km.

Fig.1 Location of the study area

OBJECTIVES The major objectives are as follows: 1. To analyze the block-wise disparity in the

distribution of educational institutions. 2. To locate the gap where there is surplus or

deficit of educational institutions. 3. To identify the degree of relationship among

districts of north Bengal.

DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY The present study was conducted based on secondary data sources e.g.

1. DCHB of Murshidabad, Nadia, , Hoogly, Haora, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas (2011)

2. DSHB of Murshidabad, Nadia, , Hoogly, Haora, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas (2012)

Firstly, the block-wise data of total no. of educational institutions (i.e., primary school, middle school, high school, higher secondary school and college or university) of each block in the districts are collected and tabulated (Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) to get individual scores. Secondly, based on the score of educational institutions (y) with respect to the total populations (x) the residual value was calculated and tabulated (Table 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12). Residual mapping: Residual is used to identify and regionalize the areas having negative and positive impact over y. There are two variables are taken as independent (total population) and dependent (total score of educational institutions). They are considered as x and y. The equation is: Yc = a+bx Where, a= y intercept, b= regression coefficient and yc = estimated score. The constant a and b are determined by:

Now, residual is being calculated by differentiation between actual score (Y) to estimated score (Yc). Thirdly, isopleths map has been drawn to portrait the intra-district diversity with the help of residual value. Finally, the degree of relationship among districts shown by Correlation Co-efficient (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r 2)

Correlation Co-efficient (r): The quantity r, called the linear correlation coefficient, measures the strength and the direction of a linear relationship between two variables. The linear correlation co-efficient is sometimes referred to as the Pearson product moment correlation



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_24_Parganas



coefficient in honor of its developer Karl Pearson. The mathematical formula for computing r is:

Where, n is the number of pairs of data.

Coefficient of Determination (r 2) : The coefficient of determination of a linear regression model is the quotient of the variances of the fitted values and observed values of the dependent variable. If we denote yi as the observed values of the dependent variable, as its mean, and as the fitted value, then the coefficient of determination is:

Table-1. Score of Total Educational Institutions of Murshidabad district, 2012

CD

Blo

ck

Prim

ary

Scho

ol

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

Hig

h Sc

hool

Hig

her

Seco

ndar

y Sc

hool

Col

lege

and

Uni

vers

ity

Tot

al S

core

Behrampore 306 34 20 33 3 396 Beldanga - I 138 11 14 11 1 175 Beldanga - II 105 17 7 9 - 138 Nowda 109 10 6 10 1 136 Hariharpara 75 16 8 10 1 110 Kandi 162 18 9 13 2 204 Khargram 148 15 20 8 1 192 Burwan 174 34 14 9 1 232 Bharatpur - I 101 23 6 7 - 137 Bharatpur - II 94 8 12 7 1 122 Farakka 91 7 2 11 1 112 Samserganj 118 13 6 10 1 148 Suti - I 84 4 2 8 - 98 Suti - II 73 1 3 7 1 85 Raghunathganj - I 125 8 6 10 1 150 Raghunathganj - II 97 7 3 8 - 115 Sagardighi 156 18 11 13 1 199

Lalgola 131 21 6 11 1 170 Bhagwangola - I 81 12 5 5 - 103 Bhagwangola - II 76 9 6 4 - 95 Murshidabad-Jiaganj 167 4 10 16 3 200 Nabagram 150 17 13 12 1 193 Domkal 124 10 13 13 1 161 Jalangi 112 24 7 10 - 153 Raninagar - I 77 17 7 6 1 108 Raninagar - II 89 15 9 3 - 116

Source: Compiled by the Author

Table-2 Score of Total Educational Institutions of Nadia district, 2012

CD

Blo

ck

Prim

ary

Scho

ol

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

Hig

h Sc

hool

Hig

her

Seco

ndar

y Sc

hool

Col

lege

and

Uni

vers

ity

Tot

al S

core

Karimpur-I 96 7 5 9 1 118 Karimpur-II 112 9 5 13 - 139 Tehatta-I 132 8 3 17 1 161 Tehatta-II 83 3 2 8 - 96 Kaliganj 175 13 8 17 1 214 Nakashipara 184 12 12 22 1 231 Chapra 155 19 6 18 1 199 Krishnaganj 95 7 5 10 1 118 Krishnanagar-I 243 16 12 33 4 308 Krishnanagar-II 76 10 2 8 - 96 Nabadwip 139 8 6 15 2 170 Santipur 169 10 11 16 1 207 Hanskhali 166 14 8 23 1 212 Ranaghat-I 179 6 13 25 1 224 Ranaghat-II 192 16 13 19 1 241 Chakdaha 308 14 14 55 3 394 Haringhata 120 11 8 10 1 150




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Table-3 Score of Total Educational Institutions of Hoogly district, 2012

CD

Blo

ck

Prim

ary

Scho

ol

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

Hig

h Sc

hool

Hig

her

Seco

ndar

y Sc

hool

Col

lege

and

Uni

vers

ity

Tot

al S

core

Dhaniakhali 199 18 26 15 1 259 Pandua 185 7 24 14 1 231 Balagarh 165 5 18 8 1 197 Chinsurah-Mogra 250 3 25 43 3 324 Polba-Dadpur 132 10 26 8 1 177 Tarakeswar 120 11 7 13 2 153 Haripal 187 11 6 16 1 221 Singur 280 15 29 40 3 367 Jangipara 148 9 11 15 1 184 Chanditala-I 89 9 8 8 1 115 Chanditala-II 94 0 11 14 0 119 Serampur-Uttarpara 281 8 41 53 6 389 Goghat-I 144 6 13 9 - 172 Goghat-II 114 6 16 5 2 143 Arambagh 232 12 23 23 3 293 Khanakul-I 188 17 17 11 1 234 Khanakul-II 137 8 12 8 - 165 Pursurah 108 3 9 8 1 129


Table-4 Score of Total Educational Institutions of Haora district, 2012

CD

Blo

ck

Prim

ary

Scho

ol

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

Hig

h Sc

hool

Hig

her

Seco

ndar

y Sc

hool

Col

lege

and

Uni

vers

ity

Tot

al S

core

Bally 113 2 23 27 4 169 Domjur 157 3 21 18 1 200

Panchla 100 6 12 12 1 131 Sankrail 113 8 9 12 1 143 Jagatballavpur 144 13 8 15 1 181 Howrah (M.C.) 315 14 76 75 4 484 Uluberia-I 271 12 21 28 1 333 Uluberia-II 122 16 4 10 - 152 Amta-I 136 4 22 4 2 168 Amta-II 153 4 15 13 1 186 Udaynarayanpur 121 8 13 12 1 155 Bagnan-I 113 8 9 12 1 143 Bagnan-II 99 4 11 8 - 122 Shyampur-I 125 9 14 11 - 159 Shyampur-II 127 17 12 10 1 167

Source: Compiled by the Author Table-5 Score of Total Educational Institutions

of North 24 Paraganas district, 2012 C

D B

lock

Prim

ary

Scho

ol

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

Hig

h Sc

hool

Hig

her

Seco

ndar

y Sc

hool

Col

lege

and

Uni

vers

ity

Tot

al S

core

Bagdah 131 - 9 16 1 157 Bongaon 238 1 12 40 1 292 Gaighata 162 - 10 27 1 200 Habra-I 140 3 18 21 2 184 Habra-II 163 2 19 27 3 214 Barasat-I 184 3 20 42 5 254 Barasat-II 85 2 4 7 - 98 Amdanga 83 3 9 12 .. 107 Deganga 168 3 9 15 1 196 Rajarhat 116 0 8 42 2 168 Barrackpur-I 420 9 76 64 3 572 Barrackpur-II 527 18 121 136 20 822 Baduria 225 4 17 17 0 263 Haroa 86 - 5 9 - 100 Minakhan 82 2 5 7 .. 96 Swarupnagar 144 3 13 15 .. 175 Hasnabad 148 2 16 12 1 179





Hingalganj 127 5 15 13 .. 160 Sandeshkhali-I 87 2 9 10 1 109 Sandeshkhali-II 90 1 15 6 - 112 Basirhat-I 145 5 9 17 1 177 Basirhat-II 122 1 9 9 - 141


Table-6 Score of Total Educational Institutions

of South 24 Paraganas district, 2012

CD

Blo

ck

Prim

ary

Scho

ol

Mid

dle

Scho

ol

Hig

h Sc

hool

Hig

her

Seco

ndar

y Sc

hool

Col

lege

and

Uni

vers

ity

Tot

al S

core

Thakurpukur-Maheshtala 177 5 26 28 3 239 Bishnupur-I 108 2 9 7 - 126 Bishnupur-II 107 1 15 11 1 135 Budge-Budge-I 57 4 9 9 0 79 Budge-Budge-II 93 - 12 13 1 119 Sonarpur 165 1 19 31 2 218 Jaynagar-I 107 - 11 13 1 132

Jaynagar-II 129 4 12 9 0 154 Kultali 96 - 7 8 1 112 Baruipur 185 0 15 20 3 223 Bhangar-I 99 - 7 11 1 118 Bhangar-II 95 1 5 6 - 107 Canning-I 114 1 4 11 1 131 Canning-II 92 - 3 7 1 103 Basanti 146 1 9 12 1 169 Gosaba 161 4 24 12 1 202 Mograhat-I 113 2 17 11 1 144 Mograhat-II 135 - 10 11 1 157 Mandirbazar 131 4 14 11 1 161 Kulpi 208 2 21 11 1 243 Falta 148 - 25 10 1 184 Diamond Harbour-I 99 0 13 11 1 124 Diamond Harbour-II 118 - 14 14 - 146 Mathurapur-I 125 - 18 8 - 151 Mathurapur-II 134 2 13 14 1 164 Kakdwip 151 3 17 20 1 192 Namkhana 101 - 12 9 - 122 Sagar 124 1 16 14 1 156 Patharpratima 204 3 24 14 1 246


Table-7 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Murshidabad district, 2012

CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc = a+bx Residuals Behrampore 642110 396 335.06 60.94 Beldanga - I 348527 175 188.2685 -13.2685 Beldanga - II 250458 138 139.234 -1.234 Nowda 226859 136 127.4345 8.5655 Hariharpara 257571 110 142.7905 -32.7905 Kandi 275777 204 151.8935 52.1065 Khargram 273332 192 150.671 41.329 Burwan 257466 232 142.738 89.262 Bharatpur - I 172702 137 100.356 36.644 Bharatpur - II 176368 122 102.189 19.811 Farakka 274111 112 151.0605 -39.0605 Samserganj 379778 148 203.894 -55.894 Suti - I 179908 98 103.959 -5.959 Suti - II 278922 85 153.466 -68.466 Raghunathganj - I 283792 150 155.901 -5.901 Raghunathganj - II 265336 115 146.673 -31.673





Sagardighi 310461 199 169.2355 29.7645 Lalgola 335831 170 181.9205 -11.9205 Bhagwangola - I 202071 103 115.0405 -12.0405 Bhagwangola - II 158024 95 93.017 1.983 Murshidabad-Jiaganj 330374 200 179.192 20.808 Nabagram 227586 193 127.798 65.202 Domkal 363976 161 195.993 -34.993 Jalangi 252477 153 140.2435 12.7565 Raninagar - I 189105 108 108.5575 -0.5575 Raninagar - II 190885 116 109.4475 6.5525

Source: Compiled by the Author Table-8 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Nadia district, 2012

CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Karimpur-I 183556 118 130.3226 -12.3226 Karimpur-II 217136 139 150.4706 -11.4706 Tehatta-I 244322 161 166.7822 -5.7822 Tehatta-II 151231 96 110.9276 -14.9276 Kaliganj 334881 214 221.1176 -7.1176 Nakashipara 386569 231 252.1304 -21.1304 Chapra 310652 199 206.5802 -7.5802 Krishnaganj 146705 118 108.212 9.788 Krishnanagar-I 467895 308 300.926 7.074 Krishnanagar-II 139472 96 103.8722 -7.8722 Nabadwip 260857 170 176.7032 -6.7032 Santipur 392857 207 255.9032 -48.9032 Hanskhali 293040 212 196.013 15.987 Ranaghat-I 359340 224 235.793 -11.793 Ranaghat-II 387524 241 252.7034 -11.7034 Chakdaha 660495 394 416.486 -22.486 Haringhata 231068 150 158.8298 -8.8298


Table-9 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Hoogly district, 2012

CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Dhaniakhali 320534 259 215.9476 43.0524 Pandua 316197 231 214.2128 16.7872 Balagarh 228998 197 179.3332 17.6668 Chinsurah-Mogra 528234 324 299.0276 24.9724 Polba-Dadpur 263555 177 193.156 -16.156 Tarakeswar 210095 153 171.772 -18.772 Haripal 261073 221 192.1632 28.8368 Singur 656008 367 350.1372 16.8628 Jangipara 221578 184 176.3652 7.6348 Chanditala-I 179825 115 159.664 -44.664




Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) 68

Chanditala-II 253332 119 189.0668 -70.0668 Serampur-Uttarpara 815114 389 413.7796 -24.7796 Goghat-I 140030 172 143.746 28.254 Goghat-II 160585 143 151.968 -8.968 Arambagh 351382 293 228.2868 64.7132 Khanakul-I 254434 234 189.5076 44.4924 Khanakul-II 184734 165 161.6276 3.3724 Pursurah 173437 129 157.1088 -28.1088


Table-10 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Haora district, 2012

CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Bally 502877 169 276.3298 -107.33 Domjur 377588 200 226.2142 -26.2142 Panchla 251930 131 175.951 -44.951 Sankrail 343933 143 212.7522 -69.7522 Jagatballavpur 257941 181 178.3554 2.6446 Howrah (M.C.) 1077075 484 506.009 -22.009 Uluberia-I 437632 333 250.2318 82.7682 Uluberia-II 191599 152 151.8186 0.1814 Amta-I 223218 168 164.4662 3.5338 Amta-II 208132 186 158.4318 27.5682 Udaynarayanpur 190186 155 151.2534 3.7466 Bagnan-I 221500 143 163.779 -20.779 Bagnan-II 164405 122 140.941 -18.941 Shyampur-I 205849 159 157.5186 1.4814 Shyampur-II 196164 167 153.6446 13.3554


Table-11 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of North 24 Paraganas district, 2012

CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Bagdah 242974 157 146.5812 10.4188 Bongaon 489767 292 220.6191 71.3809 Gaighata 330287 200 172.7751 27.2249 Habra-I 372421 184 185.4153 -1.4153 Habra-II 343459 214 176.7267 37.2733 Barasat-I 769190 254 304.446 -50.446 Barasat-II 200918 98 133.9644 -35.9644 Amdanga 191673 107 131.1909 -24.1909 Deganga 319213 196 131.1909 64.8091 Rajarhat 809346 168 316.4928 -148.493 Barrackpur-I 1276801 572 456.7293 115.2707 Barrackpur-II 2391852 822 791.2446 30.7554





Baduria 337812 263 175.0326 87.9674 Haroa 214401 100 138.0093 -38.0093 Minakhan 199084 96 133.4142 -37.4142 Swarupnagar 256075 175 150.5115 24.4885 Hasnabad 241525 179 146.1465 32.8535 Hingalganj 174545 160 126.0525 33.9475 Sandeshkhali-I 164465 109 123.0285 -14.0285 Sandeshkhali-II 160976 112 121.9818 -9.9818 Basirhat-I 296867 177 162.7491 14.2509 Basirhat-II 226130 141 141.528 -0.528


Table-12 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of South 24 Paraganas district, 2012

CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Thakurpukur-Maheshtala 701357 239 231.5154 7.4846 Bishnupur-I 232365 126 137.717 -11.717 Bishnupur-II 214531 135 134.1502 0.8498 Budge-Budge-I 149955 79 121.235 -42.235 Budge-Budge-II 192134 119 129.6708 -10.6708 Sonarpur 644231 218 220.0902 -2.0902 Jaynagar-I 263151 132 143.8742 -11.8742 Jaynagar-II 278086 154 146.8612 7.1388 Kultali 229053 112 137.0546 -25.0546 Baruipur 486247 223 188.4934 34.5066 Bhangar-I 249170 118 141.078 -23.078 Bhangar-II 246708 107 140.5856 -33.5856 Canning-I 304724 131 152.1888 -21.1888 Canning-II 252523 103 141.7486 -38.7486 Basanti 336717 169 158.5874 10.4126 Gosaba 246598 202 140.5636 61.4364 Mograhat-I 269494 144 145.1428 -1.1428 Mograhat-II 304744 157 152.1928 4.8072 Mandirbazar 214050 161 134.054 26.946 Kulpi 283197 243 147.8834 95.1166 Falta 249561 184 141.1562 42.8438 Diamond Harbour-I 197968 124 130.8376 -6.8376 Diamond Harbour-II 190801 146 129.4042 16.5958 Mathurapur-I 195104 151 130.2648 20.7352 Mathurapur-II 220839 164 135.4118 28.5882 Kakdwip 281963 192 147.6366 44.3634 Namkhana 182830 122 127.81 -5.81 Sagar 212037 156 133.6514 22.3486 Patharpratima 331823 246 157.6086 88.3914






RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Case study of Murshidabad The district of Mubshidabad shows the significant diversity among 26 blocks. Only 13 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 13 blocks have deficiency (table-13).

Table-13 Surplus and deficient blocks of Murshidabad

Score Surplus Deficient

High (>30)

Behrampore, Kandi,

Khargram, Burwan,

Bharatpur – I, Nabagram

Hariharpara, Farakka,

Samserganj, Suti – II,

Raghunathganj – II, Domkal

Moderate (10-30)

Bharatpur – II, Sagardighi,

Murshidabad-Jiaganj, Jalangi

Beldanga – I, Lalgola,

Bhagwangola – I

Low (<10)

Nowda, Bhagwangola

– II, Raninagar - II

Beldanga – II, Suti – I,

Raghunathganj – I, Raninagar - I

Total 13 13


The isopleths map (fig. 2) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, +10 and +30. The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen in the eastern and few pocket of western, central and southern part of the districts which, including the blocks of Nowda, Bhagwangola – II, Raninagar – II, Beldanga – II, Suti – I, Raghunathganj – I and Raninagar – I. The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in major part of western and few part of eastern portion of the district including the blocks Bharatpur – II, Sagardighi, Murshidabad-Jiaganj, Jalangi, Behrampore, Kandi, Khargram, Burwan, Bharatpur – I and Nabagram. These blocks encompass with adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent requirement for more of them.

Fig. 2 Residuals of Murshidabad district

On the contrary of deficient regions (<-10) are cover in the south-eastern and northern part of the district including the blocks of Beldanga – I, Lalgola, Bhagwangola – I, Hariharpara, Farakka, Samserganj, Suti – II, Raghunathganj – II and Domkal. These blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers.

Case study of Nadia The district of Nadia shows the significant diversity among 17 blocks. Only 3 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 14 blocks have deficiency (table-14).





Table-14 Surplus and deficient blocks of Nadia Score Surplus Deficient

High (>15) Hanskhali

Nakashipara, Santipur, Chakdaha

Moderate (5-15)

Krishnaganj, Krishnanagar-

I

Karimpur-I, Karimpur-II,

Tehatta-I, Tehatta-II, Kaliganj,

Chapra, Krishnanagar-II,

Nabadwip, Ranaghat-I, Ranaghat-II, Haringhata

Low (< 5)

- -

Total 3 14


The isopleths map (fig.3) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. The highest positive and negative residual value are 16 and (-) 48. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isoclines viz. -15, -5, + 5 and +15. The similar lines are not chosen (i.e. 30, 10,-10 and -30) for the nature of data. The region between (-)-5 to (+) 5 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen like a strip in the few portion of central and lower-central portion of the district including the few part of the block Chapra, Krishnagar-II, Nabadwip, Krishnanagar-1, Haringhata and Ranaghat- II. The positive surplus regions (> +5) lie just eastern side of zone of maximum correspondence, in few portion of central and lower-central part of the district in and comprising the blocks of Krishnaganj, Krishnanagar-I and Hanskhali. These blocks encompass with adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent requirement for more of them. On the contrary of deficient or negative regions are covered major portion of the district .i.e. in the northern, central and southern comprising the blocks of Karimpur-I, Karimpur-II, Tehatta-I, Tehatta-II, Kaliganj, Chapra, Krishnanagar-II, Nabadwip, Ranaghat-I, Ranaghat-II, Haringhata, Nakashipara, Santipur and Chakdaha.These two blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need

immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers.

Fig. 3 Residuals of Nadia district

Case study of Hoogly The district of Haora shows the significant diversity among 18 blocks. Only 7 blocks have deficient educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 11 blocks have surplus (table-15). The isopleths map (fig. 4) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, +10 and +30.





Table 15 Surplus and deficient blocks of Hoogly Score Surplus Deficient

High (>30)

Dhaniakhali, Arambagh, Khanakul-I

Chanditala-I, Chanditala-II

Moderate (10-30)

Pandua, Balagarh, Chinsurah-Mogra, Haripal, Singur,

Goghat-I

Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Serampur-Uttarpara, Pursurah

Low (< 10)

Jangipara, Khanakul-II

Goghat-II

Total 11 7

Source: Computed by the author

Fig. 4 Residuals of Hoogly district

The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen few pocket of the district i.e. north-western, central, southern and eastern part which, including the blocks of Jangipara, Khanakul-II and Goghat-II.

The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in few part of western and major part of central to north-eastern side of the district including the blocks Pandua, Balagarh, Chinsurah-Mogra, Haripal, Singur, Goghat-I, Dhaniakhali, Arambagh and Khanakul-I. These blocks encompass with adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent requirement for more of them. On the contrary of deficient regions (<-10) are cover in few pockets in scattered way i.e. in the north-western, central and southern part of the district including the blocks of Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Serampur-Uttarpara, Pursurah, Chanditala-I and Chanditala-II . These blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers. Case study of Haora

The district of Haora shows the significant diversity among 14 blocks and 1 M.C. Only 8 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 7 blocks have deficiency (table-16). Table-16 Surplus and deficient blocks of Haora

Score Surplus Deficient

High (>60)

Uluberia-I Bally, Sankrail

Moderate (20-60)

Amta-II Domjur, Panchla, Howrah (M.C.),

Bagnan-I Low (<

20) Jagatballavpur,

Uluberia-II, Amta-I,

Udaynarayanpur, Shyampur-I, Shyampur-II

Bagnan-II

Total 8 7


The isopleths map (fig. 5) derived from residual value of total score of educational institutions on population reveals a lot of information. The highest negative and positive value are (-) 107 and (+) 82 respectively. That is why; the isolines are taken as -60, -20, +20 and +60. Based on those four isolines, the five zones are identified as spatial variance. The region between (-) 20 to +20 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other





words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen in the major portion of the district i.e., northern portion to southern via central part like a strip of the district including the blocks of Jagatballavpur, Uluberia-II, Amta-I, Udaynarayanpur, Shyampur-I, Shyampur-II and Bagnan-II.

Fig. 5 Residuals of district Haora

The positive surplus regions (> +20) lie in few portion of north-western and south-eastern part of the district and comprising the blocks of Amta-II and Ulluberia-I. These blocks encompass with adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent requirement for more of them.

On the contrary of deficient or negative regions i.e., > (-) 20 are covered in the north-eastern portion of the district comprising the blocks of Bally, Sankrail, Domjur, Panchla, Howrah (M.C.) and Bagnan-I. These six blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers.

Case study of North 24 Paraganas The district of North 24 Paraganas shows the significant diversity among 22 blocks. Only 12 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 10 blocks have deficiency (table-17). Table-17 Surplus and deficient blocks of North

24 Paraganas Score Surplus Deficient

High (>30)

Bongaon, Habra-II, Deganga, Barrackpur-I, Barrackpur-II,

Baduria, Hasnabad, Hingalganj

Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Rajarhat, Haroa,

Minakhan

Moderate (10-30)

Bagdah, Gaighata, Swarupnagar,

Basirhat-I

Amdanga, Sandeshkhali-I

Low (< 10)

- Habra-I, Sandeshkhali-II, Basirhat-II

Total 12 10


The isopleths map (fig. 6) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, +10 and +30. The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen like a strip in northern to southern part of the districts and distinctively one pocket of north, including the blocks of Habra-I, Sandeshkhali-II, Basirhat-II, Bagda and few portion of other blocks. The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in major part of northern , central, central-western and south-eastern portion of the district including the blocks Bagdah, Gaighata, Swarupnagar, Basirhat-I





Bongaon, Habra-II, Deganga, Barrackpur-I, Barrackpur-II, Baduria, Hasnabad and Hingalganj. These blocks encompass with adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent requirement for more of them. On the contrary of deficient regions (< -10) are cover in the south-western part of the district including the blocks of Amdanga, Sandeshkhali-I, Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Rajarhat, Haroa and Minakhan. These blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers.

Fig. 6 Residuals of district North 24 Parganas

Case study of South 24 Paraganas

The district of South 24 Paraganas shows the significant diversity among 29 blocks. Only 16 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 13 blocks have deficiency (table-18). Table-18 Surplus and deficient blocks of South

24 Paraganas Score Surplus Deficient

High (>30)

Baruipur, Gosaba, Kulpi, Falta, Kakdwip, Patharpratima

Budge-Budge-I, Bhangar-II,

Canning-II

Moderate (10-30)

Basanti, Mandirbazar,

Diamond Harbour-II¸

Mathurapur-I, Mathurapur-II,

Sagar

Bishnupur-I, Budge-Budge-II, Jaynagar-I,

Kultali, Bhangar-I, Canning-I

Low (< 10)

Thakurpukur-Maheshtala,

Bishnupur-II, Jaynagar-II, Mograhat-II

Sonarpur, Mograhat-I,

Diamond Harbour-I, Namkhana

Total 16 13 Source: Compiled by the Author

The isopleths map (fig. 7) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, +10 and +30. The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen in the northern, central and south-western part of the districts including the blocks of Thakurpukur-Maheshtala, Bishnupur-II, Jaynagar-II, Mograhat-II, Sonarpur, Mograhat-I, Diamond Harbour-I and Namkhana. The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in major part of south-eastern, south-western portion and few pocket of the district including the blocks of Basanti, Mandirbazar, Diamond Harbour-II¸ Mathurapur-I, Mathurapur-II, Sagar, Baruipur, Gosaba, Kulpi, Falta, Kakdwip and Patharpratima . These blocks encompass with adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent requirement for more of them.





Fig. 7 Residuals of district South 24 Parganas

On the contrary of deficient regions (< -10) are cover in the north-eastern, north-western and southern part of the district including the blocks of Bishnupur-I, Budge-Budge-II, Jaynagar-I, Kultali, Bhangar-I, Canning-I, Budge-Budge-I, Bhangar-II and Canning-II. These blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers. Table- 19 shows the degree of relationship by Co-efficient of correlation (r) between educational institution and total population. It is found that Nadia have almost perfect positive relation; Murshidabad, Hoogly, Haora and North 24 Paraganas have strong positive relation and South 24 Paraganas have moderate positive relation.

The coefficient of determination (r 2) represents the percent of the data that is the closest to the line of best fit. For example of Murshidabad ,if r = 0.79, then r 2 = 0.63, which means that percent of the total variation in y can be explained by the linear relationship between total population (x) and total educational score (y). The other 37 percent of the total variation in y remains unexplained. Similarly, Nadia- 96 percent, Hoogly- 83 percent, Haora- 79 percent, North 24 Paraganas- 89 percent and South 24 Paraganas- 43 percent can be explained.

Table-19: Degree of relationship by Karl Pearson’s product moment method Sl no. District Co-efficient of correlation (r ) coefficient of determination (r2)

1 Murshidabad 0.79 0.63 2 Nadia 0.98 0.96 3 Hoogly 0.91 0.83 4 Haora 0.89 0.79 5 North 24 Paraganas 0.94 0.89 6 South 24 Paraganas 0.66 0.43

Source: Computed by the Author CONCLUSION The study delineates the disparity in the distribution of the educational institutions in the district of ganga delta. This so called disparity or surplus-deficiency cause serious development gap. To alleviate such situation, few new and high-quality schools and colleges are needed to be established, especially in the blocks of Hariharpara,

Farakka, Samserganj, Suti – II, Raghunathganj – II and Domkal in Murshidabad; Nakashipara, Santipur and Chakdaha in Nadia; Chanditala-I and Chanditala-II in Hoogly; Bally and Sankrail in Haora; Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Rajarhat, Haroa and Minakhan in North 24 Praganas; Budge-Budge-I, Bhangar-II and Canning-II in South 24 Paraganas.





Besides that, population all over the district is increasing day by day. Hence parallel proper policy

and planning is required to mitigate such intra-district disparity.

RFERENCES [1] Mandal, J. (2016): “Intra-district disparity in the distribution of educational institutions in Nadia, West Bengal” Indian Journal of Spatial Sciences (IJSS), Vol. 7.0 No. 1 pp. 52-54. [2] Mandal, J. (2016): “Diversity of facilities of mouzas in Tehatta-I block in Nadia, West Bengal: A Geoinformatics approach”, Research Expo International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. 6, Issue No. II. [3] Bhadra, D (2015): “Spatial analysis for understanding regional disparities in educational facilities of Birbhum district” ILEE, Vol. 38 (1) pp.186-189. [4] Saha, I. and Sarkar, A. (2013): “Disparity in Development of Mouzas of Binpur- I block, West Bengal-a Geoinformatics Approach” Asian Studies, Vol. XXXI No. 2, pp.49-54. [5] Datta D, Ghosh P. K. and Ghosh A. (2011): “Development of spatial database for sustainable micro-level planning of Chandanpur mouza, Puruliya, West Bengal”, E-traverse, Vol.-II, No.-2. [6] Datta D, Ghosh P. K. and Ghosh A. (2010): “Development of spatial database for sustainable micro-level planning of Matilaldih mouza, Puruliya, West Bengal”, Indian Journal of Landscape Systems and Ecological Studies, Vol-33 No.1, pp.301-308. [7] Dutta U. and Singh Y. (2007): “Micro-level planning using spatial database”, Current Science, Vol-93 No.-7, pp.921-926. [8] Ghosh, A (2006): “Intra-district disparity in the distribution of educational institutions in Bakura,

West Bengal” Geographical Review of India, Vol. 68(3) pp. 302-315. [9] District Statistical Handbook (DSHB) of Murshidabad, 2012 [10] District Census Handbook (DCHB) of Murshidabad, 2011 [11] District Statistical Handbook (DSHB) of Nadia, 2012 [12] District Census Handbook (DCHB) of Nadia, 2011 [13] District Statistical Handbook (DSHB) of North 24 Parganas, 2012 [14] District Census Handbook (DCHB) of North 24 Parganas, 2011 [15] District Statistical Handbook (DSHB) of South 24 Parganas, 2012 [16] District Census Handbook (DCHB) of South 24 Parganas, 2011 [17] District Statistical Handbook (DSHB) of Hoogly, 2012 [18] District Census Handbook (DCHB) of Hoogly, 2011 [19] District Statistical Handbook (DSHB) of Haora, 2012 [20] District Census Handbook (DCHB) of Haora, 2011



Intra-District Educational Scenario in Ganga Delta of West Bengal

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