Into the WestGoal 4

Important Questions

1. Name 6 items made by Plains Indians from the various parts of the buffalo.

2. In addition to these items, what else did the Plains Indians use the buffalo for?

Agricultural Technology

Explain the significance of each invention listed below:

• John Deere’s steel plow: • Windmills: • Barbed Wire• Railroads

Agricultural Technology1. John Deere’s steel plow: made cutting

through tough prairie soil easier2. Windmills: Wind power pumped water

to the surface from deep wells3. Barbed Wire**: Made it possible for

ranchers to create fenced in areas for cattle to graze;

4. Railroads: created way to import needed equipment.** This ended life on the open range

Locate information on the life of a cowboy in

your text.•Write a diary entry for one day, as if you were a cowboy.•Explain what your day was like. Make sure to use the information you read about and refer to it in your description of your day.

Vocabulary1. Great Plains2. Treaty of Fort

Laramie3. Sitting Bull4. George A. Custer5. Assimilation6. Dawes Act7. Battle of

Wounded Knee8. Longhorn9. Chisholm Trail10.Long Drive

11.Homestead Act12.Exoduster13.Sodhouse14.Morrill Act15.Bonanza farms16.Grange17.Populism18.Bimetallism19.William

McKinley20.William Jennings

Bryan

Religion Causes Migration

• Christian missionaries who wished to spread the message of Jesus to Native Americans

• Mormons– REVIEW

• Who is the founder of the Mormons?• Who led them into the West?• Where did they settle in the West?• Why did they move West?

Gold• Gold Rush in 1849 brought settlers

to California (gains statehood)• 1859 large numbers of people

rushed to Nevada after hearing about the Comstock Lode.– Comstock lode: major discovery of gold

and silver ores in western Nevada; one of the largest discoveries in history

• Gold will become a major conflict between whites and Natives

New Land OpportunitiesThe government encouraged western settlement by passing the following laws:

•Homestead Act of 1862: anyone who would agree to cultivate 160 acres of land for five years would receive a title to that land from the federal government•Morrill-Land Grant Act of 1862: distributed millions of acres of western territories to state governments; land then sold to fund agricultural colleges

– These colleges served to teach farmers how to use new technologies and how to deal with the unfamiliar terrain of the Midwest

Oklahoma Land Rush• People began to call upon the US government to

open Indian Territories for settlement• 1889, central Oklahoma is declared open for

settlement.• About 50,000 people gathered at the border of

Oklahoma borders waiting for the official opening.• People came in on horseback, bicycles, in wagons,

and on foot trying to stake their claim.• “Sooner State” become the Oklahoma nickname

– You get a better claim if you get there sooner.

Women in the West

•Women who settled in the west found that they enjoyed greater freedom and flexibility than could be had in the east.

•Women had more opportunities to take on roles traditionally open to men.

Sod Houses

• Settlers in the west lacked wood or other traditional building materials.

• Sod houses (soddies) were made of thick prairie grass; proved to be strong and durable– Vulnerable to rain damage– Damp

Soddy

African Americans in the West• African Americans moved west for new

opportunities- they worked to construct the railroads & were cowboys

• Many African Americans served as soldiers for the US Army during the Indian Wars

• The “Buffalo Soldiers” served with distinction & showed great bravery– Name given to them by the Native Americans

• African Americans who moved to the West after the Civil War were called exodusters

Transcontinental Railroad

• Railroad became important means of transportation

• In 1862, Congress coordinated an effort among railroad companies to construct a transcontinental railroad

• Union Pacific (east) and Central Pacific (California) railroad companies joined their tracks at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869

Transcontinental Railroad,

Promontory Point, Utah

Immigrants• Chinese & Irish

immigrants worked to construct the railroad

• Chinese immigrants entered the country from the west coast

In Class Assignment

EOC Review BookPage 89 #1-3***Restate the questions with answers

***You must hold onto this paper after today’s class. We will turn in all EOC Review Questions for this Goal after we have met all four objectives.

Native Americans & Westward Settlement

• Native Americans in the Great Plains depended on the buffalo for survival.

– Food, clothing, shelter• Settlers and fur trappers came to the area

and practically all of the buffalo were destroyed, therefore destroying the Indian way of life.

• Native Americans had been put on reservations (where they could live communally) to make way for white settlers.

The Indian Wars• To keep the peace between white settlers and

the tribes of the Great Plains, the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed.• Bound Indians to territories away from the

major trails.

• Famous Indian chiefs came to power at this time and resisted their tribes being put on reservations.

• While the U.S. army won most of the Indian wars, the Sioux & Cheyenne captured a major victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

• Surprise attack to defeat the Sioux tribe

• At this battle, Gen. George Armstrong Custer and more than 200 of his men was killed.

CHIEFS

Ft. Laramie Treaty

1. What was the Nez Perce nontreaty policy?

2. How did the nontreaty policy affect U.S. government policy?

3. Why did Chief Joseph take the Nez Perce to Canada rather than fight the army troops?

4. What ultimately happened to Chief Joseph and his people?

Assignment: Read about Chief Joseph & answer these questions:

p.370

“I Will Fight No More Forever”

Video

A Speech by Chief Joseph on behalf of the Nez Perce

Class Discussion after Primary Source Reading P.10501.Who are the chiefs that Chief Joseph has spoken to? Why do you think he calls them chiefs?2. Chief Joseph states that he is “tired of broken promises.” What are some of the broken promises he refers to?3.How does Chief Joseph seek peace between the white settlers and the Native Americans?4.Who is the Great Spirit Chief?

The Indian WarsContinue

• In retaliation, the battles became more brutal.• The Indian Wars ended with the Massacre at

Wounded Knee, in which almost 200 Sioux men, women & children were killed.

• Ghost Dance (Sitting Bull) – this dance would bring back the buffalo and return to Native land.

• In Helen Hunt Jackson’s book, A Century of Dishonor, she describes the shameful way Native American had been treated.

• Broken promise of the government

• In 1887, the Dawes Act (allotment) was passed which forced Indians to farm individual plots of land, taking away their tribal way of life, into US culture.

Results of the Dawes Act

• By 1932, whites had taken about 2/3 of the territory that was set aside for Native Americans.– No money would be received by Native

Americans from the sale of these lands.

Images from Wounded Knee, 1890

Collecting the Dead

Images from Wounded Knee, 1890

Mass grave

Respond to the following questions in your notebook:

1. Why were the buffalo important to the Sioux?

2. What is the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty?

3. What happened at Promontory Point, Utah?

4. What caused the Battle at Wounded Knee? In your opinion, was it a “battle” or a “massacre”? Explain.

Tom Torlino (Navajo) as he appeared upon arrival to the Carlisle Indian

School, October 21, 1882. Tom Torlino (Navajo) three years later

It's cheaper to educate Indians than to kill them."

--Indian Commissioner Thomas Morgan speaking at the

establishment of the Phoenix Indian School in 1891

Apache children on arrival at the Carlisle Indian School (Pennsylvania) wearing traditional clothing.

Apache children at the Carlisle School four months later.

EOC Review Book

• Restate question with answer:• Page 93

– #1-3

• ADD THIS TO YOUR REVIEW!– Remember, these Goal 4 EOC questions

will be collected as a whole after we have met all 4 objectives; do not lose this.

Problems of Farmers

Farmers faced problems in the 1870s & 1880s:

1. They received little profit from their crops due to overproduction.

2.Farm equipment became more expensive.

3.Railroads charged outrageous rates.4. Farmers fell deeply into debt.

Agricultural Technology1. John Deere’s steel plow: made cutting

through tough prairie soil easier2. Windmills: Wind power pumped water

to the surface from deep wells3. Barbed Wire**: Made it possible for

ranchers to create fenced in areas for cattle to graze;

4. Railroads: created way to import needed equipment.** This ended life on the open range

The Grange• 1887 Oliver H. Kelley, Minnesota farmer• Farmers began banning together to

protect their interests• They started cooperatives (alliances)

called granges• They pooled money together to buy

machinery and supplies• Other cooperatives: Northwestern

Alliance, Southern Farmers’ Alliance, and Colored Farmers’ National Alliance

The Populist Movement

• The movement of the “people” (Populist) that demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt from farmers and other workers & to give people greater voice in their government.

• The Populist Movement started a Populist Party, to elect officials so changes could be made in the government

The Populist PartyPLATFORM & REFORMS

• Increase in the money supply, which would produce a rise in prices received for goods and services

• Graduated income tax• Federal loan program for farmers & workers• Direct election of U.S. Senators (popular vote)• Single terms for the president & vice president• Secret ballot voting• 8-hour workday• Restrictions on immigration

Bimetallism• Bimetallism is the belief that money should

be backed by both gold and silver (“Silverites”)

• “Gold Bugs” believed money should be backed by gold only.

• People viewed money as useless if it could not be turned in for gold or silver.

• Because silver was more plentiful than gold, silverites felt that money backed with both gold and silver would make more currency available (with less value per dollar).

• Silverites thought this would stimulate the economy, thus helping farmers and workers.

William Jennings Bryan (Democratic Party Presidential Candidate), supported by the Populist Party

“Cross of Gold Speech” (about the danger of the gold only standard)

“You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”

Election of 1896• The candidates of the 1896 election were:

– Republican Party: William McKinley– Democratic Party (supported by the Populist

Party): William Jennings Bryan

• Bryan made a very famous speech called the “Cross of Gold” (mankind, workers and farmers, were being crucified “upon a cross of gold”)

• McKinley won, ending the Populist movement.

• However, many ideas of the Populist remained and sparked reform in the future.

Review• Various people in the west (immigrants,

women, African Americans, Native Americans)• Indian Wars & boarding schools (assimilation);

Dawes Act; buffalo• How did the government encouraged Western

settlement?• How did the Populist Movement emerge

(problems faced by farmers);what was the Populist Party; what caused the end of the Populist Party; why is the Populist Party significant?

• Currency debate: Gold bugs v. silverites• Agricultural technology/advances• Life on the western prairie (soddy, cowboys,

open range, long drive)