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INTERWAR YEARS CHAPTER 15

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CHINA IN 1911 CHINAS NATIONALIST MOVEMENT MOVED THEM FROM A MONARCHY AN OLIGARCHY(rule by a small committee) 1917 CHINA DECLARED WAR ON GERMAY HOPING TO REGAIN GERMAN COLONIES IN CHINA, THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES GAVE THE LAND TO JAPAN JAPAN HAD INVADED GERMAN TERRITORIES IN CHINA DURING THE WAR AND WERE REWARD FOR IT

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CHINA MAY 4, 1919 THOUSANDS OF CHINESE STUDENTS PROTESTED THE NATIONALIST GOVERNMENT FOR NOT DEMANDING RECOGNITION; THIS WAS KNOW AS THE MAY 4 TH MOVEMENT AS A RESULT IN 1921, THE COMMUNIST PARTY FORMED, LED BY MAO ZEDONG

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CHINA THE NATIONALIST AND THE COMMUNIST FORMED AN ALLIANCE, THEIR GOAL TO SUBDUE FEUDAL CHINESE WARLORDS, PUSH FOREIGN NATIONS OUT BY 1927, THE ALLIANCE PROVED TO BE SUCCESSFUL, BUT CHIANG KAI- SHEK WANTED TOTAL CONTROL HE TURNED ON THE COMMUNIST AND BEGAN CHINAS CIVIL WAR

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CHINA MAO WAS ABLE TO ESCAPE WITH 100,000 FOLLOWERS, AT THE END OF HIS ESCAPE ONLY 8,000 SURVIVED THE LONG MARCH AS IT WAS CALLED; COVERED A 6,000 MILE ROUTE; IT IS A MAJOR HISTORIC EVENT OF CHINESE COMMUNIST HISTORY THE COMMUNIST WOULD NOT RETURN UNTIL WWII

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INDIA IN 1915 MOHANDAS GANDHI RETURNED TO INDIA, IN HOPES OF BRINGING FREEDOM TO THE HINDU PEOPLE HE ENCOURAGED MEN TO FIGHT FOR THE BRITISH DURING WWI, THINKING THEIR SACRIFICES WOULD HELP THEM GAIN RIGHTS IN SOCIETY, THE BRITISH DID NOT CHANGE THEIR CONTROL

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INDIA THIS BROUGHT POLITICAL UNREST TO INDIA, PROTEST AND DEMOSTRATIONS AGAINST BRITISH RULE IN 1919 THE ROWLATT ACTS WERE PASSED, IT ALLOWED BRITISH TROOPS TO DEAL HARSHLY WITH PROTESTERS APRIL 1919, THE AMRISTAR MASSACRE HAPPENED, 400 PEACEFUL DEMOSTRATORS WERE KILLED, 1,200 WOUNDED

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INDIA THE MASSACRE ENCOURAGED GANDHI MOVE FROM HELPING THE PEASANTS PROTEST THEIR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS INTO INDIAS MOVEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE GANDHI CALLED ON THE PEOPLE TO NON-VIOLENT PROTEST AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE(REFUSAL TO WORK, OR BUY), HIS EXAMPLE WAS MAKING HOME SPUN AND SALT

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MIDDLE EAST AFTER WWI THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES ESTABLISHED THE MANDATE SYSTEM IN THE FORMER OTTOMAN EMPIRE THIS SYSTEM DIVIDED THE MIDDLE EAST BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND THE BRITISH, THOUGH SOME COUNTRIES WILL GAIN INDEPENDENCE SOON, OTHERS WILL LAST UNTIL THE 1960S TREATY OF SEVRES-OTTOMANS AGREED TO GIVE UP CONTROL OF ITS LANDS

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MIDDLE EAST TURKEY WAS THE CENTER OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WITH THE CAPITAL OF CONSTANTINOPLE KEMAL MUSTAFA FOUGHT FOR THE ALLIED POWERS, IN 1923 FOUGHT AGAINST THEM, HE WAS DECLARED THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY HE BECAME KNOWN AS KEMAL ATATURK FATHER OF THE TURKS HE SEPARATED GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION, AND PUSHED FOR MODERNIZATION OF HIS COUNTRY

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PERSIA/IRAN IN 1921, RAZA KHAN OVERTHREW THE SHAH OF PERSIA, THEN CROWNED HIMSELF KING, HE RULE BY THE NAME OF Reza Shah Pahlavi HIS GOAL WAS TO MODERNIZE PERSIA, HE WANTED TO IMPROVE EDUCATION, AND INDUSTRY IN 1935 HE CHANGED THE NAME OF THE COUNTRY TO IRAN

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FRENCH AND BRITISH MANDATES DEMANDS AND PROMISES FROM WWI INFLUENCED BRITAIN AND FRANCE TO DIVIDE AREAS AROUND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ARABS ORGANIZED BY T.E. LAWRANCE AND LED BY HUSAYN BIN ALI FOUGHT THE OTTOMANS DURING WWI, HOPING TO BE REWARD WITH INDEPENDENCE IN THE AREA OF PALESTINE, THE BALFOUR DECLARATION PROMISED THE JEWISH PEOPLE A HOMELAND, THE COMPLETION OF THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT OF THE 1890S

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FRENCH AND BRITISH MANDATES INSTEAD THEY TOOK CONTROL OF THE LAND, GRADUALLY THEY WOULD SECTION OFF TERRITORIES INTO COUNTRIES IN 1921AS A REWARD, BRITAIN GAVE HUSAYNS SONS LAND TO RULE, FAISAL RECEIVED IRAQ(BUT ENGLAND FORMED THE NATION OF KUWAIT BEFORE THEY LEFT), AND ABDULLAH RECEIVED TRANSJORDAN(JORDAN) JEWISH PEOPLE WERE ALLOWED TO ENTER PALESTINE TO LIVE, BUT WERE NOT GIVEN ANY SPECIFIC POLITICAL GURANTEES

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FAISAL ABDULLAH

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AFRICA THE AFRICAN COUNTRIES WERE UPSET WITH ENGLAND AND FRANCE BECAUSE: THEY DIDNT REWARD THEIR COOPERATION IN THE WAR WITH INDEPENDENCE TRADE DECLINED WITH EUROPEANS GERMAN COLONIES WERE REDISTRIBUTED AMOUNG THE WINNERS

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AFRICA PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESSES- EST. IN 1919 WAS AN EFFORT BY PEOPLE OF AFRICAN HERITAGE TO DEMAND INDEPENDENCE NORTH AFRICA-SPECIFICALLY EGYPT DEMONSTRATED FOR INDEPENDENCE, IN 1922 ENGLAND GAVE IT TO THEM, BUT THEY RETAINED CONTROL OVER THE SUEZ CANAL

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GREAT DEPRESSION IN THE 1920S THE AMERICAN ECONOMY WAS BOOMING, BUT BY THE END OF THE DECADE IT BECOMES A BUST, LEADING TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION 5 CAUSES-SPECULATION IN STOCK MARKET; UNTRUE STOCK VALUE; HIGH CONSUMER CREDIT; DECLINE IN SPENDING; STRUGGLING BUSINESSES

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GREAT DEPRESSION OCTOBER 29, 1929, BLACK TUESDAY RAPID SELLING OF STOCKS, LITTLE OR NO BUYING INVESTORS HAD TO SHORT SELL TO TRY AND PAY LOANS BANKS HAD NO STANDING CASH, PEOPLE DEMANDED THEIR MONEY(RUN ON THE BANKS) INDUSTRIES BEGAN TO CLOSED

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GREAT DEPRESSION ONCE THE MARKET CRASHED THE AMERICAN ECONOMY SPIRALED UNEMPLOYMENT WAS HIGH, ABOUT 25% HOOVER- FELT BUSINESS WOULD RECOVER ON ITS OWN, SO HE DID NOT EXTEND GOVERNMENT HELP HOOVERVILLES BEGAN TO APPEAR, SHANTY TOWNS OF HOMELESS, JOBLESS PEOPLE HOOVER PASSED THE HALEY-SMOOT ACT-IT PLACED HIGH TARIFFS ON FOREIGN GOODS TO ENCOURAGE U.S. PRODUCTION AND PURCHASES

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GREAT DEPRESSION 1932 FDR(FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT) IS ELECTED PRESIDENT HIS RESPONSE WAS CALLED THE NEW DEAL DIRECT GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION OF THE ECONOMY, IT WAS A SERIES OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS TO PROVIDE JOBS, AND PUT SOME MONEY IN CIRCULATION BRITISH ECONOMIST JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES PROMOTED THIS TYPE OF INTERVENTION CALLED DEFICIENT SPENDING

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GREAT DEPRESSION AFTER WWI THE U.S. WAS THE DOMINATE ECONOMIC POWER, EUROPE WAS RECOVERING FROM THE WAR, GERMANY SPECIFICALLY WAS STRUGGLING BECAUSE OF THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES JAPANS ECONOMY WAS COLLAPSING BECAUSE OF THEIR DEPENDENCE OF FOREIGN RESOURCES

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GREAT DEPRESSION THE GREAT DEPRESSION CREATED DESPARATE MEANS IN COUNTRIES DICTATORSHIPS WITH EXTREME VIEWS BEGAN TO GROW ITALY-BENITO MUSSOLINI GERMANY-ADOLF HITLER JAPAN-EXTREME MILITARISM

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IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN MEIJI RESTORATION BEGAN A PROCESS OF RAPID MODERNIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION IN JAPAN AFTER WWI, THE ECONOMY OF JAPAN SLOWED, THE PEOPLE SUFFERED HARDSHIPS BEING AN ISLAND NATIONS RESOURCES WERE LIMITED, MOST HAD TO BE IMPORTED, CREATING A DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN SUPPLIES FORCING THEM TO EXPAND TO SECURE THEIR OWN RESOURCES

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IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN BECAUSE OF THE SLOW DOWN IN THE ECONOMY THE MILITARY LEADERS BEGAN TO TAKE CONTROL, MAKING THE MILITARY A RESPECTED ENTITY OF SOCIETY ULTIMATE VICTORY FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE ARMY SURRENDER, DEFEAT, AND RETREAT WERE NO LONGER PART OF THE JAPANESE VOCABULARY

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IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN MANCHURIAN INCIDENT-JAPANESE MILITARY ACTING INDEPENDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT CONQUERED MANCHURIA IN NORTHEAST CHINA(COAL/IRON) THEN CREATED A PUPPET GOVERNMENT OF CHINESE OFFICIALS, BUT UNDER JAPANESE MILITARY CONTROL

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IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN JAPAN AND GERMANY BEGAN TO FORM AN ALLIANCE THROUGH THE ANTI-COMINTERN PACT-THEY AGREED TO STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM(RUSSIA AND CHINA) 2 ND SINO-JAPANESE WAR(1937), JAPAN BEGAN TO SPREAD INFLUENCE INTO EAST-CENTRAL CHINA, CONFLICT WOULD BE ABSORBED INTO WWII, AND END IN 1945 ONE EVENT OF THE CONFLICT WAS THE RAPE OF NANJING OVER 100K CHINESE WERE MASSACRED BY THE JAPANESE, MOST WERE CIVILANS

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DICTATORS RULERS THAT GOVERN WITH ABSOLUTE POWER 3 TRAITS OF A TOTALITARION GOVERNMENT POLITICALLY: SINGLE PARTY CONTROL, STATE MORE IMPORTANT SOCIALLY: CONTROLS DAILY LIFE, USE OF SECRET POLICE TO TERRORIZE ECONOMICALLY: DIRECT GOVERNMENT CONTROL

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DICTATORS FASCISM IN ITALY BEGAN TO GROW IN 1919 IT IS AN AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENT THAT PLACES THE GOOD OF THE NATION ABOVE THE NEEDS AND RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE 1922 MUSSOLINIS MARCH ON ROME, FORCE THE KING TO NAME MUSSOLINI HEAD OF STATE ETHOPIA-ITALY INVADES, TO CONNECT COLONIES, PROVE THEIR MILITARY, THE WORLD REFUSED TO DO ANYTHING

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DICTATORS STALIN TAKES POWER IN 1924 HE WORKED TO INCREASE STATE POWER OVER SOCIETY 5 YEAR PLAN-INDUSTRY AND MINES PLACED ON QUOTAS, CENTRAL PLANNING OF THE ECONOMY COLLECTIVIZATION-COMBINED SMALL FARMS INTO LARGE ONES FOR HIGHER OUTPUT FARMERS RESISTED, THOUSANDS WERE EXECUTED, OTHER SENT TO GULAG-LABOR CAMPS IN SIBERIA WHERE MOST DIED TO HARSH CONDITIONS OF FORCED LABOR AND CLIMATE THE GREAT PURGE ELIMINATED WHO HE THOUGHT WERE ENEMIES INSIDE THE GOVERNMENT

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DICTATORS WIEMAR REPUBLIC WAS THE GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED BY THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, UNPOPULAR BECAUSE THE PEOPLE FELT THEY GAVE IN A THE PEACE CONFERENCE HITLER JOINED THE NAZI(NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY) AFTER WWI, HE TOO OPPOSED THE REPUBLIC, IN 1923 ATTEMPTED TO OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT(ARRESTED) WILL IN PRISON HE WROTE MEIN KAMPF (MY STRUGGLE)-DESRIPTION OF HIS POLITICAL GOALS, EXTREME NATIONALISM, RACISM

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DICTATORS TO GAIN POWER HE HAD HIS ENFORCERS THE BROWN SHIRTS INTIMIDATE OPPOSITION, NAZI PROPAGANDA, MIND CONTROL(HITLER YOUTH) HIS GOAL WAS TO BUILD THE 3 RD RIECH(3 RD GERMAN EMPIRE) MASSIVE MILITARY BUILD UP, REGAIN LOST LANDS, PURGE SOCIETY OF IMPURE PEOPLE

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DICTATORS PART OF THAT PLAN WAS ANTI- SEMITISM, HOSTILITIES TOWARD THE JEWS AN ATTITUDE THAT EXISTED IN EUROPE AS A WHOLE NUREMBERG LAWS-LEGAL SEPARATION OF JEWS, DENYING THEIR CITIZENSHIP, CIVIL RIGHTS, LIMITED JOB OPPORTUNITIES(1935)

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DICTATORS KRISTALLNACHT-NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS NOV. 9-10, 1938 IT ENCOURAGED ATTACKS ON JEWISH COMMUNITIES ACROSS GERMANY 100 JEWS WERE KILLED, MANY INJURED, THOUSANDS OF JEWISH BUSINESSES AND SYNAGOGUES WERE DAMAGED OF DESTROYED

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