Interventions to Reduce Ergonomic Exposures during Drywall ...€¦ · Moir, Paquet, Punnett,...
Transcript of Interventions to Reduce Ergonomic Exposures during Drywall ...€¦ · Moir, Paquet, Punnett,...
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Interventions to Reduce Ergonomic Exposures during Drywall Installation
PriyadarshiniPriyadarshiniSengupta Dasgupta
2014
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Background – Drywall Installation
Weight of the drywall
• 4ft X 8ft (70 lbs)• 4ft X 8ft (70 lbs)
• 4ft X 12ft (105
lbs)
(5/8 inches thickness)
(Yuan, 2007)2
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Background – Reported Exposures
Study, year Concerns of drywall installation task Affected
body area
Lipscomb,
2008
• Repeated handling of heavy panels Lowback
Pan, 2000 • High postural demands while being on ladder
• Fall from ladder during panel installation
Lowback, neck,
shoulder, wrist
Pan, 1999 • High compression force while lifting panels LowbackPan, 1999 • High compression force while lifting panels Lowback
Yuan, 2007 • High compression force during drywall
installation
Lowback
Lipscomb,
2000
• Overexertion of muscles
• Fall from ladder during drywall installation
Lowback
Chiou, 2000 • Overexertion of muscles
• Awkward bodily motion or position during
installation process
Lowback,
shoulder
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STUDY I-Assessing the Ergonomic Exposures for
Drywall Workers
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Focus
group
Focus
groups
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STUDY I: Methodology
PATH (Posture, Activity, Tools and Handling) (Buchholz, 1996)
• Posture categories based on OWAS (1977,1981)
• Trunk, arms, legs• Direct observation• Fixed interval sampling (1 min)• PDA with data collection template • PDA with data collection template
(PenFact)
Taxonomy to collect exposuredata (Moir, 2003)
Buchholz, Paquet, Punnett, Lee, Moir. PATH: A work sampling-based approach to ergonomic job analysis for construction and other non-repetitive work. Applied Ergonomics. 27(3) pp. 177-187. 1996.
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Moir, Paquet, Punnett, Buchholz, Wegman. Making Sense of Highway Construction: A Taxonomic Framework for Ergonomic Exposure Assessment and Intervention Research . Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 18(4), pp.256 – 267. 2003.
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Study Results - Arm postures
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
2 arms > 60
1 arm > 60
arms down
6
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%T
I
O
N1 arm> 60o
2 arms> 60o
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Workers’ perception
WEIGHT OF PANELS
•Bulky weight of panels
•Pressure on shoulder
AWKWARD POSTURE
•Overhead arm postures
•Shoulder and wrist fatigue
OTHER RISK FACTORS
•Risk of falling fromladderduringceiling installation
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Summary of key findings
• Install drywall panel - load handled (18% of work time)
• Lifting load on ladder with awkward body postures
• Layout - does not include load handling• Housekeeping - carried out at the end of work day
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Study II: WORKERS INNOVATIVE
IDEA FOR REDUCING THE
ERGONOMIC EXPOSURES IN
DRYWALL INSTALLATION
Research questions
� Could workers’ innovative idea(s) be implemented as an
intervention for drywall installation?
� Would it reduce the exposure(s)?
� Could it lead to the formation of a permanent assistive
tool?
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Focus groups (2010-2011)Discomfort/ concern
•Back pain
•Shoulder pain
•Hands over shoulder
Suggestions
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Suggestions
•Lighter weight of the panel
•4 men lifting
•Higher ladder
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Methodology
Site� Commercial residential construction site in Boston
Participants� 5 drywall installers at the site� All agreed to participate� All men, between 23-55 years of age� All men, between 23-55 years of age� All right handed and English speaking
Focus Group Meetings� Meeting 1 – Possible modification of any activity� Meeting 2 – Potential intervention ideas� Meeting 3 – How to implement?
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Equipment Use (Pre-Intervention)
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Methodology: Pre-post intervention exposure assessment
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Methodology: 3DSSPP
•Anthropometric measurements
•Still frames from video at 10s interval
•Sequence of static postures
•Hand forces estimated using weight of drywall and static model
•Compressive force at the low back
•Moments produced at the shoulder joints
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Results: Qualitative Approach
Meeting 1
• Shoulder pain during ceiling installation on ladder
Meeting 2
• Stilts (pros and cons)
• Lighter drywall
Meeting 3
• Electric lift and
“deadman” (a
scrap drywall panel
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ladder
• Wrist pain while driving screws
scrap drywall panel piece to hold the ceiling drywall)
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Results: Equipment Use (Intervention
phase)
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An Innovative Idea for Reducing the Musculoskeletal Disorders in Drywall Installation .Dasgupta P., Punnett L.,, Moir S., Kuhn S.,, Buchholz B., PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS and ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 57th ANNUAL MEETING – 2013, 989 – 993.
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Results: PATH Data Analysis - Arm Postures
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
Baseline ceiling/upperwall
Intervention ladder for ceiling/upperwall
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0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
1 arm > 60 2 arms >60 Arms down
A
T
I
O
N
for ceiling/upperwall upperwall
Intervention electric lift with 'deadman' for ceiling/upperwall
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Results: PATH Data Analysis - Weight Handling
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
Baseline ceiling/upperwall
Intervention ladder for ceiling/upperwall
Intervention electric lift with 'deadman' for ceiling/upperwall
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0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
Light Medium Heavy
A
T
I
O
N
PATH Categories
0-5 lb = very light
5-15 lb = light
15- 50 lb = medium
>50 lb = heavy
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Results: 3DSSPP analysis
Variable Baseline mean Intervention mean p*
Low-back
Compressive
Force
2689.8 N
Standard Dev. = 971.52 N
1280.1 N
Standard Dev. = 680.24 N
0.001
Right
Shoulder
383.4 N-m
Standard Dev. = 256.5 N-m
311.8 N-m
Standard Dev. = 249.7 N-m
0.43
*Student t-test
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Shoulder
Moment Standard Dev. = 256.5 N-m Standard Dev. = 249.7 N-m
Left Shoulder
Moment
556.4 N-m
Standard Dev. = 374.0 N-m
359.1 N-m
Standard Dev. = 233.5 N-m
0.04
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Results: Qualitative analysis
Disadvantages of the ‘deadman’
�Holder has to stand on the floor
�Upward force applied to ceiling panel
�Not a permanent structure�Not a permanent structure
&
�Can not be placed on its own
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Study III: IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF A
DRYWALL INSTALLATION ASSISTIVE TOOL
(structured by the research team)
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Objective of the research
�To evaluate this prototype tool to find out its
efficacy in reducing existing drywall installation
exposures
�Sustainable intervention
Specific Aims
� Quantitative evaluation of efficacy of the tool
(PATH, 3DSSPP)
� Qualitative evaluation of efficacy of the tool
(Focus group, questionnaire)
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Methodology: Qualitative efficacy evaluation
Focus group scripts� Ways to install ceiling drywall panels with the tool� Feasible idea that can be carried out at the site
Suggestion box and opinions� Modification of the tool� Modification of the tool
Questionnaire� Workers perception on stability, usability, ceiling
supportive structure etc. of the tool� Tool’s effect on the working speed
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BASELINE/Pre-INTERVENTION PHASE
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Use of the tool at intervention• 6 (3*2) installers working
as 3 pairs
• Baseline PATH data
collection = 20 hours (n=6)
• Intervention PATH data
collection = 27 hours (n=6)
• 3DSSPP analysis on 2 pair of
installers
• 1 installer added for
qualitative evaluation
( 1 pair was shifted to other job at the intervention phase)
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RESULTS: Arm postures while ceiling installation
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
arms down 1 arm > 60 2 arms > 60
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
baseline (%)
intervention (%)
Arm posture for either on floor or ladder (whole day)
Arm posture while working on ladder
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0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
arms down 1 arm > 60 2 arms > 60
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
baseline (%)
intervention (%)
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RESULTS: Load handling while whole day ceiling installation
While being on ladder
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
heavy load medium load
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
baseline (%)
intervention (%)
PATH Categories
0-5 lb = very light
5-15 lb = light
15- 50 lb = mediumWhile being on ladder
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0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
heavy load medium load
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
baseline (%)
intervention (%)
15- 50 lb = medium
>50 lb = heavy
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Results: 3DSSPP analysis- paired t test results
Variable Baseline mean Intervention mean P*
Lowback
compressive
force
1544.4 N
Stand. Dev. = 655 N
1084.4 N
Stand. Dev.= 695.2 N0.005
Shear force171.8 N
Stand. Dev. = 59.4 N
180.7 N
Stand. Dev. = 91.08 N0.20
Right
shoulder
moment
486.2 N-m
Stand. Dev. = 258.66 N-m
154.5 N-m
Stand. Dev. = 95.58 N-m0.0005
Left
shoulder
moment
348.5 N-m
Stand. Dev. = 194.6 N-m
186.8 N-m
Stand. Dev. = 143.1 N-m0.04
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Qualitative analysis: questions on tool set up
and usability
Questionsextremelyeasy (%) easy (%)
somewhat easy(%)
not at all easy(%)
Tool set up 85.7 (6/7) 0.0 (0/7) 14.3 (1/7) 0.0 (0/7)
Length
adjustment 85.7 (6/7) 14.3 (1/7) 0.0 (0/7) 0.0 (0/7)
Moving the
tool 71.4 (5/7) 14.3 (1/7) 14.3 (1/7) 0.0 (0/7)
Stability71.4 (5/7) 28.6 (2/7) 0.0 (0/7) 0.0 (0/7)
Ceiling
support57.1 (4/7) 42.9 (3/7) 0.0 (0/7) 0.0 (0/7)
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Qualitative analysis: Focus group
Discomfort feeling
Yes (%) No (%)
Back0 (0/7) 100.0 (7/7)
Shoulder 0 (0/7) 100.0 (7/7)
Wrists 14.3 (1/7) 85.7 (6/7)
Features of the tool that reduced bodily discomfort•An extra third palm •Less amount of wrist force•Takes pressure off the shoulder
Could you modify/suggest a feature•Foldable tool •Stronger top portion
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Key findings
Changes observed at the intervention phase
� Reduction of 2 arms elevation
� Reduction of heavy load handling
� Increase in arms down posture
� Increase in one arm elevation
� 6-7 extra panels/day
Some quotes from the workersSome quotes from the workers
� “Both of my hands are free so I can screw faster”
� “The pole supports the weight of the sheetrock so the pressure on the shoulders get diminished and I can work more”
� “I feel I have better energy in the afternoon to work faster”
� “I just love this tool, I do not have to stretch my hands and use my head to hold the sheetrock, the tool is just so cool…………..”
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Limitations� Convenience sampling� No control group� Small sample size� Only one site� No commercial site included
Strengths
� Data collected in real field working situation� Preliminary effectiveness� Biomechanical variables based on direct field
observation
Strengths
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Thank you for your attention !
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