Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 1

Interrogativos

Interrogatives are words that ask questions. *Notice that all of the interrogatives in Spanish have accents. *Spanish English ¿cómo? how? ¿cuál? ¿cuáles? which? what? ¿cuándo? when? ¿cuánto/a? how much? ¿cuántos/as? how many? ¿de dónde? where from? ¿dónde? where? ¿por qué? why? ¿qué? what? which? ¿quién? ¿quiénes? who?

¿Qué? vs. ¿Cuál?

*qué

1) it is used right before a noun and means what or which

¿Qué libro deseas usar? Which book.... 2) it is used with ser to ask a definition or explanation

¿Qué es un "jardín"? What is a... *Cuál 1) It is used to make a choice between various possibilities ¿Cuál es tu libro? Which is your book? implied that there are

several books.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 2

GUSTAR y verbos similares The only two persons of gustar that you need to use are 3rd singular and plural. GUSTA GUSTAN

You must always place the indirect object pronouns immediately before gusta/gustan. Also, prepositional pronouns are used from time to time to add emphasis or clarification in the case of le and les. A MÍ ME A NOSOTROS NOS A TI TE A VOSOTROS OS A ÉL A ELLOS A ELLA A ELLAS A USTED LE A USTEDES LES A JUANA A JUAN Y A ELENA A ELENA *The correct form of gustar that is to be used is determined in Spanish by the thing being liked, which is now the subject of the sentence. If it is singular you use gusta, if plural gustan. A mí me gusta el libro. The book is pleasing to me. A ellos les gustan las clases The classes are pleasing to them. *With infinitives, whether there is one or several always use the singular form gusta. Nos gusta comer hamburguesas*. Os gusta comer, beber y mirar la tele. Verbos similares a GUSTAR A number of other verbs function like gustar

• encantar = to be especially pleasing • molestar = to bother

Me encanta comer en McDonald’s™ ¡No me molestes!

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 3

Primera conjugación de los verbos regulares en el presente del indicativo

In Spanish, there are three different verb endings (-ar, -er, -ir) with

each being conjugated in a different way. Below are the endings for the first group: -ar. In order to conjugate verbs, it is first necessary to remove the -ar and then replace it with the appropriate ending. *Remove the -ar and add: -o -amos -as -áis -a -an Estudiar- to study estudio estudiamos estudias estudiáis estudia estudian

In Spanish, the subject pronouns are often omitted since the verb ending also indicates the subject. However, the third person sometimes needs to be clarified since it can refer to any one of three people. The present indicative has three basic meanings: Yo estudio. I study. I am studying. I do study.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 4

Segunda y tercera conjugación de verbos regulares en el presente del indicativo

As mentioned before, there are three verb endings in Spanish: -ar, -er, and -ir. The endings are different, so pay attention. In order to conjugate verbs, it is first necessary to remove the -er / -ir and then replace it with the appropriate ending. *Remove the -er and add: -o -emos -es -éis -e -en Aprender- to learn aprendo aprendemos aprendes aprendéis aprende aprenden *Remove the -ir and add: -o -imos -es -ís -e -en Escribir- to write escribo escribimos escribes escribís escribe escriben

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 5

Verbos con formas irregulares en el presente Many of the verbs you have learned so far are regular. That is, the stem of the verb stays the same and never changes. In irregular verbs, the stems change sometimes. The stem of the verb is the part that is left after taking off the ending (-ar, -er, -ir). Hablar- habl is the stem Below are many verbs that are irregular. They are irregular in the first person (YO) form and may have other changes in other persons. Pay attention closely to the forms. hacer (to do) dar (to give) traer (to bring) hago hacemos doy damos traigo traemos haces hacéis das dais traes traéis hace hacen da dan trae traen salir (to go out) poner (to put) ver (to see) salgo salimos pongo ponemos veo vemos sales salís pones ponéis ves veis sale salen pone ponen ve ven The following verbs, in addition to being irregular in the first person, are also irregular in other persons as well. decir (to say) tener (to have) oír (to hear) digo decimos tengo tenemos oigo oímos dices decís tienes tenéis oyes oís dice dicen tiene tienen oye oyen venir (to arrive) vengo venimos vienes venís viene vienen

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 6

Verbos con cambio de radical: E > IE

As you know, in Spanish there are three different verb endings: -ar, -er, -ir each with different conjugations. What you have conjugated so far have been regular verbs. The next category of verbs you will study is *stem-changing verbs. After you take the ending away from a verb, what you are left with is the stem. In stem-changing verbs, there is a change that occurs in a pattern. *Stem-changing verbs in the present only change in the following persons: YO TU EL, ELLA, UD.

ELLOS, ELLAS, UDS.

These verbs are frequently called "boot verbs" since they leave a design like a boot!

Verbos con cambio de radical:*E > IE Entender- to understand entiendo entendemos entiendes entendéis entiende entienden *Other e > ie verbs: pensar comenzar mentir preferir empezar querer cerrar perder

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 7

Verbos con cambio de radical: O > UE / E > I Here are two more stem-changes. Remember that the changes only occur in:

yo, tú, él and ellos! *O > UE STEM-CHANGING VERBS Almorzar- to eat lunch almuerzo almorzamos almuerzas almorzáis almuerza almuerzan *Other o > ue verbs: costar dormir encontrar recordar volver poder morir probar

Verbos con cambio de radical: *E > I Pedir- to ask for pido pedimos pides pedís pide piden *Other e > i verbs: servir decir seguir conseguir *digo *sigo *consigo

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 8

Construcciones reflexivas

*With reflexive verbs, the pronoun represents the same person as the subject. The pronoun must always be used, and all reflexive verbs are indicated as such by the -se placed on the end of the infinitive. Bañarse me baño nos bañamos te bañas os bañáis se baña se bañan *There are three possibilities for the placement of the pronouns.

1. Before a conjugated verb 2. After and attached to an infinitive (-ar, -er, -ir) 3. After and attached to a present participle.

1. Me pongo la camisa. 2. Me voy a poner la camisa o Voy a ponerme la camisa. 3. Me estoy poniendo la camisa o Estoy poniéndome la camisa. *The possessive adjective is not normally used with reflexive verbs with clothing or parts of the body (there are exceptions!).

Te quitas la camisa. You're taking of your shirt.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 9

Pronombres del complemento directo Direct object pronouns take the place of the direct object and avoid repeating the noun. In order to find out what the direct object is in a sentence ask: *WHAT OR WHOM IS BEING (VERB) ? I study Spanish. What is being studied? Spanish= direct object We send the mail. What is being sent? the mail= direct object They call you. Who is being called? you= direct object Once you have determined what the direct object is, you must replace it with the corresponding pronoun. Be careful when answering questions, for sometimes you need to change the pronoun to the correct person. * DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS me me nos us te you os you lo la

it, him, you it, her, you

los las

them, you them, you

Vemos a tu mejor amiga… We see your best friend…

La vemos. We see her.

¿Me vas a llamar mañana? Are you going to call me tomorrow?

Sí, te voy a llamar. Yes, I am going to call you.

*PLACEMENT OF THE PRONOUNS

1) Before a conjugated verb 2) After and attached to an infinitive 3) After and attached to a present participle

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 10

EJEMPLO: 1) Compro el pan. Lo compro. 2) Quiero leer la carta. Quiero leerla. La quiero mandar. 3) Estás escribiendo la carta. Estás escribiéndola.** La estás escribiendo.

**When you put a pronoun on the end of the present participle, you must write an accent mark on the -a in -ando and the -e in -iendo.

El complemento indirecto *Direct Object: What or who is being (verb). *Indirect Object: To whom or for whom the D.O. is being (verb). *The indirect object pronouns: me nos te os le les *Positioning of the pronouns: 1. Before a conjugated verb. 2. After and attached to an infinitive. 3. After and attached to a present participle. 1. Le escribo una carta a ella. 2. Le voy a escribir una carta. o Voy a escribirle una carta. 3. Le estoy escribiendo una carta. o Estoy escribiéndole* una carta. * You need an accent on the participle when you put a pronoun on it. It always goes on the -a- in -ando or the -e- in -iendo. *To clarify le and les, it is common to use the preposition a + the person(s) being talked about. Le escribo una carta a Juan. Les escribo una carta a mis hermanas.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 11

SER vs. ESTAR In Spanish there are two verbs "to be". Pay close attention to the following uses!

*SER 1) Personality and physical traits Soy alto y rubio.

Eres simpática.

2) Nationality Somos canadienses

3) Origen Ella es de Washington

4) Material La mesa es de madera (wood).

5) Profession Ellos son atletas profesionales.

Somos estudiantes.

6) Time and Dates Es la una y cuarto.

Hoy es el 15 de octubre.

7) Possession El CD es de Marisa.

8) To take place (with en) El concierto es en el auditorio.

*ESTAR

1) Physical and emotional conditions Estamos enfermos.

Mi gato está muerto. 2) Location Concord está en Massachusetts.

Tú estás aquí. 3) With the present progressive Estamos escribiendo esta frase.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 12

El pretérito The preterit is a past tense, which is used to describe events that have a specific beginning or end and are considered to be completed past actions. To form the preterit for regular verbs, take off the ending and add: *-AR -ER/ -IR é amos í imos aste asteis iste isteis ó aron ió ieron Note the changes in these verbs and the accents: leí leímos oí oímos leíste leísteis oíste oísteis leyó leyeron oyó oyeron

SPELLING-CHANGE PRETERITE *There are some changes to some verbs. Verbs that end in: CAR c >qu only in the YO form GAR g>gu only in the YO form ZAR z>c only in the YO form busqué buscamos empecé empezaron buscaste buscasteis empezaste empezasteis buscó buscaron empezó empezaron The endings are still the same!

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 13

IRREGULAR PRETERITE (con raíces irregulares)

*Irregular preterit verbs have both irregular stems and endings. Note that there are no accents on the irregular endings! EJEMPLO: Infinitive Root Endings Estar Estuv e Tener Tuv iste Andar Anduv o imos isteis ieron Decir Dij e Traer Traj iste Traducir Traduj o Conducir Conduj imos isteis eron Notice the different form for the ellos ending in the second group of verbs. The "i" disappears after the "j". ************************************************************* Dar Ver Di Vi Diste Viste Dio Vio Dimos Vimos Disteis Visteis Dieron Vieron ************************************************************* Hay- there is/are *Hubo- there was/were

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 14

STEM-CHANGING VERBS IN THE PRETERITE

*In the preterite, only -ir stem-changing verbs have a stem-change. The stem-change occurs only in the 3rd person singular and plural. The changes are also different. Whereas verbs like PREFERIR changes from e>ie, and DORMIR, o>ue, in the present tense, in the preterite the changes are just: E > I O > U PREFERIR DORMIR preferí preferimos dormí dormimos preferiste preferisteis dormiste dormisteis prefirió prefirieron durmió durmieron Notice that the stem-changing verbs use the regular endings. The only change is in él and ellos. pedir vestirse repetir dormir preferir mentir seguir morir servir sentirse conseguir

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 15

THE IMPERFECT -AR -ER/-IR aba ábamos ía íamos abas abais ías íais aba aban ía ían *There are only 3 irregular verbs in the imperfect. Also, there are no spelling or stem-changes! IR SER VER iba íbamos era éramos veía veíamos ibas ibais eras erais veías veíais iba iban era eran veía veían Imperfect uses: 1) Telling time in the past 2) Talking about someone's age in the past 3) Actions or states in progress at some point in the past 4) Repetitious / habitual past actions

PRETERITO vs. IMPERFECTO

PRETERITE IMPERFECT Time Age Completed action with stated or implied beginning or end

Action that occurs for specified time period

An action that interrupts action / state in progress

Action / state in progress

Specific # of times something Repetitious / habitual actions

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 16

happens Eran las dos de la tarde cuando ellos volvieron. Tenía cinco años cuando fui a California por primera vez. Vivimos en Texas por siete años. Llamaste por teléfono mientras yo estudiaba. Cuando regresé a casa la puerta estaba abierta. Fuimos al centro diez veces el año pasado. Íbamos al centro frecuentemente el año pasado.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 17

El presente perfecto Every perfect tense employs the verb haber. The verb haber means

"to have" but is not the same as tener which means to have- as in to possess. After the verb haber, you will use the past participle. Since the participle is part of a verb phrase, they will not agree in number and gender and will thus always end in -o. In order to from the present perfect you need: *haber + past participle *HABER- to have

he hemos has habéis ha han

PAST PARTICIPLES *To form the past participle, drop the

-ar and add -ado -er and add -ido -ir and add -ido

comprar- comprado bought comer-comido eaten vender-vendido sold

*There are also many irregulars! abierto hecho puesto descubierto dicho muerto roto resuelto escrito visto vuelto *Also note the accents on the following past participles.

leído oído traído creído

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 18

El subjuntivo

It is easy to form the present subjunctive: 1. the present subjunctive stem for almost all verbs is based on the present-tense indicative yo form. 2. drop the –o ending 3. add the endings Orthographic-changing verbs ending in: -car > qu -gar > gu -zar > c

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 19

Mandatos con usted Commands are verb forms used when you are telling someone to do something. Formal commands deal with giving commands to Usted and Ustedes. Since the command is formal, a different verb conjugation is needed. To form these commands, do the following: 1) Take the YO form of the verb 2) Drop the -o 3) For -ar verbs add -e for Usted and -en for Ustedes 4) For -er and -ir verbs add -a for Usted and -en for Ustedes Don't forget the irregular yo forms (tengo, vengo, hago, digo, salgo) Other irregulars:

IR DAR SER ESTAR usted. vaya de sea esté ustedes. vayan de sean estén PLACEMENT OF PRONOUNS In commands, the placement of the pronouns depends on whether it is affirmative or negative. They go after and attached in affirmative and before in negative. In affirmative commands with pronouns, an accent is added to maintain the original stress of the verb. Pay attention to the examples. Haga la cama. Hágala. No la haga. Make the bed. Make it. Don't make it. Levántense. No se levanten. Get up. Don't get up.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 20

Mandatos con tú Informal commands are commands dealing with tú and vosotros. AFFRIMATIVE TU It takes the 3rd person singular form of the verb. comer- come tomar- toma leer-lee Don't forget the irregulars: decir- di poner- pon tener- ten hacer- haz salir- sal venir- ven ir- ve ser- sé Remember that pronouns go after and attached to affirmative commands. Note the accent marks. Also note that an irregular command only has an accent mark with two pronouns. Come el pan. Cómelo. Eat the bread. Don't eat it. Dime la verdad. Dímela. Levántate. Tell me the truth. Tell it to me. Get up. NEGATIVE TU For negative tú commands, do the following: 1) Take the YO form of the verb 2) Drop the -o 3) For -ar verbs add -es 4) For -er and -ir verbs add -as Don't forget that pronouns go before in negative commands. The same negative irregulars apply for the Usted / ustedes- vayas, des, seas, estés. No comas el pan. No lo comas Don't eat the bread. Don't eat it. No me digas la verdad. No me la digas. Don't tell me the truth. Don't tell it to me.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 21

POR Y PARA PARA Destination El avión sale para Los Angeles. El regalo es para ella.

Deadline La tarea es para mañana. Purpose El peine (comb) es para peinar. Point of view Para mí, es muy difícil. In order to Para sacar una"A", necesitas estudiar. To work for Yo trabajo para CA. Para (ser) + occupation=to become Estudias para (ser) profesora. POR Duration of time Vamos a la playa (beach) por tres horas. Means Mandas (send) la carta por avión (plane). Llamas a tu amiga por teléfono.

Exchange Paga $20 por la camisa. Through, by, along Caminas por el parque. Due to, because of Por ser viejo, es muy lento (slow) For the sake of Leo por leer. To work in place of someone Trabajo por Juan hoy, está enfermo.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 22

Afirmaciones y negaciones 1) Alguien and nadie require the personal a

Conozco a alguien importante Tú no conoces a nadie importante.

2) Alguno and ninguno can be used as adjectives and pronouns. Pay attention to the following forms, for there are differences. Adjective Pronoun algún libro alguno(some, any) alguna ciudad alguna algunos estudiantes algunos algunas chicas algunas ningún libro ninguno(none, not any) ninguna carta ninguna No plural forms of ninguno/ninguna ¿Tienes algunos libros? adj Sí, tengo algunos libros. adj Sí, tengo algunos. pronoun ¿Tienes algunas camisetas? adj No, no tengo ninguna camiseta. adj No, no tengo ninguna. pronoun the adjectives alguno and ninguno drop the final -o before a masculine singular noun like the word uno. un chico algún libro ningún profesor

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 23

El imperfecto del subjuntivo

*To form the imperfect subjunctive, take the 3rd person form of the verb in the preterit, drop the -ron and add:

-ra -ramos

-ras -rais -ra -ran

comer comiera comiéramos comieras comierais comiera comieran

Review both irregular verbs and -ir stem-changing verbs! decir seguir dijera dijéramos siguiera siguiéramos dijeras dijerais siguieras siguierais dijera dijeran siguiera siguieran Use of the imperfect subjunctive: The imperfect subjunctive is used when the verb in the main clause requiring a subjunctive expresses an action that happened in the past (imperfect, preterite, past perfect or conditional tense). Compare these sentences contrasting the present, present perfect, and imperfect subjunctive. 1) Es necesario que estudies bien para el examen mañana. Es necesario que hayas estudiado bien para el examen hoy. Era necesario que estudiaras bien para el examen ayer. 2) No voy a salir hasta que lo hagas. No voy a salir hasta que lo hayas hecho. No iba a salir hasta que lo hicieras. 3) No veo nada que me guste. No veo nada que me haya gustado. No vi nada que me gustara.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 24

*Notice that the last sentence in each group has the trigger verb in the past. With these next examples the subjunctive is not used, but notice how the other past tenses are employed. Yo no dudaba que Juan iba a estudiar ayer, pero no volvió a casa. No salí hasta que lo hizo. Vi muchas cosas que me gustaban.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 25

El futuro

The future is formed by not taking dropping any part of the infinitive AND by adding the following endings: é emos ás éis á án comer: comeré comeremos comerás comeréis comerá comerán *The future has 2 principal uses.

1) to express what will happen 2) to express probability in the present (to wonder) Iremos a México el año que viene. We will go to Mexico… ¿Dónde estará María? I wonder where Maria is. Estará en casa de Juanita. She’s probably in Juanita’s house.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 26

Cláusulas con si Si clauses present information that is contrary to fact. These situations can take place in the present or the past. There are also si clauses in the present that are just simple assumptions. Pay attention to the verb tense sequences. 1) Simple assumptions

a) Present-Present Si tengo dinero, voy al cine. If I have money, I go to the movies.

b) Present-Future

Si tengo dinero iré, al cine mañana. If I have money, I'll go to the movies tomorrow.

c) Present-Command

Si tienes dinero, ve al cine. If you have money, go to the movies.

2) Contrary to fact in the present Imperfect subjunctive-Conditional

Si tuviera dinero, iría al cine. If I had money, I'd go to the movies.

3) Contrary to fact in the past Past perfect subjunctive-Conditional perfect

Si hubiera tenido dinero, habría ido al cine.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 27

Como si This expression always takes a form of the past subjunctive (imperfect or past perfect). It takes the imperfect subjunctive the majority of the time, but occasionally the context requires the past perfect subjunctive. Ella se comporta como si fuera importante. She acts as if she were important. La profesora habla español como si hubiera vivido en España por mucho... The teacher speaks Spanish as if she had lived in Spain a long time.

Courtesy of Steve Cambria

Concord Academy 28

El pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo Haber + past participle hubiera llamado hubiéramos llamado hubieras llamado hubierais llamado hubiera llamado hubieran llamado The past perfect subjunctive is most commonly used to complete a si clause, which contains the conditional perfect. It has other uses as well. It can also mean, "would have" in single clauses sentences. Most commonly it is used when the subjunctive is required and talking about the past. Ella buscaba una secretaria que hubiera vivido en Portugal porque... She was looking for a secretary who had lived in Portugal because... El no lo hubiera hecho. He wouldn't have done it.