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Interpretation of the OAIS Model Derek Sergeant
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Transcript of Interpretation of the OAIS Model Derek Sergeant
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Interpretation of the OAIS ModelInterpretation of the OAIS Model
Derek SergeantDerek Sergeant
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/camileon/
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Overview of the OAIS ModelOverview of the OAIS Model
In order to become familiar with the In order to become familiar with the OAIS Reference ModelOAIS Reference Model
When Cedars staff first encountered the When Cedars staff first encountered the model it took them several months to model it took them several months to start grasping itstart grasping it
Re-iterate some of the things already Re-iterate some of the things already saidsaid
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Overview of the OAIS ModelOverview of the OAIS Model
Specific vocabulary for Digital Specific vocabulary for Digital Preservation practionersPreservation practioners
Specific advice on how to sub-divide a Specific advice on how to sub-divide a complex taskcomplex task
Provides logic and structure to allow the Provides logic and structure to allow the digital holdings to be visualised and digital holdings to be visualised and processedprocessed
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Overview of the OAIS ModelOverview of the OAIS Model
Much of the OAIS reference model does Much of the OAIS reference model does not need to be understood by the not need to be understood by the majority of people working in digital majority of people working in digital preservationpreservation
Some detail is only necessary to Some detail is only necessary to implement a solution (the low - level implement a solution (the low - level understanding)understanding)
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
OAISProducer Consumer
Management
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
The Producer creates and delivers the The Producer creates and delivers the digital objects which go into the OAISdigital objects which go into the OAIS
The Consumer asks for and receives The Consumer asks for and receives digital objects from the OAISdigital objects from the OAIS
The Management deals with high level The Management deals with high level OAIS policy and monitors the OAISOAIS policy and monitors the OAIS
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
The OAIS receives the digital objects The OAIS receives the digital objects from the producer, archives them, and from the producer, archives them, and supplies them to the consumer.supplies them to the consumer.
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
OAISProducer ConsumerSIPs
Management
AIPsDIPs
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
There are three basic types of There are three basic types of Information PackageInformation Package
The Producer and the OAIS The Producer and the OAIS communicate with Submission IPscommunicate with Submission IPs
The OAIS and the Consumer The OAIS and the Consumer communicate with Dissemination IPscommunicate with Dissemination IPs
The OAIS preserves Archive IPsThe OAIS preserves Archive IPs
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
SIPs AIPs DIPs
ContentInformation
PDI
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
Archival Information Packages contain Archival Information Packages contain both Content Information and both Content Information and Preservation Description InformationPreservation Description Information
Content Information is the digital object Content Information is the digital object that you need to preservethat you need to preserve
PDI is description and information to PDI is description and information to explain what the Content actually isexplain what the Content actually is
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
PDIAIP
ContentInformation
ContentData
ObjectRI
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
The Content Information part of an AIP The Content Information part of an AIP contains (very tightly coupled) the actual contains (very tightly coupled) the actual data object and the Representation data object and the Representation Information that makes the object Information that makes the object meaningfulmeaningful
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Intellectual Content(genuine information)
Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
ContentData
ObjectRI+ =
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
Long TermLong Term (The Representation Information needs (The Representation Information needs
to keep the Content Data to keep the Content Data understandable in the Long Term)understandable in the Long Term)
The knowledge base of the designated The knowledge base of the designated community (and the archive) needs to community (and the archive) needs to be monitored in the Long Termbe monitored in the Long Term
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
Producer Consumer
Management
Preservation Planning
Administration
Data Management
Archival Storage
AccessIngest
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Key concepts of the OAIS ModelKey concepts of the OAIS Model
Ingest gets digital objects from the Ingest gets digital objects from the Producer into the OAISProducer into the OAIS
Access passes digital objects to the Access passes digital objects to the ConsumerConsumer
Data Management keeps track of the Data Management keeps track of the OAIS holdingsOAIS holdings
Archival Storage preserves AIPs in the Archival Storage preserves AIPs in the Long TermLong Term
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The ScenarioThe Scenario
The Library that I work for has realised The Library that I work for has realised that over the past five years we are that over the past five years we are getting an increasing number of items getting an increasing number of items that are digitalthat are digital
At the last University Senate meeting At the last University Senate meeting the Pro-Vice Chancellor for Information the Pro-Vice Chancellor for Information Technology declared that we would Technology declared that we would keep these and make them availablekeep these and make them available
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The ScenarioThe Scenario
In order to do this it was realised that In order to do this it was realised that we need to develop a computer system we need to develop a computer system capable of storing these electronic capable of storing these electronic objects in a convenient form (to us)objects in a convenient form (to us)
Making them available should be just a Making them available should be just a case of duplicating the storage copy case of duplicating the storage copy and allowing a library user to download and allowing a library user to download the objectthe object
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The ScenarioThe Scenario
At the moment the digital objects that At the moment the digital objects that we have consist of we have consist of • CD Rom supplements that arrive with a CD Rom supplements that arrive with a
conventional bookconventional book• Electronic thesis from Postgrad ComputingElectronic thesis from Postgrad Computing• e-journal subscriptionse-journal subscriptions
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The ScenarioThe Scenario
Upon investigation, we found a Upon investigation, we found a Reference Model that describes exactly Reference Model that describes exactly what we need to do in order to preserve what we need to do in order to preserve and make available all of our digital and make available all of our digital objectsobjects
The OAIS Reference ModelThe OAIS Reference Model
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Given that we have established a need Given that we have established a need to preserve the digital objects from our to preserve the digital objects from our library, and that we shall be archiving library, and that we shall be archiving them ourselves - in a newly formed them ourselves - in a newly formed library centre for preservation of library centre for preservation of electronic holdingselectronic holdings
We revisit the basic OAIS diagramWe revisit the basic OAIS diagram
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Basic OAIS RelationshipsBasic OAIS Relationships
OAISProducer Consumer
Management
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Identifying the Producers:Identifying the Producers: due to the number of types and sources due to the number of types and sources
of digital objects there are manyof digital objects there are many• e-journal publisherse-journal publishers• CD Rom book supplement publishersCD Rom book supplement publishers• Other Departments (e-thesis)Other Departments (e-thesis)
Are there emerging trends - new Are there emerging trends - new Producers in the futureProducers in the future
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Identifying the Consumers:Identifying the Consumers: We inherit the same Consumers as the We inherit the same Consumers as the
librarylibrary• University studentsUniversity students• University staff/researchersUniversity staff/researchers
Are there going to be new Consumer Are there going to be new Consumer groups in the future?groups in the future?
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Identifying the Management:Identifying the Management: Looking at the OAIS Model, we determine the Looking at the OAIS Model, we determine the
roles of Management:roles of Management:• Long term equipment planningLong term equipment planning• Review of OAIS performanceReview of OAIS performance• Ratify pricing policyRatify pricing policy• Relationship developmentRelationship development
– Producer OAIS ConsumerProducer OAIS Consumer
• Promote OAIS uptakePromote OAIS uptake– (within spheres of funding)(within spheres of funding)
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Some of the roles of Management are very Some of the roles of Management are very close to the current roles of the library close to the current roles of the library managementmanagement
There are no existing people that already There are no existing people that already perform the other rolesperform the other roles
We will form a new Management group with We will form a new Management group with some existing library management and some existing library management and other senior university strategy managersother senior university strategy managers
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Identify the OAIS:Identify the OAIS: Since we are intending to preserve our Since we are intending to preserve our
digital objects ourselves, we provide the digital objects ourselves, we provide the role of the OAISrole of the OAIS
Both the Archival store and the Both the Archival store and the administrationadministration
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Identify the archive holdings:Identify the archive holdings:• Both present holdings and future holdingsBoth present holdings and future holdings
Present:Present:• e-thesise-thesis• CD Rom book supplementsCD Rom book supplements• (2 e-journal subscriptions)(2 e-journal subscriptions)
Future:Future:• more internal publicationsmore internal publications• more e-journalsmore e-journals
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Structural Components of an AIPStructural Components of an AIP
PreservationDescriptionInformation
AIP
ContentData
Object
RepresentationInformation
Content Information
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
We do not have all of the components We do not have all of the components that are needed for an AIPthat are needed for an AIP
In the beginning, we have the Content In the beginning, we have the Content Data Object for everythingData Object for everything
For our e-thesis objects we also have a For our e-thesis objects we also have a small amount of PDIsmall amount of PDI
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Lesson from the Cedars projectLesson from the Cedars project
Determine the Significant Properties for Determine the Significant Properties for the digital objectsthe digital objects
This should be done as early as This should be done as early as possiblepossible
Significant Properties are those Significant Properties are those attributes of an object that constitute the attributes of an object that constitute the complete (for the intended Consumer) complete (for the intended Consumer) intellectual content of that objectintellectual content of that object
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Lesson from the Cedars projectLesson from the Cedars project
I.e. Significant Properties for an e-thesisI.e. Significant Properties for an e-thesis The complete text, including divisions into The complete text, including divisions into
chapters and sectionschapters and sections The layout and style - particular fonts and The layout and style - particular fonts and
spacing are essentialspacing are essential DiagramsDiagrams (perhaps web adverts are not Significant (perhaps web adverts are not Significant
for our e-journals)for our e-journals)
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
We have now established who we are We have now established who we are working withworking with
We have also established what data We have also established what data objects there areobjects there are
We have moved into OAIS vocabularyWe have moved into OAIS vocabulary Examples of old vocabularyExamples of old vocabulary
• Publishers, ReadersPublishers, Readers• Electronic recordsElectronic records
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Functional Entities DiagramFunctional Entities Diagram
Producer Consumer
Management
Preservation Planning
Administration
Data Management
Archival Storage
AccessIngest
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
IngestIngest Establish agreements with ProducersEstablish agreements with Producers
• Record assumptions about Producer and Record assumptions about Producer and our (the OAIS) knowledge baseour (the OAIS) knowledge base
Take the digital data (SIPs)Take the digital data (SIPs) Process the SIPs into AIPsProcess the SIPs into AIPs
• Record any current software dependencies Record any current software dependencies to use the Content Data Objectto use the Content Data Object
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Archival StorageArchival Storage Put the AIPs into Archival Storage from Put the AIPs into Archival Storage from
IngestIngest• Update the Data Management database to keep Update the Data Management database to keep
track of the OAIS holdingstrack of the OAIS holdings NB: The Archival Storage system that we NB: The Archival Storage system that we
procure will be capable of storing and procure will be capable of storing and retrieving an AIP without lossretrieving an AIP without loss• Storage, maintenance, retieval of AIPsStorage, maintenance, retieval of AIPs
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Data ManagementData Management As well as keeping track of the AIPs As well as keeping track of the AIPs
currently in Archival Storage this entity currently in Archival Storage this entity produces Discovery Informationproduces Discovery Information
These can be passed to the Consumer These can be passed to the Consumer to allow them to choose suitable AIPs to allow them to choose suitable AIPs for viewingfor viewing
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
AccessAccess This provides support for the This provides support for the
ConsumersConsumers It delivers DIPs (in an appropriate form It delivers DIPs (in an appropriate form
for the particular Consumer)for the particular Consumer)
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
AdministrationAdministration Overall operational control of the OAISOverall operational control of the OAIS Records and makes submission Records and makes submission
agreements (with Producers)agreements (with Producers) Records and implements archiving Records and implements archiving
standards and policiesstandards and policies
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Interpreting the OAIS ModelInterpreting the OAIS Model
Preservation PlanningPreservation Planning Monitors the environment of the OAISMonitors the environment of the OAIS Ensures that AIPs remain accessibleEnsures that AIPs remain accessible
• I.e. remain understandable to current I.e. remain understandable to current ConsumersConsumers
Develops templates for SIPs and DIPs Develops templates for SIPs and DIPs and other assistance for working with and other assistance for working with Producers and ConsumersProducers and Consumers
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Responsibilities of an OAISResponsibilities of an OAIS
Negotiate and accept information from Negotiate and accept information from ProducersProducers
Determine which community should Determine which community should become the Designated Communitybecome the Designated Community
Ensure that Information Packages are Ensure that Information Packages are independently understandableindependently understandable
Ensure IPs are preservedEnsure IPs are preserved Make preserved IPs availableMake preserved IPs available
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Organisational viewsOrganisational views
Establishing your Designated Establishing your Designated CommunityCommunity
The people who you service by The people who you service by preserving information for thempreserving information for them
Determining the knowledge base of the Determining the knowledge base of the Designated Community and monitoring Designated Community and monitoring changes to this knowledge basechanges to this knowledge base
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Organisational viewsOrganisational views
The Perspective of PreservationThe Perspective of Preservation Long TermLong Term To do a preservation job which takes To do a preservation job which takes
into accountinto account• Changing technologyChanging technology• Changing user communityChanging user community
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Organisational viewsOrganisational views
Deciding whether Digital Objects need Deciding whether Digital Objects need to be transformed (migrated)to be transformed (migrated)
If they do, ensuring that nothing If they do, ensuring that nothing significant to future Consumers is lostsignificant to future Consumers is lost
Are there alternatives to transformingAre there alternatives to transforming• Source code for original softwareSource code for original software• EmulationEmulation
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Organisational viewsOrganisational views
Archive InteroperabilityArchive Interoperability The drivers for interoperability come The drivers for interoperability come
from:from:• The ConsumersThe Consumers• The ProducersThe Producers• The ManagementThe Management
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Organisational viewsOrganisational views
Four basic models for interoperating in Four basic models for interoperating in the OAIS Reference Modelthe OAIS Reference Model
Independent - no interoperatingIndependent - no interoperating Co-operating - common producers, Co-operating - common producers,
common dissemination standardscommon dissemination standards Federated - the most interoperatingFederated - the most interoperating Shared Resource - reduce costs by Shared Resource - reduce costs by
sharing equipmentsharing equipment
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Organisational viewsOrganisational views
Federated archivesFederated archives Central site?Central site? Distributed Finding AidsDistributed Finding Aids Distributed Access AidsDistributed Access Aids Issues:Issues:
• Unique AIP Names - hierarchical nameschemeUnique AIP Names - hierarchical namescheme• Duplicate AIPsDuplicate AIPs
Management - level of autonomyManagement - level of autonomy
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Summary and QuestionsSummary and Questions
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Federated archives : CedarsFederated archives : Cedars
Site C
Site B
Site A
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How Can a Digital Resource be How Can a Digital Resource be prepared for good/lasting prepared for good/lasting preservation?preservation?
Give it a unique nameGive it a unique name
MetadataMetadata
Significant PropertiesSignificant Properties
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RepresentationInformation
StructureInformation
SemanticInformation
adds meaning
OAIS fig 4-10OAIS fig 4-10
OAIS Representation InformationOAIS Representation Information
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Cedars Representation NetCedars Representation Net
RAE
RAEUAF
Transformer
FormatDescription Software Platform
Input format
Output format
RepresentationInformation
A I P
Primary Digital Object PDI
RAE
RAE
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Gödel’s TheoremGödel’s Theorem Some representations (e.g. plain ASCII Some representations (e.g. plain ASCII
text, MS-WORD, HTML) are defined text, MS-WORD, HTML) are defined outside the systemoutside the system
All references to such a format are via the All references to such a format are via the same CRIDsame CRID
The ends of representation nets must be The ends of representation nets must be managed, to look out for obsolescencemanaged, to look out for obsolescence
replace CRID destination with converter replace CRID destination with converter facilityfacility
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Evolution of the Representation NetEvolution of the Representation Net
RAE
RAEUAF
Transformer
FormatDescription Software Platform
Input format
Output format
RepresentationInformation
A I P
Primary Digital Object PDI
RAE
RAE
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RAE
RAEUAF
Transformer
FormatDescription Software Platform
Input format
Output format
RepresentationInformation
A I P
Primary Digital Object PDI
RAE
RAE
Evolution of the Representation NetEvolution of the Representation Net
Platform
RAE
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RAE
RAEUAF
Transformer
FormatDescription Software Platform
Input format
Output format
RepresentationInformation
A I P
Primary Digital Object PDI
RAE
RAE
Evolution of the Representation NetEvolution of the Representation Net
RAE
Platform
RAE
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Obsolete data formatsObsolete data formats
Keep the original byte-streamsKeep the original byte-streams Representation info leads to sofware Representation info leads to sofware
capable of rendering the informationcapable of rendering the information Archive management must lookout for Archive management must lookout for
dependence on rendering software dependence on rendering software that is about to become obsolete.that is about to become obsolete.• Can use software preservation Can use software preservation
techniques to preserve rendering techniques to preserve rendering sofwaresofware
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Emulation of YesteryearEmulation of Yesteryear
Today’s desktop machine far exceeds Today’s desktop machine far exceeds the mainframe of the 1970s or even 80sthe mainframe of the 1970s or even 80s
George3 (1970s UK system)George3 (1970s UK system)• Emulate the George3 executiveEmulate the George3 executive
– i.e. order code + system callsi.e. order code + system calls
Constructing RI for obsolete materials Constructing RI for obsolete materials proves a valuable test-bed for the modelproves a valuable test-bed for the model
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Vital conceptsVital concepts CRIDS - give everything a unique nameCRIDS - give everything a unique name A byte-stream can be stored for everA byte-stream can be stored for ever
• Complex data streams must be mapped into Complex data streams must be mapped into byte-streams, and mapped back again for usebyte-streams, and mapped back again for use
Representation Information preserves Representation Information preserves access to intellectual contentaccess to intellectual content• makes emulation possiblemakes emulation possible
Gödel Ends are monitored for Gödel Ends are monitored for obsolescenceobsolescence
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The The ArchivalArchival InformationInformation PackagePackage
PreservationDescriptionInformation
RepresentationInformation
Primary DigitalObject
Packed together into one AIP bytestream using ASN.1Packed together into one AIP bytestream using ASN.1
Property listProperty listXMLXML Packed into bytestreamPacked into bytestream
• Links to Representation NetworkLinks to Representation Network
• Links for other purposesLinks for other purposes
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Choices at Creation of AIPChoices at Creation of AIP
Geared towards easy/low maintenanceGeared towards easy/low maintenance Identify which parts of PDI are fixed/staticIdentify which parts of PDI are fixed/static Use current best archival method to map Use current best archival method to map
the digital resource into a bytestream the digital resource into a bytestream (PDO then remains static)(PDO then remains static)
For common (esp. changing) metadata For common (esp. changing) metadata use indirectionuse indirection
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Representation InformationRepresentation Information
Technical MetadataTechnical Metadata
Evolving TechnologyEvolving Technology
Representation NetworksRepresentation Networks
Format DescriptionsFormat Descriptions
Rendering InstructionsRendering Instructions
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Controversy ThreeControversy Three
A Digital Message can be Preserved A Digital Message can be Preserved IndefinitelyIndefinitely
This is media - lessThis is media - less
The Preserved resource hops media The Preserved resource hops media long before temporal effects loose itlong before temporal effects loose it
Digitisation and Access have a placeDigitisation and Access have a place